Zingiber Officinale Var Research Articles

Chemical Profiling, Antifungal and Anti-inflammatory Evaluations of Ethanol Extract of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum and Curcuma caesia Mixture from Riau, Sumatera Island, Indonesia

Chemical Profiling, Antifungal and Anti-inflammatory Evaluations of Ethanol Extract of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum and Curcuma caesia Mixture from Riau, Sumatera Island, Indonesia

Effect of red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) of SGOT and SGPT levels in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by Gentamicine

Introduction: The aim of the research was to prove that red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) could inhibit the increase in SGOT and SGPT levels in Gentamicin-induced rats. Objective: Twenty-five male rats aged 8-12 weeks with 150-200 gram BW divided into five groups research with C- was given CMC-Na 1% and aqua pro-injection, C+ was given 1% CMC-Na and induction of Gentamicin 80 mg/kg BW, and groups T1, T2, and T3 given induction of Gentamicin 80 mg/kg BW and red ginger extract at individual doses each of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW. All treatments were carried out for 15 days. On the 16th day, all rats were euthanized and their blood was drawn intracardiacly, then SGOT and SGPT levels were examined. The results of the research used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Games-Howell statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that the C+ group experienced the highest increase (p<0.05) while the C-group experienced the lowest increase (p<0.05) compared to the other treatment groups. The T1, T2, T3 groups were able to inhibit the increase in SGOT and SGPT levels. Conclusion: The effective dose to inhibit the increase in SGOT levels is 400 mg/kg BW and the effective dose to inhibit the increase in SGPT levels is 200 mg/kg BW.

Formulation of moringa leaf powder (Moringa oleifera) and red ginger powder (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) on the chemical characteristics of herbal drink

Formulation of moringa leaf powder (Moringa oleifera) and red ginger powder (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) on the chemical characteristics of herbal drink

In vitro assessment of thrombolytic potential of red and white ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death, and their pathogenesis is commonly attributed to thrombosis. Although existing medications are effective and fast-acting for thrombosis management, they tend to be expensive and cause severe side effects. Plant-based thrombolytic agents are actively sought after as inexpensive and safe alternatives for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) and white ginger (Zingiber officinale var. officinale) are widely used in foods and beverages and are believed to confer a wide variety of health benefits. Objective: This study aims to elucidate the thrombolytic and fibrinolytic potential of red and white ginger extracts in vitro.Methods: In this study, in vitro analyses were performed using erythrocyte liberation, euglobulin degradation, fibrin degradation, and fibrin zymography assays. The ability of crude enzyme extracts from both red (rgEx) and white ginger (wgEx) to degrade blood clots was analyzed using the erythrocytes liberation assay. Then, the thrombolytic and fibrinolytic activities of rgEx and wgEx were evaluated using euglobulin and fibrin degradation assays, both of which were visualized using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Finally, fibrinolytic enzymes were identified using a fibrin zymography assay. Results: Red and white ginger extracts were found to have strong thrombolytic properties via high total liberated erythrocyte count from the erythrocyte liberation assay. The ginger extract proteases can rapidly degrade euglobulin and fibrin, with their priority order beginning with A

In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Test of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Rhizome Extract against Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Highlights: Staphylococcus aureus, particularly MRSA, had developed rapid resistance against antibiotics like beta-lactams. Red ginger is believed to be antibacterial against MSSA and MRSA in vitro. Red ginger rhizome extracts displayed weak activity against MSSA and MRSA. Abstract Introduction: Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is a traditional herb that is believed to possess antibacterial properties. Throughout the years, Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to a broad range of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, particularly in the form of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As treatment options dwindle, it is urgent to formulate novel antibiotics. This study aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of the ginger rhizome ethanol extract against Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA. Methods: This study was performed according to the post-test-only control group design. Through a good diffusion assay, the anti-MSSA and anti-MRSA activity of the red ginger extract concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%) was observed by measuring the diameter of the clear inhibition zones. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and an antibiotic disc were added as control groups. Results: The red ginger extracts produced inhibition zones on both MSSA and MRSA. However, the antibacterial activity was considered weak (<12 mm). The concentration of the extract appeared to linearly affect its antibacterial activity against MSSA and MRSA. On MSSA, the 12.5% extract results differed significantly from those of the 100% and 50% extracts. Meanwhile, on MRSA, the extracts seemed to yield significantly different outcomes when compared to each other, except for the comparisons between 50%-25% and 12.5%-6.25%. Conclusion: Zingiber officinale var. rubrum rhizome extracts showed weak antibacterial activity against MSSA and MRSA.

Determination of total phenolics, flavonoids, and testing of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to select the active fraction of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) for its antioxidant and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (AMC 6934), Bacillus subtilis (AMC 7923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (AMC 8973), and Escherichia coli (AMC 5761). Materials and Methods: A total of 2 kg of dry red ginger rhizome powder was macerated in stages with different levels of solvent polarity to extract the chemical composition within the red ginger powder sample. The extraction process begins with a non-polar solvent (n-hexane) by soaking the red ginger powder sample for 3 × 24 h. Results: The red ginger extract fractionated with methanol produced alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and coumarins, while the fractionation using n-hexane produced alkaloids and triterpenoids only. The fractionation with ethyl acetate produced alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and coumarins. The antioxidant activity test was 49.261 mg/l for the ethyl acetate fraction, 146.648 mg/l for the methanol fraction, and 300.865 mg/l for the n-hexane fraction. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction was effectively powerful in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All fractions had moderate antibacterial activity; however, the performance of ethyl acetate in the red ginger extract was better than that of methanol and n-hexane.

Effect of different melatonin-rich extract of Emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) doses on biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background/Aim: Emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) is an Indonesian natural plant with various bioactivities, including antidiabetic properties. Several studies have shown that bioactivities can be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and also melatonin which playing a role in carbohydrate metabolism and blood sugar levels regulation. Ginger also has an effect on the lipid profile in studies in experimental animals. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the in vivo antidiabetic activity of melatonin-rich extract of Emprit ginger using blood sugar and lipid profiles parameters. Methods: The study procedure comprised 30 male white rats of Wistar strain, which were divided into 5 groups. These included: I - K-: negative control; II - K+: injected with streptozotocin (STZ) - nicotinamide (NA); III - P1: given STZ-NA + 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day ginger extract; IV - P2: given STZ-NA + 200 mg/kg BW/day ginger extract; and V - P3: injected with STZ-NA + metformin 300 mg/kg BW/day. In addition, the treatment was carried out for a total of 21 days, followed by the measurement of random blood sugar (RBS) levels and lipid profiles. Results: The highest pre-treatment RBS, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels were 426.8 ± 55.8 mg/dL (P2), 142 ± 39.8 mg/dL (P2), 130.8 ± 21.7 mg/dL (K+), 53.4 ± 4.92 mg/dL (P1) and 61.67 ± 17.69 mg/ dL (K+), respectively. The results showed that the largest decrease in RBS was obtained in P3 by 262.8 ± 70.6 mg/dL, while P2 experienced the highest decrease in triglyceride levels by 83.66 ± 52.04 mg/dL. In addition, the largest decrease in cholesterol was in P3 by 50.2 ± 26.30 mg/dL, with P1 possessing the highest reduction in HDL by 15.4 ± 15.88 mg/dL. In terms of LDL, the largest decrease was obtained in P3, 20.44 ± 16.68 mg/dL. Based on the results, changes in biochemical parameters levels between all groups showed significant differences except for HDL. Conclusion: STZ-NA injection caused an increase in RBS and cholesterol in rats. Administration of melatonin-rich ginger extract led to a decrease in RBS, cholesterol and LDL and was more effective in the group given metformin. Melatonin-rich ginger extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW/day was more effective in reducing triglycerides compared to other clinical parameters.

Effect of Warm Red Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Var Rubrum) Compresses as Pain Reliever in Hypertensive Patients

The number of people with hypertension is increasing every year, and it is estimated that by 2025 there will be 1.15 billion people suffering from hypertension. The result of a preliminary study showed 2640 hypertensive patients in Pekauman Health Center. Interview results with five people who suffered from hypertension claimed that they experienced headaches up to the nape of the neck. Usually, they buy medicine at the nearest shop or use liniment such as balm to reduce the pain. This study aimed to determine the influence of warm red ginger (zingiber officinale var rubrum) compresses on reducing pain scale in hypertensive patients in the Pekauman Health Center area. The research was conducted using a pretest post-test design Quasi Experiment. The sample was 30 people with a purposive sampling technique. The treatment was given in the form of a warm red ginger compress for 15-20 minutes. Analysis using Wilcoxon test. There was a significant effect of giving red ginger (zingiber officinale var rubrum) warm compresses on reducing pain scale in hypertensive patients with a significant value of 0.000 (p<?0.05). Therefore, a warm red ginger compress could effectively reduce headaches in hypertension patients.

The combination of ATR-FTIR and chemometrics for discrimination of Red Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Var Rubrum) oil in West Sumatra and its antioxidant activity

Their origin influences the chemical components and pharmacological action of essential oils. This study aimed to classify red ginger oil (RGO) based on its FTIR spectra combined with chemometrics and determine its antioxidant activity. Fresh red ginger rhizomes were collected from six West Sumatra regions and extracted using hydrodistillation. ATR-FTIR and Chemometrics were used to classify the oil, and its antioxidant activity was tested using various methods. The study found that RGO was golden yellow with a unique odor, and it had a yield range of 0.52% - 0.86%, a specific gravity of 0.83-0.94 g/ml, a refractive index of 1.4834 – 1.4880, and an optical rotation value of -36.382. However, all RGO samples had low antioxidant activity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that RGO can be separated based on the altitude of the growing locations at the wavenumber 2000-400 cm-1. Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) revealed three clusters of RGO: I; Solok, II; Kamang Magek and Batusangkar, III; Dharmasraya, Pesisir Selatan, and Pasaman Barat, with different FTIR fingerprints. In conclusion, red ginger oil from different parts of West Sumatra has unique metabolite profiling and low antioxidant activity levels.

Effect of Bigger Ginger Extract on Reduction of Blood Sugar Rate of Glucose Induced Mice

To date, the government and people of Indonesia are still facing health problems. Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is one of the most common diseases among Indonesians. Some rhizome spices that have antidiabetic potential, one of which is elephant ginger. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of bigger ginger extract on reducing blood glucose levels in mice. This type of research is an experimental study to determine the effectiveness and concentration of bigger ginger extract on blood glucose levels in mice induced with glucose. Based on the results obtained, Bigger Ginger Rhizome Extract (Zingiber officinale var. Rosc.) has the potential to reduce blood sugar levels in mice with an average reduction value where 5% b/v extract decreased by 48.69%, 10% b/v extract decreased by 50% and 15% b/v extract decreased by 55%. The concentration of 5% b/v in Bigger Ginger Rhizome Extract (Zingiber officinale var. roscoe) shows an optimal reducing effect

Lactic acid bacteria viability and antibacterial activity of Etawa goat's synbiotic fermented milk

Abstract. Rizal S, Suharyono, Suroso E, Melatiningsih A, Suyarto VA. 2023. Lactic acid bacteria viability and antibacterial activity of Etawa goat's synbiotic fermented milk. Biodiversitas 24: 6440-6446. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of kepok banana peel extract and white ginger extract (Zingiber officinale Var. Amarum) on the lactic acid bacteria viability and the antibacterial activity of Etawa goat's synbiotic fermented milk. This study used two treatments and three replications. The first treatment was the concentration of kepok banana peel extract (0, 1, 2, and 3% (v/v)) and the second treatment was the concentration of white ginger extract (0, 1, 2, and 3% (v/v)). All treatments were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. The characteristics of Etawa goat’s synbiotic fermented milk was evaluated by total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total lactic acid, pH value, and antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significance Different (LSD) at 5%. The results showed that kepok banana peel extract had a significant effect on increasing total LAB, total lactic acid, pH value, and antibacterial activity. Meanwhile, white ginger extract had no significant effect on total LAB, total lactic acid, and pH but had a significant effect on the antibacterial activity. The addition of 3% kepok banana peel extract and 3% white ginger extract produced the best Etawa goat's synbiotic fermented milk. The best treatments produced Etawa goat’s synbiotic fermented milk with a total LAB of 9.13 Log cfu/mL, a total lactic acid of 0.82%, 3.41 pH, and antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium with a 16.33 mm diameter clear zone.

RESPON PEMBERIAN PUPUK HAYATI BIONEENSIS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JUMLAH MATA TUNAS TANAMAN JAHE MERAH

Ginger is an agricultural commodity that has good opportunities and prospects for development. Bioneensis biofertilizer contains bacteria isolated from oil palm roots and has many benefits for plants. This study aims to determine the effect of biofertilizer application bioneensis on the growth of the number of shoots and the production of red ginger (zingiber officinale var. Rubrum). This study used a factorial randomized blok design with 2 factors and 3 replications. Giving bioneensis (B) consists of 4 levels, namely B0 (0 gr/polybag), B1 (20gr/polybag), B2 (40 gr/polybag), and B3 (60 gr/polybag). The number of buds consists of 4 levels, namely M1(1 mata tunas), M2 (2 mata tunas), M3 (3 mata tunas), and M4 (4 mata tunas). The results of the study gave a very significant effect on the parameters, namely plant height (cm) and the effect was not significant on parameters, number of leaves (helai), number of tillers per polybag, and canopy dry weight (gr). While the results of the study on the application of biofertilizer bioneensis and the number of buds showed no significant effect on all parameters, namely plant height (cm), number of leaves (helai), number of tillers per polybag, and canopy dry weight (gr). The best treatment was found in the parameters of plant height with a dose of 60% bioneensis and the number of shoots 2 with an average yield of 77.17 cm.

Hubungan Status Gizi Dengan Gerak Motorik Anak Usia 12-18 Bulan Di Posyandu Nusa Indah, Kampung Cakung, Jati Sari, Jatiasih, Kota Bekasi

Introduction: Based on a preliminary study at Integrated Healthcare Center Nusa Indah there is still a high rate of 60% of children under five with poor nutritional status and 40% of good nutrition, so it can be formulated in this study that still high rate of poor nutritional status can affect the motor movements of children aged 12-18 months at Integrated Healthcare Center Nusa Indah in 2022. Therefore, researchers are interested in researching on how nutritional status is related to the motor movements of children aged 12-18 months at Integrated Healthcare Center Nusa Indah, Cakung Village, Jatisari, Jatiasih, Bekasi City in 2022. Methods: This research was conducted as a quantitative study with an analytic descriptive design that looks at the relationship between the independent variable (children's nutritional status) and the dependent variable (children's motor skills). form of research design by observing or measuring simultaneously (at one time) between the independent variable and the dependent variable (Notoatmodjo 2018) Sampling Technique was used with accidental sampling (mothers who come to Integrated Healthcare Center Nusa Indah). Results: There is a significant relationship between the dependent variable, namely gross motor movements of children aged 12-18 months, and the independent variable nutritional status of children aged 12-18 months at Integrated Healthcare Center Nusa Indah, Cakung Village, Jati Sari, Jatiasih, Bekasi City in 2022, where the p-value is 0,000 < 0,050. Discussion: Broadly speaking, there is an effect of red ginger powder (Zingiber officinale var Rubrum) on reducing the intensity of dysmenorrhea pain in female students at SMAN 1 Muncang, Lebak Regency, Banten before and after consuming red ginger powder (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) as evidenced by the results of statistical tests using One-Sample Statistics with a significance value of p 0.000.

Partial Purification, Characterization of Protease Extract from Ginger and its Effect on lipid profile and Liver Function

A ginger rhizome from the local market, Zingiber officinale var. Bentong, was used to extract protease. The activity of the protease was estimate during the extraction, the effects of pH and stabilizer were investigated. The best conditions were found to be a buffer of sodium phosphate, pH 7, 10 mM cysteine, and 5 mM EDTA as stabilizer. During the extraction process, 1% of crude ginger protease (GP) yield with a specific activity of 198 U/mg protein was generated. The protease functioned best at a pH of 7.0 and 60 °C, respectively. The effect of partially purified ginger protease on cholesterol (lipid profile) and liver function in mice was investigated.

Pemanfaatan Jahe Gajah sebagai Produk Suplemen di Pekon Selapan, Kecamatan Pardasuka, Kabupaten Pringsewu

The community engagement team of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung, conducted community services in the Jaya Lestari Pekon Selapan farmer group, Pardasuka District, Pringsewu Regency. The partner's problem is that elephant ginger (Zingiber officinale var. officinarum) still needs to be optimal in its use, limited to being harvested and then sold directly to collectors, and the selling price on the market is low. Farming groups have never used elephant ginger as a product. The activity aims to educate the public that elephant ginger can be utilized and developed to be processed into a product dosage form, which can add economic value by being made into an antioxidant health supplement product in the form of a pulvis preparation (powder). As well as increasing the capacity and welfare of the community through empowering the potential of the village resources. The method for implementing did through focus group discussions (FGD) included conveying theory through lectures, interactive discussion, and accompanying practical demonstrations in making elephant ginger powder products. The results of this activity show the high enthusiasm of farmer groups and women farmer groups (KWT) in producing elephant ginger powder products.

Efek Serbuk Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale Var Rubrum) Terhadap Penurunan Intensitas Dismenore Pada Siswi SMAN 1 Muncang Kabupaten Lebak Banten

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a condition that occurs during menstruation or menstruation which can interfere with activities and requires treatment which is characterized by pain or pain in the abdominal or pelvic area "(Judha 2012)", Dysmenorrhea is pain during menstruation that interferes with women's daily activities. According to WHO (2012), there were 1,796,425 people (90%) experiencing dysmenorrhea with 10-15% experiencing severe dysmenorrhea. About 75% of women report some degree of discomfort related to menstruation, and about 15% report severe dysmenorrhea. Methods: The research method is a pre-experimental research design. In this study, the authors conducted quantitative research using the pre-experimental design method, type one group pretest-posttest (preliminary test, final test, single group). Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling and in this study the samples were partially taken from the entire object studied and considered to represent the entire population of class X, X1, and XII students at SMAN 1 Muncang in the year 2022/2023 who experienced dysmenorrhea as many as 56 people. Results: The results of the Wilcoxon test showed that the p-value of red ginger was 0,000 0,05 so there was an effect of giving red ginger. The experimental group was given capsules containing red ginger powder 4x1 for 2 days at a dose of 250 mg. The results of the independent t-test obtained a p-value of 0,000 (α 0,05). Discussion: Broadly speaking, there is an effect of red ginger powder (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) on reducing the intensity of dysmenorrhea pain in female students at SMAN 1 Muncang, Lebak Regency Banten before and after consuming red ginger powder (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) as evidenced by the results of statistical tests using One-Sample Statistics with a significance value of p 0,000.

Porositas Produk Olahan Jahe Merah terhadap Variasi Suhu Evaporasi-Kristalisasi dan Persentase Gula Batu

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) is one of the most popular plants in Indonesia. Generally, the processed product is distributed in the community in the form of red ginger extract powder. This study examines the production of processed red ginger products in the form of red ginger powder with variations in temperature treatment (80 and 90°C) and the percentage of sugar cubes (60 and 100%). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature variations and crystallization agent levels on the porosity value of red ginger powder products, both research results and commercial products that have been circulating in the market. Analysis of test results obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM) surface morphology images with prior conversion to matrix data The analysis step utilized the Origin program version 2019b. The results of the study with four treatments gave a positive value for porosity. The best treatment obtained was at 90°C and 100% sugar content for residual red ginger raw material (pulp). The highest porosity value for red ginger powder was 76.48%. Meanwhile, the highest commercial product was 77.00%. Indirectly, the research product has a porosity value that is close to the commercial product. The surface area of the product can significantly influence the porosity value between powder and granule products from ginger processing in an effort to increase post-harvest shelf life.

Antifungal Activity of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and Garlic (Allium sativum) against HIV Patients-Isolated Candida albicans

The most of Candida strain in oral candidiasis is nystatin resistance strain. Hence, it become important to investigate the natural products like red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and garlic (Allium sativum) as antifungal against HIV patient-isolated Candida albicans. This experimental study used two antifungal assays (Disc diffusion and antibiofilm assay). Both red ginger and garlic extract were extracted by maceration method. Candida albicans isolate was isolated from a volunteer HIV Patient with oral candidiasis. The outcomes included the diameter of the inhibition zone and optical density (OD) that were expressed as mean and standard deviation and analysed by Kruskal-Walis. This study showed that the highest concentration of both red ginger (0.67 ± 0.55 mm) and garlic extract (0.67 ± 0.46 mm) had the widest diameter of inhibition zone. Meanwhile, the highest inhibition of biofilm formation was found in the lowest concentrations (25%) of red ginger (2.22 ± 1.24) and garlic extract (3.65 ± 0.24). Any concentration of red ginger or garlic extract did not significantly affect the antifungal activity (P-Value: 0.392). Overall, it can be concluded that both red ginger and garlic extract at any concentration showed a weak antifungal activity against HIV patient-isolated Candida albicans strain.

The Effect of Red Ginger Oleoresin Addition on the Oxidation Level in Oil Pangaas Catfish Offal (Pangasius hypoptalmus)

Pangas Catfish (Pangasius Hypophthalmus) is a freshwater fish species in Indonesia. The by-products of catfish processing offer potential for fish oil production due to their diverse fatty acid composition. However, fish oil is prone to oxidation, leading to deterioration of its quality. To address this issue, red ginger oleoresin (Zingiber Officinale Var. Rubrum), known for its antioxidant properties, is investigated as a possible solution to inhibit oxidation in the oil of Pangas Catfish offal. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of adding red ginger oleoresin at various concentrations to the oil of pangas catfish offal on its oxidation level. The research employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Red ginger oleoresin was added to the oil of pangas catfish offal at concentrations of 0,2%, 0,4%, and 0,6%. The results indicated that the addition of 0,4% red ginger oleoresin was the most favorable treatment, as determined by sensory evaluations, which ranged from 7,57 to 7,85. The peroxide value (PV) of the oil was measured at 4,38 meq/kg, and the free fatty acid (FFA) was 1,25%. Furthermore, the oil of pangas catfish offal treated with 0,4% red ginger oleoresin exhibited significant levels of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids at 1,02%, 16,26%, and 35,04%, respectively. The Saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content were recorded at 43,22%, 37,04%, and 19,61%, respectively.

Activities of ethanol-extract of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) on Completed Freund's Adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice

Background: Red ginger has been known to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic potency. Objective: This study aimed to analyse the ethanolic extract of red ginger (EERG) in mice's arthritis model induced by Completed Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA). Method: Red ginger was extracted using ethanol 96%. Arthritis mice (n = 25) were injected with CFA i.p., and sham mice (n = 5) were injected with normal saline. On day seven, mice were divided into six groups: sham, CFA, gabapentin 100 mg/kg BW, and EERG (dose 200; 400; 600 mg/kg BW). Treatments were administered orally once a day for seven days. Latency time and plantar thickness were measured on days zero, one, three, five, seven, eight, ten, twelve, and fourteen. On day 15, the mice were sacrificed, and the blood and spinal cords were collected. The haematology profiles were determined. Result: The EERG significantly prolonged the latency time towards thermal stimulus and decreased plantar thickness in arthritis mice, the same as gabapentin which served as the control. The EERG also reduced the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, and improved the morphology of the spinal cord's dorsal horn of arthritis mice. Conclusion: The EERG of 400 mg/kg BW significantly affects arthritis-induced hyperalgesia.