Zirconia Surface Research Articles

Zirconia Surface Modifications of in Vitro and in Vivo Studies by Plasma-Polymerized Sioch Film

Zirconia Surface Modifications of in Vitro and in Vivo Studies by Plasma-Polymerized Sioch Film

Bonding properties of third-generation zirconia CAD-CAM blocks for monolithic restorations to composite and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements.

To compare the interfacial fracture toughness (IFT) of two MDP-based composite cements and a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) with third-generation zirconia CAD-CAM restorations using two different airborne-particle abrasion (AB) pressures. Blocks were cut into prisms (n=60), split and sintered to the desired equilateral half prisms. Half-prisms were divided into two groups for AB at 0.5 or 2.5 bar with 50 µm Al2O3 particles. Each group was then further divided into 3 subgroups, and half-prisms were bonded to their counterparts with Panavia V5 (V5), Panavia Self Adhesive Cement Plus (SA), or RMGIC Fuji Plus (n=10/group). The IFT was determined using the Notchless Triangular Prism test in a water bath at 36°C after thermocycling (10,000 cycles). Surface roughness and SEM analyses were performed for representative zirconia samples after AB, and composite cements were tested for flexural strength and wettability. SA (2.5 bar) showed a significantly higher IFT. The 3 other groups with SA and V5 showed no significant difference in their IFT values regardless of the AB pressure (1-way ANOVA). Weibull analysis of SA was higher than V5. All RMGIC samples debonded while thermocycling, and were, therefore, not included in the statistical analysis. Surface roughness increased with increasing AB pressure, and both cements showed similar flexural strength values and good wettability. Contrary to RMGIC, composite cements show high performance with zirconia after AB. Increasing AB pressure enhances the micromechanical retention of composite cement. Future perspectives should include study of the effect of AB pressure on zirconia surface properties.

O4 - Silane Containing Universal Adhesive/Cement for Bonding to Silica-Coated High-Translucent Zirconia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bonding performance of high-translucent zirconia when pretreated with glass beads and the efficiency of silane contained in self-adhesive resin cement and universal adhesive as chemical treatment for silica-coated high-translucent zirconia. 240 fully sintered disk-shaped zirconia specimens (Y-PSZ, Zpex smile, Tosoh, Japan) were assigned to 4 groups according to mechanical surface pretreatment: alumina particles abrasion with 0.2 MPa pressure (AB2), tribochemical silica-coating with 0.2 MPa (TSC), and glass beads air-abrasion with 0.2 MPa (GB2) and 0.4 MPa (GB4). Each group was cemented with Panavia SA Universal (SAU), Rely X Ceramic Primer (3 M ESPE) + Panavia SA plus (Kuraray Noritake Dental) (S-SAP), and Clearfil Universal Bond Quick + SAP (U-SAP). Tensile bond strength (TBS) was measured at crosshead speed of 2 mm/min after 24 h or 10000 thermocycling (TC) followed by the failure modes analysis (n=10). Surface morphology and surface elemental composition of the abraded zirconia surface analyses were examined under SEM/EDS. Survival analysis was done for TBS data (p = 0.05). After TC, there was a significant decrease in bond strength all groups except TSC and GB4 treated with S-SAP. S-SAP showed highest TBS with TSC, GB2, and GB4. AB2 indicated the highest TBS with U-SAP. SAU showed higher TBS with GB4 compared to GB2. GB4 represented the highest Si content compared to TSC and GB2. Sailanization of glass beads air-abraded zirconia ceramic is mandatory step for successful adhesion to resin cement. Silane containing self-etch adhesive cement was more effective than universal adhesive for glass beads treated zirconia especially with higher air-pressure, but both are less efficient than pure silane treatment. While universal adhesive is efficient pretreatment on tribochemical silica-coating surface and the most effective on alumina-blasted zirconia ceramic.

Zirconia surface infiltration with low-fusing glass: A surface treatment modality to enhance the bond strength between zirconia and veneering ceramic.

The pursuit of esthetics and superior mechanical properties prompted the layering of Yttrium stabilized Zirconia with ceramic material. However, the bioinert nature of zirconia causes the chipping off of this ceramic layer. Selective infiltration etching (SIE) of zirconia provides good bond strength between zirconia and veneering ceramic. One hundred and fifty zirconia specimens of dimensions 5 × 5 × 10 mm were divided into 5 groups. Group 1: Air abrasion with 30 μ Al2O3 for 15 s with 0.4 bar pressure. Group 2: SIE and heat-induced maturation (HIM) as demonstrated by Abousheilb. Group 3: Sintered zirconia specimens were taken up for air abrasion followed by SIE/HIM. Group 4: Air abrasion and SIE performed on unsintered specimens followed by heat treatment at 1500°C. Group 5: Air abrasion performed on unsintered zirconia specimens followed by heat treatment at 1500°C followed by SIE/HIM. The samples were then layered with ceramic and subjected to shear bond strength (SBS) analysis. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for the data. The mean SBS among the groups was compared using ANOVA. The post hoc Bonferroni test was applied to compare between the groups. The mean SBS was highest for Group 5 (47.89 ± 6.53) followed by Group 2 (34.94 ± 3.04), Group 3 (32.56 ± 6.04), Group 1 (29.12 ± 7.37), and Group 4 (27.56 ± 7.54). ANOVA test showed statistically significant differences among the groups (F = 48.86, P = 0.00). SIE/HIM when combined with sandblasting with appropriate heat treatment demonstrated a significant increase in bond strength. This prolongs the longevity of the restoration, thereby meeting the clinical needs.

Comparative evaluation of bond strength of resin cements with and without 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (mdp) to zirconia and effect of thermocycling on bond strength - An in vitro study.

BackgroundTo compare bond strength of resin cements with and without 10-Methacryloyloxydecyl Dihydrogen Phosphate (MDP) to zirconia and evaluate effect of thermocycling on bond strength. Material and MethodsStandardised test specimens were fabricated as per ADA specification 131. Each Zirconia specimen was mounted in autopolymerzing acrylic resin material. The specimens were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 – specimens bonded with resin cement containing 10-MDP and Group II - specimens bonded with resin cement without 10-MDP. Forty samples of resin cement cylinders were prepared with dimensions of 6mm height and 4mm diameter in line with ADA specification 27 were cured onto the zirconia surface of 10mm x10mm x5mm using customised moulds. Specimens from each cement group were further divided into 2 subgroups: Subgroup A – Specimens that were not thermocycled and Subgroup B – Specimens that were thermocycled. Specimens were then subjected to tensile bond testing by using a Universal testing machine, the data were analysed using independent sample t test for bond strength and paired t test for effect of thermocycling. Statistical analysis used: Data was subjected to normalcy test (Shapiro-wilk test). Data showed normal distribution. Hence parametric test paired t test were applied. ResultsPaired t test revealed that the thermocycling affected the bond strength to zirconia. The highest bond strength was achieved for the resin cement with 10-MDP before thermocycling, whereas the lowest bond strength values were recorded for resin cement without 10-MDP after thermocycling. ConclusionsResin cement with 10-MDP showed superior bond strength to Zirconia than resin cement without 10-MDP. Adhesive failure was predominant at Zirconia and resin cement interface. Thermocycling had a significant effect on the bond strength of resin cements to zirconia, showing decreased bond strength. Key words:10-MDP, Tensile Strength, Zirconia.

The Influence of Electric Current on the Adhesion of Staphylococcus Aureus to the Zirconia Surface for Dental Applications: In-Vitro Study

The Influence of Electric Current on the Adhesion of Staphylococcus Aureus to the Zirconia Surface for Dental Applications: In-Vitro Study

Evaluation of the shear bond strength of zirconia to a self-adhesive resin cement after different surface treatment.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the SBS of pre-sintered and sintered zirconia to a selfadhesive resin cement after various treatment (air abrasion and the Nd:YAG laser irradiation at varying power levels -1 W, 2 W and 3 W). Ninety-nine zirconia specimens were prepared and divided into 3 groups: control (with no surface treatment); and pre-sintered and sintered groups with surface treatment. Surface treatment was applied before sintering in the pre-sintered group and after sintering in the sintered group. After following all protocols, a resin cement was layered on the zirconia surface. Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. The results were subjected to the statistical analysis. The surface topography and phase transformation of zirconia were evaluated using the atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses after surface treatment. The laser irradiation (3 W, 1 W and 2 W) of the pre-sintered zirconia surface resulted in the highest SBS values (p < 0.001), while the lowest SBS values were obtained with airborne particle abrasion of the pre-sintered and sintered zirconia surfaces. Laser irradiation increased the SBS of pre-sintered zirconia to a resin cement. Surface treatment with air abrasion had a lesser effect on the SBS values.

Effects of colored zirconia surface treatment on the bond strength of veneering ceramics

Effects of colored zirconia surface treatment on the bond strength of veneering ceramics

Bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to a high transparency zirconia crown and dentin

Background/purposeThe bond strength and durability of highly translucent zirconia ceramics to dentin is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various surface treatments on the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to high-translucent zirconia crowns and dentin. Materials and methodsA high-transparent zirconia and three self-adhesive resin cements (G-CEM LinkAce (GCL), RelyX U200 (RXU) and TotalCem (TTC)) were used. The zirconia surface was sandblasted with 50 μm alumina particles or coated with an SR Link primer, while a dentin primer (Tetric N-Bond Universal, TBU) was applied to the surface of the dentin. By using three self-adhesive resin cements, zirconia samples were bonded to the dentin surfaces of human teeth. The shear strength of the specimens was measured before and after 10,000-cycle thermocycling or 90-day aging. ResultsWhen using GCL to bond with the untreated dentin and various zirconia surfaces, the shear bond strength of the sandblasted (ZSB) and RS Link primer-coated (ZLK) groups was significantly higher than that of the untreated control group (Zc). However, in the case of TBU-treated dentin, the shear strength of the ZSB + LK + DTBU group was significantly higher than that of the other groups. After thermocycling and aging, the shear strength of the ZSB + LK + DTBU group using GCL and RXU cements decreased slightly, while the TTC showed no impact. ConclusionThe zirconia surface pretreated by sandblasting and bonding agent, which was sequentially bonded with a primer-treated dentin by using resin cements, can provide excellent shear bond strength and anti-aging performance.

The Durability of Zirconia/Resin Composite Shear Bond Strength using Different Functional Monomer of Universal Adhesives.

This study examined the effectiveness of different functional monomers in universal adhesives on zirconia/resin composite bond strength both before and after thermocycling. Four universal adhesives (G-premio bond universal, GPU; Clearfil Tri-S bond universal, CTB; Optibond Universal, OBU; Tetric N-bond universal; TNU), one adhesive (single bond 2; SB2), and one ceramic primer (Clearfil ceramic primer plus, CCP) were used in this study. Zirconia discs were prepared and embedded in acrylic. Specimens were polished and sandblasted with alumina. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups (24 hours and the thermocycled), and each group was divided into six subgroups (n = 10), according to zirconia surfaces treatments: no Tx, CCP + SB2, GPU, CTB, OBU, TNU. An Ultradent mold was located on top of the treated zirconia surface. The resin composite was filled into the mold and then light-cured. A universal testing device was used to determine the shear bond strength. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. After water storage for 24 hours, the shear bond strengths were GPU > CCP + SB2 = CTB = OBU = TNU > no Tx (p < 0.05). After thermocycling, the shear bond strengths were CCP + SB2 = GPU = CTB = TNU > OBU > no Tx (p < 0.05). The universal adhesives containing 10-MDP exhibited the best performance in the shear bond strength of the zirconia/resin composite interface both before and after thermocycling.

The effects of different silicatization and silanization protocols on the bond durability of resin cements to new high-translucent zirconia.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different silicatization protocols with various silane treatment methods on the bond performance to high-translucent zirconia. High-translucent zirconia specimens were assigned to five groups according to mechanical surface pretreatment: as-sintered (Con), 0.2MPa alumina sandblasting (AB2), tribochemical silica coating (TSC), 0.2 and 0.4MPa glass bead air abrasion (GB2) and (GB4). Each group was subjected to 4 different cementation protocols: Panavia SA Universal (SAU), Panavia SA plus (SAP), silane + SAP (S-SAP), and Universal adhesive + SAP (U-SAP). Tensile bond strength (TBS) was measured after 24h and 10,000 thermocycling (TC). Surface topography, surface energy, and elemental composition of the abraded zirconia surface analyses were completed. TBS data was analyzed using the Weibull analysis method. Surface roughness and surface energy were compared by one-way ANOVA analysis of variance (α = 0.05). After 24h, higher TBS was achieved with all cementation protocols in AB2 and TSC, also, in GB2 with all protocols except U-SAP, and in GB4 with SAU and S-SAP. After aging, GB4/S-SAP, GB2/S-SAP, AB2/U-SAP, and TSC/S-SAP showed the highest bond strength. GB groups showed the lowest surface roughness and highest surface energy. Glass bead abrasion achieved the durable bond strength to high-translucent zirconia using a separate silane coupling agent while altered surface chemistry, surface energy, and roughness without effect on morphology. Glass bead air abrasion is an alternative to alumina sandblasting and tribochemical silica coating and improves bond strength to high translucent zirconia.

Studying Zirconium Surface Oxidation by Active Thermal Method

Studying Zirconium Surface Oxidation by Active Thermal Method

Wear behavior of silica-infiltrated monolithic zirconia: Effects on the mechanical properties and surface characterization

The objective of this study was to assess the wear behavior and its effects on the flexural strength of silica-infiltrated zirconia compared to glaze and polishing finishing treatments. To do so, disc-shaped samples of a second-generation zirconia were prepared and divided into three groups: silica infiltration, glazing, or polishing. Half of the samples of each finishing were subjected to sliding wear testing using a steatite antagonist. The discs and antagonists had their volume loss measured. The wear-tested and the other half of samples were subjected to biaxial flexural strength testing and the following characterization analyses were also performed: roughness, hardness, X-ray diffraction, profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were evaluated with ANOVA and Weibull analyses. Glazing caused greater antagonist volume loss, followed by silica infiltration, and polishing. Silica-infiltrated zirconia surface was similarly worn to polished, which was lower than that for glazed zirconia. Polished zirconia presented the highest flexural strength. However,the strength decreased and became similar in all worn groups. Silica infiltration showed slightly lower characteristic strength after sliding wear. The highest roughness and hardness values were observed on glazed zirconia. These values decreased after wear testing and became similar to the other groups. SEM evidenced an irregular surface for glazing. No phase transformation occurred after sliding wear. Despite producing some volume loss on zirconia and antagonist surfaces, silica infiltration is a promising alternative for finishing monolithic restorations. Moreover, the damage caused by sliding wear leads to decreasing the strength of zirconia regardless of the surface finishing.

Surface and bulk properties of zirconia as a function of composition and aging

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-SZ) materials with different levels of translucency have been used for indirect dental restorations. Y-SZ composition and microstructure are modified to improve translucency, and it is not clear how these materials respond to aging. This study evaluated the effect of hydrothermal aging (HA) performed in an autoclave on the properties of four dental Y-SZ materials with different compositions. Sintered bar-shaped specimens (14 x 4 x 2 mm) were prepared from four different zirconia-based materials (n = 40): low translucency 3 mol % Y-SZ (3Y-LT; Ceramill ZI, Amann Girrbach); high translucency 4 mol % Y-SZ (4Y-HT; Ceramill Zolid); and two high translucency 5 mol % Y-SZ (5Y-HT – Lava Esthetic, 3M; 5Y-SHT - Ceramill Zolid FX). Fully sintered specimens were exposed to HA for different times (control - 0 h, 5 h, 10 h, or 15 h at 134 °C, 2 bar pressure) and characterized for surface roughness, flexural strength (three-point bending), hardness and elastic modulus (nanoindentation), surface wettability (sessile drop technique) and crystalline content (x-ray diffraction, XRD). Data was analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD (p < 0.05). Zirconia composition significantly affected roughness (p = 0.016). Zirconia*aging interaction affected flexural strength (p = 0.012), surface wettability (p < 0.001), and hardness (p = 0.002). Zirconia composition (p = 0.011) and aging (p = 0.001) affected elastic modulus, while the interaction effect was not significant (p = 0.94). HA affects zirconia-based materials in different degrees. For 3Y-LT and 4Y-HT, surface and bulk properties were affected by aging to a similar extent. However, surface and bulk properties may change during clinical use as a result of prolonged degradation of Y-SZ.

Effect of Simultaneous Sintering of Bioglass to a Zirconia Core on Properties and Bond Strength.

This study aimed to assess bioglass sintering to a zirconia core on surface properties and bonding strength to resin cement. Zirconia specimens were divided into four groups: G I: sintered; G II: bioglass modified zirconia (a bioglass slurry was sintered with zirconia at 1550 °C); G III: sandblasted using 50 μm Al2O3 particles; and G IV: Z-prime plus application. Surface morphology and chemical analysis were studied using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Surface roughness was evaluated using a profilometer. Surface hardness was measured using an indentation tester. For the microshear bond strength test, resin cement cylinders were bonded to a zirconia surface. Half of the specimens were tested after 24 h; the other half were thermocycled (5–55 °C) for 1000 cycles. A shearing load was applied at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min on a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed with ANOVA using SPSS software at (p < 0.05). Results: tThe mean surface roughness of G II was significantly higher than G I and G III. The microhardness of G II was significantly lower than all groups. For bond strength, there was no significant difference between groups II, III, and IV after thermocycling. Conclusions: Bioactive glass can increase the bond strength of zirconia to resin cement, and is comparable to sandblasting and Z-prime bonding agents.

Electron-Beam-Induced Grafting of Chitosan onto HDPE/ATZ Composites for Biomedical Applications.

The surface functionalisation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and HDPE/alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) surfaces with chitosan via electron-beam (EB) irradiation technique was exploited for preparing materials suitable for biomedical purposes. ATR–FTIR analysis and wettability measurements were employed for monitoring the surface changes after both irradiation and chitosan grafting reaction. Interestingly, the presence of ATZ loadings beyond 2 wt% influenced both the EB irradiation process and the chitosan functionalisation reaction, decreasing the oxidation of the surface and the chitosan grafting. The EB irradiation induced an increase in Young’s modulus and a decrease in the elongation at the break of all analysed systems, whereas the tensile strength was not affected in a relevant way. Biological assays indicated that electrostatic interactions between the negative charges of the surface of cell membranes and the –NH3+ sites on chitosan chains promoted cell adhesion, while some oxidised species produced during the irradiation process are thought to cause a detrimental effect on the cell viability.

Metallization by Sputtering to Improve the Bond Strength between Zirconia Ceramics and Resin Cements

Zirconia has been used as a prosthesis material for over a decade because of its excellent mechanical properties and esthetics. The surface treatment for zirconia generally involves sandblasting and the application of primers for favorable bond strength between the surface and resin. However, sandblasting causes the microcracking and chipping of the zirconia surface. To overcome these challenges, the metallization of the zirconia surface was performed. Ti and Au were sputtered on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) disks and heated to 800 °C for 15 min in air. These disks were bonded to stainless-steel rods using resin cement. Then, shear bond strength tests were performed using an Instron-type testing machine. The shear bond strength of the Ti sputtering group was significantly higher than that of the other groups. According to the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis, the Ti-sputtered YSZ surface contained both sub-titanium oxide and titanium oxide before heating. Sub-titanium oxide was converted to titanium oxide by heating. These results suggest that metallization using Ti is effective for zirconia surface treatment to improve the shear bond strength between YSZ and resin cement. This metallization technique for YSZ has potential in clinical applications.

The Use of a Diode Laser for Removal of Microorganisms from the Surfaces of Zirconia and Porcelain Applied to Superstructure Dental Implants.

The aim of this paper was to study the effectiveness of a diode laser (LD) for removal of microorganisms isolated from porcelain and zirconia crown surfaces used in implantoprosthetics in order to minimize infections around dental implants. In order to optimize biocidal efficacy of the process (at the same time, avoiding increasing the surface roughness during decontamination) the effects of diode laser doses were investigated. The irradiation was performed with a diode laser at the wavelength of λ = 810 nm in three variants with a different number of repetitions (1 × 15 s, 2 × 15 s, 3 × 15 s). The quantitative microbial contamination of the surface of teeth, porcelain and zirconia crowns assessment was made using the culture-dependent method. The identification of microorganisms took place using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. The studies of the surface morphology and roughness were carried out by means of the optical profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy with the C1 confocal attachment. The most important conclusion from the research is the fact that the laser operation, regardless of the exposure time, effectively eliminates the microorganisms from the surfaces used for dental implant rebuilding and does not have a destructive effect on the tested material.

Pre-Sintering Airborne Particle Abrasion Improves Surface and Biological Properties of Zirconia

kground: Surface topography of a zirconia dental implant has a major impact on osseointegration and clinical success. Modification of a fully sintered zirconia surface can be problematic due to its high strength and bio-inert surface.Methods: The present study therefore aimed to investigate the effect of airborne-particle abrasion of presintered zirconia on surface properties and biological performance of the resulting fully sintered zirconia.Results: The results showed that surface topographies of fully sintered zirconia were influenced by abrasive particle size and blasting time used in repeated pre-sintering airborne particle abrasion. Well-optimized pre-sintering airborne-particle abrasion of zirconia surface could render a highly roughened and hydrophilic surface with increased fibronectin-to-albumin adsorption ratio and mesenchymal stem cell adhesion.Practical implications: This technique may be suitable for modifying zirconia surface to facilitate osseointegration of zirconia-based dental implants.

Surface characterization of different surface treatments associations with plasma and bonding analysis of Y-TZP and the veneering ceramic

ObjectivesTo characterize the surface of zirconia (Y-TZP) submitted to different surface treatments (with and without plasma associations) and to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) between veneering ceramic (VC) and Y-TZP after different aging methods. Methods301 Y-TZP specimens were fabricated and distributed into 7 groups: C (control): no treatment; Al: airborne abrasion with 27 μm Al2O3 particle; L: liner; P: plasma; Al + L: airborne + liner; Al + P: airborne + plasma; P + L: plasma + liner. The Y-TZP surface was characterized by SEM, EDS, AFM, surface profilometry, surface-free energy (SFE), and XRD. SBS between Y-TZP and VC was verified after three aging protocols: initial, after hydrothermal aging (autoclave for 5 h), or thermal fatigue (30,000 baths – 5–55 °C). One- (profilometry, SFE) and two-way ANOVA (SBS), and Tukey’s HSD test were used. ResultsFor the plasma groups, a full globular surface coverage was observed (SEM, AFM). Si was found for Al, L, Al + L, and P + L. Roughness was lower for C, P, and Al + P. For SFE, the highest values were found when the liner was applied (>74.59 nm/Nm). The highest monoclinic content was observed for Al + L (6.96%) and Al + P (5.86%). For the initial period, Al and P + L presented the lowest SBS values (<5.85 MPa; P > 0.331). The highest SBS values were found for L, P, and P + L (hydrothermal aging) and for P, L, Al + L, and Al + P (thermal fatigue). SignificanceChanges in Y-TZP topography and the SBS with the VC were found, according to treatments performed. Plasma treatment improved SBS and did not cause phase transformation.