Ziziphus Mauritiana Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Zn-loaded Ziziphus mauritiana Seeds Activated Carbon Composites for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes in Aqueous Solutions

Synthesis and Characterization of Zn-loaded Ziziphus mauritiana Seeds Activated Carbon Composites for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes in Aqueous Solutions

Exploring Bioactive Compounds in Underutilized Fruit Crops of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: A Comprehensive Review

Exploring the bioactive compounds in underutilized fruit crops of arid regions reveals a wealth of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, and carotenoids. These compounds exhibit significant health benefits, evidenced through both in vitro and in vivo studies, demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic and neuroactive properties. This review delves into the bioactive compounds found in fruits of arid and semi-arid regions, highlighting their phytochemical compositions and their potential in preventing chronic diseases, thereby enhancing human health. Underutilized fruit crops, typically grown and consumed locally rather than being commercially cultivated or widely traded, offer several advantages. They are easier to grow, more resilient to climate change, and exceptionally rich in phytochemicals with medicinal properties. These fruits, such as Indian jujube, Indian gooseberry, bael, and tamarind, among others, are valuable for their high nutritional content and potential to meet the dietary needs of rural populations in arid regions. Local knowledge attests to their nutritional and medicinal benefits, necessitating rigorous study for conservation and nutritional characterization to broaden future food options and enhance functional and nutritional values. This review outlines the ethnobotany, medicinal and nutritional values, biodiversity conservation, and utilization strategies for significant underutilized fruit crops from arid and semi-arid regions. These fruits are rich in diverse phytochemical compounds like flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, and alkaloids, which are utilized to treat various health conditions in humans and livestock. Their extracts demonstrate a range of activities, including antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial and antinociceptive effects. Highlighting the current research on the nutritional profiling, chemical composition, and potential applications of these fruits, this chapter addresses the knowledge gap concerning the health benefits of consuming arid and semi-arid fruits. This is particularly relevant given the growing interest in "superfoods" and the need for evidence-based public health guidelines to inform consumers about the benefits of polyphenol-rich plant foods in preventing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Effect of Foliar Application of Chemicals on Shelf Life of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) cv. Apple Ber

A field experiment was conducted out at Experimental orchard, Post-harvest Technology Laboratory of Department of Horticulture and laboratory of Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with thirteen treatments and three replications viz., T1: K2SO4 (1.0%), T2: K2SO4 (1.5%), T3: K2SO4 (2.0%), T4: K2SO4 (2.5%), T5: Ca(NO3)2 (0.5%), T6: Ca(NO3)2 (1.0%), T7: Ca(NO3)2 (1.5%), T8: Ca(NO3)2 (2.0%), T9: C2H6ClO3P@ 150 ppm , T10: C2H6ClO3P@ 300 ppm), T11: C2H6ClO3P@ 450 ppm T12: C2H6ClO3P@ 600 ppm T13: Control (water spray). The each treatments were applied two times i.e. first spray in the 3rd week of december and second spray at 10 days after first spray i.e. in the first week of january until total saturation of foliage of experimental plants. The control trees were sprayed with water. Among the shelf life parameters minimum spoilage % and minimum loss in PLW % was observed in case of calcium nitrate @ 2.0 % which further improve the shelf life of ber fruits.

Eco-safe hot water dip alleviates antioxidant level and sensory quality of Indian jujube fruits

Indian jujube (Ber) is highly perishable climacteric fruit owing to high decay index limiting its marketability and demands interventions to prolong shelf life. Fungicides are normally used to control rot during postharvest storage, however, residues left necessitate eco-safe alternatives like hot water dipping. Mature, pre-climacteric jujubes were dipped in 45, 50 or 55 °C water for 8, 6 or 4 min, respectively and then stored at 5 °C for periodic quality evaluation. Dipping fruits in 55 °C water resulted in 32.69 and 35.27, 64.21 and 58.57, 30.41 and 30.42, 38.50 and 52.20 % lower weight loss, decay index, malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage, whereas 15.40 and 16.77, 19.51 and 20.48 % greater antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid respectively for Umran and Pakwhite compared to 25 °C water dip. The highest glucose, fructose, malic, citric, and tartaric acids were 23.44 ± 1.04 and 29.9 ± 0.95, 30.68 ± 1.72 and 41.17 ± 2.34 mg/100 g, 138.1 ± 6.45 and 112.97 ± 6.16, 57.49 ± 1.71 and 53.78 ± 1.90, 79.58 ± 5.1 and 65.3 ± 4.83 μg/100 g whereas lower sucrose 12.34 ± 0.94 and 16.33 ± 1.05 mg/100 g were respectively recorded in 55 °C water dipped Umran and Pakwhite fruits. High dip water temperature (55 °C) exhibited better quality with the lowest decay index and weight loss, greater membrane integrity, bioactives content and sensory acceptance scores. Hence, hot water dipping was shown to be an effective residue-free option to extend the marketable period of jujubes to capture distant markets.

Chromatographic Profiling of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Extracts for Phytochemical Characterization

Ziziphus mauritiana, commonly known as Chinese date, Ber, and Indian jujube, belongs to the Rhamnaceae family and is native to Southeast Asia. Although it has been naturalized in tropical regions from South Africa to the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, its phytochemical profile remains underexplored. A comprehensive phytochemical profiling and standardization of extract can be achieved by TLC and HPLC analysis. The study involves the development of improved chromatographic methods for the analysis of local Z. mauritiana leaves, including selection of the mobile phase type, gradient elution method and temperature, which are all potential HPLC parameters that may affect the result of analysis. The leaves were subjected to extraction through maceration utilizing methanol and hexane. The results indicated a percentage yield of 7.28% for hexane and 18.98% for methanol. TLC investigations were conducted using the crude extracts obtained, employing a dual mobile phase system (ethyl acetate: chloroform = 6:4) for the methanol extract and hexane:acetone (6:4) for the hexane extract, respectively. Both systems exhibited successful separation of phytochemicals. The methanol extract was subjected to HPLC profiling in accordance with the established protocols. Naringin was determined to be present through qualitative HPLC screening. Phytochemicals present in the leaves of Z. mauritiana are identified as a result of this research, which also sheds light on the optimal parameters for TLC and HPLC analyses. This research may also provide valuable insight regarding the importance of quality control and formulation of herbal medicines from the standardized extract.

In vivo Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Ziziphus mauritiana Against Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Albino Wistar Rats

ABSTRACT Purpose: To examine the potential anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Ziziphus mauritiana (MEZM) in inflammatory bowel disease conditions. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 adult male Albino Wistar rats were divided into six groups. The first group (normal control) was administered with normal saline, and the second group (disease control) was administered with 4% acetic acid via the rectal route. The third group (sulfasalazine group) received the standard treatment of 100 mg/kg sulfasalazine, while three test groups were administered with 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of MEZM. On the 14th day, a macroscopic examination was conducted to assess colonic inflammation, ulceration, and levels of cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin13 (IL-13), and tumour necrosis factorα (TNFα), which were estimated to investigate the inflammatory response. Result: The cytokine levels increased significantly in the disease control group compared to the normal control group with P value <0.0001. Treatment with sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg) and different doses of MEZM significantly reduced the levels of IL-4 and IL6 compared to the disease control group with P value <0.0001. Animals treated with MEZM (100 mg/kg) showed significant reduction in IL-13 and TNF-α levels with P value <0.001. Levels of IL-13 and TNF-α levels were significantly reduced in animals treated with sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg) and MEZM (200 and 300 mg/kg) with P value <0.0001. Conclusion: The study indicates that MEZM may exert potential anti-inflammatory action in IBD conditions.

Effect of Growth Regulators and Growing Media on Seed Germination of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)

Effect of Growth Regulators and Growing Media on Seed Germination of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)

Ethnoscience Study for Science Education Through The Process of Making Sopi Timor from Gewang Sap (Corypha utan Lamk.)

The Gewang plant (Corypha utan Lamk) is an endemic plant that grows in the dominant vegetation of Timor Tengah Selatan (South Central Timor Regency). Nira is obtained from the gewang tree (Corypha utan Lamk) by inserting the what flower stems and then stored in a container for further fermentation with a mixture of red oak (Saccharum officinarum Linn), the hanging roots of the chickpeas (Ficus benjamina), the stems of the schleichera (Schleichera oleosa), the stem of the beetle (Ziziphus mauritiana L.), and the forest stems. (Piper aduncum L.). This study aims to study and describe the process of making sopi timor and analyze the scientific concepts that exist in the process. Based on the results of the study of the production of this sopi timor, public knowledge of fermentation and separation of solutions can be used as one of the materials to teach science content in the classroom with a local cultural approach. In the relationship between ESD and a Merdeka curriculum, there is a similar pattern of teachers taking a role in studying science in a contextual way that can be sourced from local cultures. It is intended for students to engage in meaningful learning processes because the context of their learning is related to their daily lives. The results of this research can be used as recommendations in context-based chemistry, biology, and physics learning in accordance with the culture in the South Central Timor Regency.

Antioxidative enzymes, phytochemicals and proximate components in jujube fruit (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) with respect to genotypes and harvest maturity

Jujube is an underutilized fruit having high maturity variation at harvest. Investigations were made on eight different cultivars of jujube (Umran, Karela, Gurrh, Amrodia, Mehmood Wali, Aakash, Foladi and Khubani) for changes in antioxidative enzymatic activities, phytochemical functions and proximate composition with respect to different harvest maturity stages (M1: mature green, M2: yellow and M3: crispy brown) under postharvest ambient conditions (25 ± 2 °C; 60 %–65 % RH) at three shelf intervals (1, 3 and 5 d). Significant genotypic and maturity related variation was recorded regarding studied attributes. The fruit of cv. ʽKhubaniʼ had better attributes among the cultivars evaluated. The crispy brown jujube fruit had higher peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity and more protein, total soluble solids (TSS), ash, crude fat and fiber than early mature stages. Over time, the ascorbic acid (vitamin C), titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), crude protein, crude fiber, moisture, crude fat and activity of antioxidative enzymes [CAT and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] exhibited a significant decline; while increase was recorded in TSS, pH and POD activity. Overall, this work identified that jujube's antioxidative, biochemical and proximate properties are significantly influenced by cultivar, fruit harvest maturity and duration of postharvest handling under ambient shelf.

Effect of Different Coatings on the Quality and Shelf Life of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of post- harvest application of different edible coatings like Aloe vera gel (1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%), Chitosan (1.0%, 2.0%,3.0%), Guar gum (1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%) on shelf life and quality of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L) cv. Apple ber. Fruits of uniform size were harvested at physiological maturity and treated with various edible coatings. After five days of storage, observations on fruit length, diameter spoilage percentage, TSS, total sugar, reducing sugar, acidity, and ascorbic acid were made. In comparison to the fruits under control, the results showed that coating the fruits led to a lower loss of fruit weight and a higher level of ascorbic acid content, TSS, acidity, total sugar, and decreasing sugar. Guar gum (3%) proved to be the most efficient coating, extending the shelf life of ber by up to 15 days. The fruits that were under control hardly lasted for ten days.

First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Postharvest Fruit Rot of Indian Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) in China.

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., commonly known as Indian jujube or ber, is a popular fruit crops grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of China. It is commonly stored at 4℃, relative humidity of about 90%, combined with waxing or sealing with film bag. In January 2023, a postharvest fruit rot was observed on Indian jujube in three markets located in Nanchang city of Jiangxi province, China, with a disease incidence of 4 to 10%. Initially, brown spots appeared on the surface or base of thefruit, which gradually expanded into irregular brown lesions. Gray-white hyphae developed in the center of the lesions, and ultimately thefruitrotted. To isolate the pathogen, small pieces (5 × 5 mm) of ten infected fruits were surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol for 15 s and then 1% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s, rinsed three times in sterile water, plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C for 3 days. Eight strains with similar morphological characteristics were isolated, and one representative isolate (JXAA-1) was used for morphological and molecular characterization. The colonies on PDA were initially olive green with white margins, and later turned dark olive or black with profuse sporulation. Conidia were borne singly or in a chain, brown, with 1 to 5 transverse septa and 0 to 3 longitudinal septa, obclavate to obpyriform, and measured 12.9 to 33.7 × 7.5 to 12.9 μm (n = 30). On the basis of morphological characteristics, the isolates were tentatively identified as Alternaria spp. (Simmons 2007). To confirm the identification, genomic DNA was extracted from the isolate JXAA-1 with the Fungi Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Solarbio Biotech, China). The 18S nrDNA (SSU), 28S nrDNA (LSU), internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1), Alternaria major allergen gene (Alt a 1), endopolygalacturonase (EndoPG) and an anonymous gene regions (OPA 10-2) were amplified and sequenced using primers NS1/NS4, LR7/LR0R, ITS5/ITS4, gpd1/gpd2, EF1-728F/EF1-986R, Alt-for/Alt-rev, PG3/PG2b, OPA10-2L/OPA10-2R, respectively (Woudenberg et al. 2015). The obtained DNA sequences (SSU: PP190241; LSU: PP190242; ITS: PP189927; GAPDH: PP196557; TEF1: PP196558; Alt a 1: PP196559; EndoPG: PP196560; and OPA 10-2: PP196561) showed 100% homology with those of A. alternata (GenBank accession nos. MT000349 [1020/1020 bp]; KP940477 [1312/1312 bp]; MK972909 [583/583 bp]; MN615421 [593/593 bp]; MN046379 [280/280 bp]; MN304714 [490/490 bp]; MN698284 [458/458 bp] and MH975214 [701/701 bp]). A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed by combining all sequenced loci in IQTREE web servers. The isolate JXAA-1 clustered with Alternaria alternata (CBS 121336). The fungus associated with postharvest fruit rot on Z. mauritiana was thus identified as A. alternata. To evaluate the pathogenicity, six surface sterilized fruits were wounded by a sterile scalpel and inoculated with a 10 μl drop of spore suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of isolate JXAA-1. Another six fruits were inoculated with sterilized ddH2O as control and the experiment was repeated three times. All fruits were incubated at 25°C and 80% relative humidity. After 5 days, all the wounded fruit inoculated with A. alternata showed similar symptoms to those observed previously, while the control fruits remained healthy. A. alternata was consistently reisolated from infected fruit and confirmed by morphological and molecular data, fulfilling Koch's postulates. A.alternata has previously been reported causing leaf spot and fruit rot on Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) in China (Bai et al. 2015; Li et al. 2021). But to our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing postharvest fruit rot on Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana) in China. Therefore, managers should pay more attention to postharvest fruit rot of jujube caused by A. alternata, the foam bag is put on after the membrane bag is sealed, the broken or infected fruit is picked out in time to reduce the spread of pathogenic fungus.

Impact of different host plants on biology and morphometrics of various developmental stages of Papilio demoleus (Linn.)

The comparative studies under laboratory conditions have been carried out to investigate the influence of different alternative host plants viz., bael [Aegle marmelos (L.)], curry leaves [Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.], ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.) and lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.] on biology and morphometrics of Lemon butterfly, Papilio demoleus (Linn.). The lemon is the most preferred host of P. demoleus used as a controlled experimental host plant. The variations in periods of larval, pupal and rate of emergence into adult have been recorded and found that the lemon was the most preferred host plant on which all the larval stages survived smoothly. The caterpillars when reared on alternative hosts showed an increase in average larval period. The average survival percent of larvae were reported highest on bael leaves, followed by curry leaves and ber leaves. Similar patterns of results were also recorded on the pupal period and rate of emergence with alternative hosts. The morphometric variations in weight, size and colour of caterpillars, pupae and adults were also measured and found in decreasing order of host preferences as lemon[greater than]bael[greater than]curry[greater than]ber.

Genetic Diversity and Relationships among Indian Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) Cultivars Using Morphometric Characteristics, matK Barcoding, and ISSR Markers

Indian jujube displays genetic diversity and does not prominently display minute morphometric variations, and this makes correct identification a difficult and long-term task. However, little work has been conducted to bring jujube cultivars into domestication. So, the present study aimed to evaluate eleven cultivars of Indian jujube in terms of the fruit’s morphometric characteristics, as well as molecular marker studies by plastidial megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinase (matK) barcoding and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers for species differentiation, identification, and relationships among Indian jujube cultivars. The results of the morphometric characteristics showed that the mean geometric diameter, surface area, sphericity, sphericity ratio, shape index, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, and seed weight varied among cultivars. The results also showed that the color values of L*, a*, and b* for fruits differed in different cultivars. In addition, the results showed a discrepancy in the genetic diversity parameters related to the matK barcoding, ISSR markers, and relationships among Indian jujube cultivars. Substantially, hierarchical clustering by heatmap revealed that ‘Zytoni’ and ‘Um-Sulaem’ with spines seem to be mono-clades distinct from other cultivars, which related to variations in the expression levels of genes. Therefore, they should be relied upon together to distinguish and identify cultivars in order to maximize the effectiveness of local germplasm conservation and exploitation.

Nutritional composition and anti-nutritional properties of wild edible fruits of northeast India

Forageable fruits are an untapped wealth of nutrients and minerals, and huge numbers are found in the vast wilderness of northeast India, including the hilly state of Mizoram. However, their nutritional properties still need to be explored. Hence, the present study was carried to assess the nutritional and anti-nutritional aspects along with the mineral contents of seven selected wild edible fruits, viz. jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri), false mangosteen (Garcinia xanthocymus), mulberry (Morus nigra), thereju (Prunus jenkinsiii), wild raspberry (Rubus treutleri) and wild ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) to uncover their immense nutritional values, which could solidify their promising potential for an alternate source of nutrition and increase their economic importance. The research demonstrates that Garcinia xanthocymus contains significant amount of total sugars, reducing sugars, and vitamin E. Artocarpus heterophyllus exhibited higher levels of non-reducing sugar, total soluble solids, chlorophyll, carbohydrate and starch. Citrus jambhiri is rich in moisture, vitamin C, acidity, N, and P. Prunus jenkinsii has high anthocyanin, total carotenoid, K and Mn. Rubus treutleri is a rich source of crude fibre, Mg, Na, Co, Cu, and Fe. Ziziphus mauritiana has higher protein. The Morus nigra has higher fat, energy, Ca, and Zn. These findings suggest that all examined wild edible fruits are rich in vitamins and minerals, which makes them vital in combating malnutrition and highlights their potential for use in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors in futuristic research works. The outcomes of this present study will provide a database about the nutritional composition, potential health benefits, and economic values of these fruits and raise public consciousness about the conservation and enrichment of biodiversity.

Chemical Composition and Mosquitocidal activity of the methanolic leaf extracts from Ziziphus mauritiana L. against Aedes aegypti L. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say.

Mosquito vectors are a significant cause of pathogen transmission to both animals and humans. Mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting various diseases, including chikungunya, filariasis, West Nile fever, dengue, malaria, and Zika fever, placing approximately 80% of the world's population at risk of infection at any given time. Controlling mosquitoes has become a multifaceted challenge, influenced by diverse environmental factors such as deforestation, urbanization, and climate change on a global scale. For centuries, medicinal plants have been utilized as bioinsecticides to control insect pests. Ziziphus mauritiana, also known as Chinese apple or Indian jujube is a deciduous thorny tree or shrub. Different parts of the Z. mauritiana plant have been traditionally used to treat various common diseases, a practice still prevalent in India and China. In the current investigation, the chemical properties of the Z. mauritiana leaf extract were examined through UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), and GC-MS Analysis. Second and fourth instar larvae, as well as pupae, of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were subjected to different concentrations of the methanolic extract of Z. mauritiana for 24 h and 48 h to assess larvicidal and pupicidal activity. The FT-IR spectrum analysis revealed the presence of various functional groups in the chemical compounds extracted from Z. mauritiana, including amines, aromatics, alkanes, alkyls, carbonyls, and carboxylic acids. Additionally, GC-MS analysis identified Isoborneol (25.37%), 4-Acetylbutyric Acid (26.82%), and 2-Vinyl-9-[Beta-D-Ribofuranosyl] Hypoxanthine (24.24%) as the three major phytoconstitutents in the methanol extracts of Z. mauritiana. Regarding the larvicidal activity, the methanolic extract of Z. mauritiana exhibited LC50 values of 155.67 mg/L and 208.57 mg/L for second instar larvae, and 177.68 mg/L and 252.13 mg/L for fourth instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively, after 24 h of exposure. For pupicidal activity, the LC50 values were 502.02 mg/L and 514.99 mg/L on pupae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively, within 24 h. Overall, the GC-MS analysis provides valuable insights into the chemical composition of the Z. mauritiana extract, highlighting its potential as a natural and eco-friendly alternative for combating insect vectors and contributing to integrated mosquito management programs.

Further Contribution to the Flora of Dangs forest in Gujarat

223 more plants collected from Dangs forest have been accounted for in this paper. Of these 68 are monocotyledons and 155 are dicotyledons. 28 species, marked with an asterisk, are published in earlier works but their nomenclature is brought up-todate. Sida rhombifolia var. obovata Mast., Zizyphus mauritiana var.fruticosa Seb. and Balk, and Dicliptera roxburghiana Nees are additional new records from Dangs for erstwhile Bombay Presidency.

Optimization of Flowering and Fruit Development in Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) cv. Umran using Fertilizers, Micronutrients, and Bioregulators

In order to investigate the effect of fertilizers, micronutrients and bioregulators on flowering and fruit growth and developments on ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) cv. Umran, an experiment was carried out during 2019/2020 cropping season at the Fruit Research Station, Imalia, Department of Horticulture JNKVV Jabalpur. The study used a factorial design using randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications and a total of twelve treatment combinations that included bioregulators, micronutrients, and fertilizers either separately or in various combinations. The application of treatment T4 [RDF (N:P:K)+Foliar spray of GA3 + NAA (50 ppm+50 ppm)] was found to be significantly superior as compared to other treatments for flowering parameter in respect to induce early flower bud formation, based on the results obtained in this study. It takes 22 days to induce the earliest flowering after spray, and it takes 8.67 days to achieve 50% flowering. The earliest date of flower bud initiation was found with the T11 [RDF (N:P:K)+ NPK -18:18:18 (1.0%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.3%)] which showed to be the best for fruit growth and development characteristics, including specific gravity (1.047), fruit weight (36.52 g), fruit volume (36.56 ml), fruit length (4.53 cm), and fruit diameter (3.50 cm).With regard to practically every fruit growth and development attribute, the treatment T10 was found to be the second best.

Utilization of Bidara Leaf Plant (Ziziphus mauritiana) as Feed Aditive For Carcass, Abdomen Fat, and Inside Organ In Raja Duck

This study aims to determine the application of Bidara leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana) as a feed additive at different percentages of carcasses, abdominal fat, and internal organs in Raja ducks. This study used 80 DOD Raja ducks. This study used an experimental method with a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 4 treatments and 5 groups. Treatment of Bidara leaf plants A(0%), B(1%), C(2%) and D(3%). The results showed that the use of Bidara leaves as a feed additive, using a percentage of 2% was the best for carcass percentage of 66.79%, abdominal fat percentage of 0.78%, liver percentage of 2.27%, and proventriculus percentage of 0.42%. Efficient in using Bidara leaf plants against Raja ducks. The conclusion of this study showed that the use of Bidara leaves as a feed additive at different percentages had significance on the abdominal fat carcasses and internal organs of the Raja duck, but had nonsignificant on the proventriculus organs.

Application of different coatings in Ber fruit: A review

Application of different coatings in Ber fruit: A review

Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Bidara Roots (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) Against Bacteria That Cause Skin Infections Using TLC-Bioutography

One common disease found in tropical countries is skin infection. Inappropriate use of antibiotics to treat skin infections can lead to bacterial resistance, making it necessary to explore the source of bioactive compounds in natural materials. The Bidara plant (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is known to have antibacterial properties. This research aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungal isolated from the parts of the Bidara plant against bacteria that cause skin infections using the TLC-Bioautography method. In this research, the isolate with the code IFAZ-6 was purified to obtain a pure endophytic fungal isolate, and macroscopic and microscopic examinations were conducted on that isolate. The obtained isolate was fermented for 21 days at room temperature using MYB (Maltose Yeast Broth) medium. The fermentation products were extracted using ethyl acetate (1:1). The obtained extract was further tested using TLC with a chloroform: methanol eluent (7:1). The TLC-Bioautography results showed Rf values of 0.81 and 0.58 indicating antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The identification of chemical components in the endophytic fungal isolate from the Bidara plant confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and anthraquinones. The extract from the endophytic fungal isolate with the code IFAZ-6 indicated antibacterial activity.