Zizanioides Roots Research Articles

Leaching Studies for the Assessment of Individual Immobilization Potential of Chrysopogon zizanioides Root Micro Powder from Lead, Cadmium and Chromium Contaminated Soil

ABSTRACT Contemporary issues of ground contamination, exacerbated by elevated heavy metal levels due to industrial activities and improper waste disposal, significantly impact soil properties, the biosphere, and result in various geotechnical problems. This study delves into the efficacy of Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) root micro powder (VRMP) in immobilizing Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Chromium (Cr) within contaminated soil to prevent groundwater pollution and bioavailability. Leaching experiments were conducted to evaluate the individual immobilization of heavy metals and determine the optimal VRMP dosage, testing four dosages (0%, 1%, 5%, and 10%) for their effectiveness in immobilizing Pb, Cd, and Cr in contaminated soil. The findings suggest that addition of VRMP led to an increase in pH, facilitating the enhanced immobilization of Pb, Cd, and Cr from the contaminated soil due to the reduction in mobility of these metals. Soil treated with 10% VRMP exhibited exceptional immobilization efficiency, achieving over 90% removal across all treatments. However, agglomeration caused the leaching process to take slightly longer. Consequently, a 5% VRMP dosage is considered optimal. In conclusion, vetiver root micro powder promotes a sustainable approach to immobilize Pb, Cd, and Cr in contaminated soils, underscoring the effectiveness of eco-friendly methodologies.

Simultaneous Immobilization of Heavy Metals from Multi-metal Contaminated Soil Amended with Chrysopogon Zizanioides Root Micro Powder

Simultaneous Immobilization of Heavy Metals from Multi-metal Contaminated Soil Amended with Chrysopogon Zizanioides Root Micro Powder

Volatiles composition of fresh aroma and hydrodistilled volatile oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots growing in Egypt along with the cytotoxic activities of the hydrodistilled oil

Volatiles composition of fresh aroma and hydrodistilled volatile oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots growing in Egypt along with the cytotoxic activities of the hydrodistilled oil

Correction to: Mechanical responses of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots under cyclic loading conditions

Correction to: Mechanical responses of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots under cyclic loading conditions

Mechanical responses of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots under cyclic loading conditions

Mechanical responses of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots under cyclic loading conditions

Adsorptive Removal of Synthetic Dyes from Aqueous Solution using Chrysopogon zizanioides Root based Activated Biocarbon

The study aimed for the preparation of biocarbon using a precursor biomass material obtained from specific biomass of Chrysopogon zizanioides plant (RCZ) root and to investigate for its adsorption potential on Rhodamine dye removal. The impact of three key parameters pH, biocarbon dose and contact time was examined on the adsorption process. pH value 7, the dosage of biocarbon 1.2 gL-1and contact time 240 min can be effective for the dye removal. Further, the Langmuir and pseudo-first-order kinetic models were found to be good with experimental results for RCZ. In addition, the thermodynamic study revealed that the positive value of change in enthalpy indicated the biosorption process is endothermic reaction. Hence, increase in biosorption of dye can be carried out towards a successive increment with temperature. Further, it was found that the ΔG value was in negative showing that the adsorptive reaction process was spontaneous in nature.

Integrated biochemical and transcriptomic analysis reveals the effects of Burkholderia sp. SRB-1 on cadmium accumulating in Chrysopogon zizanioides L. under Cd stress

Application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria plays a vital role in enhancing phytoremediation efficiency. In this study, multiple approaches were employed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Burkholderia sp. SRB-1 (SRB-1) on elevating Cd uptake and accumulation. Inoculation experiment indicated that SRB-1 could facilitate plant growth and Cd tolerance, as evidenced by the enhanced plant biomass and antioxidative enzymes activities. Cd content in plant shoots and roots increased about 36.56%–39.66% and 25.97%–130.47% assisted with SRB-1 when compared with control. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that SRB-1 upregulated expression of amiE, AAO1-2 and GA2-ox related to auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis in roots. Auxin and gibberellin, as hormone signals, regulated plant Cd tolerance and growth through activating hormone signal transduction pathways, which might also contribute to 67.94% increase of dry weight. The higher expression levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamilies (ABCB, ABCC, ABCD and ABCG) in Chrysopogon zizanioides roots contributed to higher Cd uptake in Cd15 B (323.83 mg kg−1) than Cd15 (136.28 mg kg−1). Further, SRB-1 facilitated Cd migration from roots to shoots via upregulating the expression of Nramp, ZIP and HMA families. Our integrative analysis provided a molecular-scale perspective on Burkholderia sp. SRB-1 contributing to C. zizanioides performance.

Biosorption of Aqueous Pb(II), Co(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) Ions from Sungun Copper Mine Wastewater by Chrysopogon zizanioides Root Powder

In this study, a plant-based adsorbent was used in order to remove lead, nickel, cobalt and cadmium metals from a wastewater sample collected from Sungun mine real wastewater. The biosorbent was one of the most abundant native plants of the Sungun region, named Chrysopogon zizanioides (C. zizanioides). The root powder of C. zizanioides was used in order to remove heavy metals from the wastewater sample. The biosorbent was characterized by FTIR, SEM, HR-TEM, EDS, BET and ZPC analyses. The effect of pH, initial metals concentrations, contact time and temperature on the biosorption process were accurately investigated. The metal concentrations were significantly reduced to lower concentrations after the biosorption process, which indicated that the C. zizanioides root powder removal efficiency was more than 95% for the metals from the wastewater sample, with maximum adsorption capacities of 31.78, 21.52, 26.69 and 27.81 mg/g, for Pb(II), Co(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetic results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model correlated with the experimental data well, with correlation coefficient values of 1 for all metals. Isotherm studies illustrated that the Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models could describe the obtained equilibrium data well. Moreover, from the D-R model, it was found that the biosorption type was physical. The thermodynamic studies demonstrated that the metals’ biosorption was an exothermic and spontaneous process. Moreover, the reusability of the biosorbent to be used in several successive cycles, and also the percentage of recovery of adsorbed metals from the biosorbent, was investigated. Altogether, being simple and cost-effective and having a high adsorption rate, fast kinetics, easy separation and high reusability prove that C. zizanioides root powder shows significant performance for the removal of heavy metals from waste effluents.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Chrysopogon zizanioides root extract and their antibacterial activities

Nanoparticle synthesis is growing at an exponential rate due to its vast variety of applications in optoelectronics, biosensors, bio-nanotechnology, and biomedicine, among other fields. Several biological methods for producing silver nanoparticles are gaining popularity as a result of the wide range of applications to which they may be put. Synthesizing nanoparticles using plants is an environmentally benign and cost-effective alternative to conventional chemical synthesis. An aqueous extract of Chrysopogon zizanioides's root is used to synthesise silver nanoparticles in this study. Different approaches were used to characterise silver nanoparticles, including transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis absorbance spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and antibacterial activity. When viewed through a transmission electron microscope, the synthesised nanoparticles had a spherical form and measured between 10 and 20 nm in size on average. The existence of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by the UV–vis spectra of an aqueous solution containing it, which revealed an absorbance peak at about 411 nm. Finally, it was shown that the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles had a potent antibacterial impact against gram-negative pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram-positive staphylococcus aureus bacteria, both of which are human pathogens.

Enzyme-based green synthesis, characterisation, and toxicity studies of cellulose nanocrystals/fibres produced from the Vetiveria zizanioides roots agro-waste.

Vetiver zizanioides roots are considered the most useful part of the plant. It is widely used to extract oil. The aromatic oil is used in perfumery, food-flavouringand cosmetic industries. However, presently, there are no reports available for the usage of vetiver roots agro-waste after oil extraction in nano-based products. Considering the concept of value-added products and green-chemistry approaches, synthesising cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) using enzymatic treatment from agro-waste has emerged as a viable option. CNP's non-toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility have sparked the industry's interest in its production. Therefore, in the present study, 3 enzymes, cellulase, pectinase, and viscozymes, were used for the green synthesis of CNP. The characterisation of CNP was done using techniques like DLS, FTIR, TEM, SEM, AFM, and TG/DTG, and cytotoxicity of CNP was studied in human skin cell-line (HaCaT) using MTT assay. Results show that CNPs synthesised using viscozyme and pectinase were of crystalline nature (2.0-3.0nm) and cellulase were of fibres (40-60nm). The FTIR confirmed that CNPs were devoid of lignin/hemicellulose. The AFM pictures revealed thick and thin nanoparticles with a variety of morphologies. The thermal stability of cellulose was higher compared to CNP. All the synthesised CNPs were crystaline, with a 60-70% crystallinity index. Furthermore, CNP did not show cytotoxic effect on HaCaT cells upto 500µg/mL concentrations. In conclusion, pectinase and viscosyme may be used for synthesing cellulose-nanocrystals and cellulase enzyme for cellulose-nanofibers from the vetiver roots agro-waste. The findings revealed that Vetiveria zizanioides agro-waste-derived CNP is a sustainable material that can be used as a reinforcing agent/nanocarrier in textile and drug-delivery systems.

Antibacterial, Antiparasitic, and Cytotoxic Activities of Chemical Characterized Essential Oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides Roots.

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition as well as the antibacterial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic potentialities of the Brazilian Chrysopogon zizanioides root essential oil (CZ-EO) In addition, CZ-EO cytotoxicity to LLCMK2 adherent epithelial cells was assessed. The major compounds identified in CZ-EO were khusimol (30.0 ± 0.3%), β-eudesmol (10.8 ± 0.3%), α-muurolene (6.0 ± 0.1%), and patchouli alcohol (5.6 ± 0.2%). CZ-EO displayed optimal antibacterial activity against Prevotella nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 22 and 62.5 µg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values between 22 and 400 µg/mL. CZ-EO was highly active against the L. amazonensis promastigote and amastigote forms (IC50 = 7.20 and 16.21 µg/mL, respectively) and the T. cruzi trypomastigote form (IC50 = 11.2 µg/mL). Moreover, CZ-EO showed moderate cytotoxicity to LLCMK2 cells, with CC50 = 565.4 µg/mL. These results revealed an interesting in vitro selectivity of CZ-EO toward the L. amazonensis promastigote and amastigote forms (Selectivity Index, SI = 78.5 and 34.8, respectively) and the T. cruzi trypomastigote form (SI = 50.5) compared to LLCMK2 cells. These results showed the promising potential of CZ-EO for developing new antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal drugs.

Toxicological Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Vetiveria Zizanioides Roots in Male and Female

Vetiveria zizanioides roots were used from tradition in the treatment of various types of liver disorder. The objective of present study was to evaluate the oral acute and sub-acute toxicity (28 days) of the methanolic extract of Vetiveria zizanioides roots (MEVZ) in Wistar albino rats of both sexes. In the acute toxicity study, Wistar rats were treated orally with a single dose of 5 g/kg of body weight, and were observed for 14 days. Animals were monitored continuously for the first 4 h, for every 6 h for the next 24 h, upto 14 days. In the sub-acute toxicity study, MEVZ was administered orally at doses of 175, 550 and 1750 mg/kg daily for 28 days to Wistar albino rats. Treatment with MEVZ did not produce any toxic signs or deaths. Treatment with MEVZ did not alter either the body weight gain or the food and water consumption. The hematological and biochemical parameters did not show any significant differences in any of the parameters examined in both gender groups. Organ weight, necropsy and histopathological examination, did not reveal any remarkable treatment related changes. A no-observed adverse-effect level for MEVZ is 5 g/kg for rats in our study. Consumption of MEVZ for various medicinal purposes is safe.

GC-MS analyses and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from the roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun, Turkey

The essential oils (EOs) constituents have trade importance due to their bioactivities. In this research, the essential oil of the roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun was obtained by hydrodistillation. Then, the chemical composition and biological activities of Chrysopogon zizanioides root essential oil (CEO) were studied. Thirty compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the major compounds were determined as isobutyl-angelate (11.15%), α-muurolene (10.56%), α-cedrene (8.42%), α-patchoulene (8.10%), and ethylene brassylate (7.49%). The antimicrobial effect of CEO was investigated against pathogenic bacteria and fungus. Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined 31.25 μg/mL against C. albicans and between 62.5 and 125 μg/mL against the rest of the microorganisms. According to the antioxidant assays, the total phenolic content of CEO was found to be 13.70 ± 2.10 μg/mL gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 24.67 ± 3.79 μg/mL catechin equivalent (CE). Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) of CEO was found to be 356.44 ± 2.34 μM Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH?) was determined as IC50 to be 7.124 ± 0.076 μg/mL. According to the obtained results, CEO has significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. This study is the first report determining the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil obtained from vetiver grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.

Thermoplastic starch nanocomposites using cellulose-rich Chrysopogon zizanioides nanofibers

Green thermoplastic starch (TPS) nanocomposite films aided by cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from Chrysopogon zizanioides roots were developed and characterized. When compared to other lignocellulosic fibers, Chrysopogon zizanioides roots revealed exceptionally high cellulose content (~48%). CNFs were separated using an environmentally friendly acid isolation technique that included three stages: (i) alkali treatment; (ii) bleaching; and (iii) mild acid hydrolysis using oxalic acid in an autoclave. Following that, green nanocomposite films were made from potato starch using the solution casting process, by which we used glycerol (30 wt%) to make thermoplastic starch. Then, cellulose nanofibers in different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt%) were added to the thermoplastic starch matrix. The isolated CNFs had diameters in the range of 17–27 nm. Besides, these nanostructures presented a very high crystallinity index (~65%), thereby enhanced the thermal stability. TPS/CNF green nanocomposites containing 3 wt% CNFs had exceptional tensile strength (~161%), tensile modulus (~167%), thermal stability, and crystallinity. As a result, nanocomposite films made of starch and cellulose nanofibers (3 wt%) extracted from Chrysopogon zizanioides roots would be alternatives for sustainable packaging. It can be concluded that Chrysopogon zizanioides roots have high potential for polymer industry.

Root biomechanical properties of Chrysopogon zizanioides and Chrysopogon nemoralis for soil reinforcement and slope stabilisation

AbstractPlant root reinforcement in soil bioengineering has gained increasing interest as a means of sustainable and environmentally friendly soil reinforcement and stabilisation. While Chrysopogon zizanioides is widely distributed in tropical regions worldwide and has been advocated for use in slope stabilisation and soil erosion control, C. nemoralis is normally distributed in mountainous areas in Southeast Asian countries, and its potential to reinforce soil has rarely been explored in the soil bioengineering literature. With the importance of root properties in soil bioengineering, this study was carried out to provide a comprehensive dataset of root biomechanical properties, morphological traits, and root reinforcement of these two contrasting vetiver species. A series of experiments, including root observation with a rhizobox system, uniaxial tensile test, and direct shear test, was performed. Results showed that Young's modulus and diameter of C. nemoralis roots were almost 1.4‐ and 1.3‐times greater than those of C. zizanioides roots (p < 0.05). By contrast, no significant difference between the two vetiver species was observed in terms of tensile strength, 'side' root area ratio (RARS), and root orientation (p > 0.05). The diameter–strength (R2 = 0.55–0.56, p < 0.05) and diameter–modulus relationships (R2 = 0.51–0.6, p < 0.05) of both species were consistent with negative power‐law models. Conversely, their diameter–orientation relationship followed a linear model (R2 = 0.85–0.89; p > 0.05). The soil shear strength in terms of cohesion greatly increased in the presence of the roots of C. nemoralis (Δc = 4.9 kPa) and C. zizanioides (Δc = 4.4 kPa). Therefore, C. nemoralis could be an alternative to C. zizanioides in soil bioengineering applications.

Heavy metal adsorption in single and ternary systems onto Vetiveria Zizanioides roots

The adsorption potential of Vetiver roots are investigated for the removal of Lead, Cadmium,and Nickel from artificial ternary-ion solutions. During this study, KOH modified natural vetiveria zizanoides(VZR) roots were used as adsorbent material characterized using FTIR. Single and ternary solutions were prepared and batch tests were performed at optimum conditions (28oC) at a ratio of 1:2.5:5. Out of five models, Langmuir isotherm model shown qe of VZR for Pb + 2 (17.33 mg/g), Cd + 2 (13.55 mg/g) and Ni + 2 (10.99 mg/g) with proper fit. The influence of competitive adsorption was predicted by employing the modified Langmuir competitive isotherm for adsorption. A comparative study showed that in single metal system, the highest adsorption capacities of Pb(II) and Ni(II) are reduced by ~ 33 and ~ 3 times, respectively in a ternary system. However, it certainly became improved by ~ 1.64 times for Cd + 2. In general, the results specify that VZR might be utilized as an adsorbent in the elimination of metals.

Effects of Chrysopogon zizanioides root biomass and plant age on hydro-mechanical behavior of root-permeated soils

Effects of Chrysopogon zizanioides root biomass and plant age on hydro-mechanical behavior of root-permeated soils

Effect of aqueous extract of different botanicals against chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood

The experiment was carried out to investigate the efficacy, aqueous extract of 8 botanicals viz., Strychnos nux-vomica seed, Justicia adhatoda leaf, Pongamia pinnata seed, Thevetia peruviana Seed, Abrus precatorius seed, Chrysopogon zizanioides root, Datura metel leaf and Acorus calamus rhizome against S. dorsalis in three concentrations viz., 1%, 3% and 5%. Results indicated that the highest total per cent mortality of S. dorsalis was recorded in A. precatorius seed extract 5% (77.78 & 81.11%) followed by Acorus calamus rhizome extract 5% (74.44 & 75.56%) C. zizanioides root extract 5% (67.78 & 68.89%) and D. metel leaf extract 5% (61.11 & 65.56%). Less effects against S. dorsalis is seen in S. nux-vomica seed extract 1% (5.56 & 8.89%) and J. adhatoda leaf extract 1% (7.78 & 11.11%).

Biomass-derived porous activated carbon from Syzygium cumini fruit shells and Chrysopogon zizanioides roots for high-energy density symmetric supercapacitors

Synthesis of biomass derived microporous activated carbon materials has fascinated attention in the emerging field of energy storage due to its high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, low cost and environmental benevolence. Herein, we report facile and cost-effective method to produce porous activated carbons for the first time by physical activation method using two different biomass sources Syzygium cumini fruit shells (SCFS) and Chrysopogon zizanioides roots (CZR) for fabrication of symmetric supercapacitors. Biomass-derived activated carbon (BAC) materials were obtained via a two-step synthesis: (i) carbonization at 700 °C in N2 atmosphere (ii) CO2 activation at 700 °C in N2 atmosphere. The formation of high surface area and disordered micropores on the carbon by CO2 activation was identified by N2 adsorption-desorption and FE-SEM techniques. SCFS-AC and CZR-AC exhibit enhanced electrochemical performances in three-electrode configuration showing their high specific capacitances with good capacitance retention. These biomass derived activated carbon (BAC) based symmetric supercapacitors deliver energy density maximum of 27.22 W h kg−1 (SCFS-AC) and 16.72 W h kg−1 (CZR-AC) at 200 W kg−1 power density with an outstanding cycling stability over 5000 cycles. This work offers an environmentally safe and innovative approach to control the porosity in BAC for energy storage applications.

Comparative studies on adsorption of dye and heavy metal ions from effluents using eco-friendly adsorbent

Chemically modified Phosphoric acid activated Chrysopogon zizanioides roots Activated Carbon (PCRAC) used as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of Malachite Green (MG) dye and heavy metals Cu(II) and Ni(II) from industrial wastewater. The untreated waste water contain MG and heavy metals can affect human health and environment. Adsorption characteristic of activated carbon was investigated through various parameter like pH, Adsorbent dosage, contact time, Initial dye concentration. Results from Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for PCRAC showed that the presence of heterogeneous and porous morphology on the surface of adsorbent indicated effective adsorption of dye and metal ions. The adsorption of MG dye and heavy metals of Cu(II) and Ni(II) were observes Freundlich isotherm with correlation coefficient of 0.978, 0.963 and 0.963. The adsorption process follows pseudo second order kinetic model.