Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate Research Articles

Effects of high dietary zinc concentration and zinc sources on hematology and biochemistry of blood serum in Holstein dairy cows

The purpose of this study was to investigate high concentration of dietary zinc (Zn) and to compare the effects of organic and inorganic zinc sources on hematological and biochemical parameters of blood serum in dairy cows. Eighteen dairy cows were randomly allocated to one of three dietary treatments in a randomized and blocked design. Animals in group 1 were treated as control (no zinc supplementation); whereas, animals in groups 2 and 3 supplemented with 500mg of zinc/kg dry matter from either zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnS) and zinc methionine (ZnM), respectively. The numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in the ZnM group was higher than the control group. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase in ZnM and ZnS groups were higher (P<0.05) than the control group. There was no difference in the other metabolites between groups, but the serum zinc concentration was higher (P<0.05) in cows fed ZnM or ZnS. There was no difference among groups for biochemical parameters and some hormones in serum may due to the competition levels of zinc supplementation reducing availability of other minerals. Therefore, the results obtained may be beneficial in demonstrating the effects of zinc with no negative effects of high Zn concentration on hematological and biochemical parameters.

Scientific Opinion on safety and efficacy of zinc compounds (E6) as feed additive for all species: zinc sulphate monohydrate, based on a dossier submitted by Grillo‐Werke AG/EMFEMA

Scientific Opinion on safety and efficacy of zinc compounds (E6) as feed additive for all species: zinc sulphate monohydrate, based on a dossier submitted by Grillo‐Werke AG/EMFEMA

Scientific Opinion on safety and efficacy of zinc compounds (E6) as feed additives for all animal species: Zinc sulphate monohydrate, based on a dossier submitted by Helm AG

Scientific Opinion on safety and efficacy of zinc compounds (E6) as feed additives for all animal species: Zinc sulphate monohydrate, based on a dossier submitted by Helm AG

The efficacy of bitter blockers on health-relevant bitterants

Current strategies for decreasing the bitterness of conventional foods often involve the addition of sucrose and sodium chloride. However this has limited application with functional foods, as they are health promoting, and other approaches are required. This study assesses the efficacy of high and low concentrations of five bitter inhibiting compounds [β-cyclodextrin (β-CYCLO), homoeriodictyol sodium salt (HED), zinc sulphate monohydrate (ZnSO4), magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMC)] on the perceived bitterness of high and low concentrations of (+)-catechin and caffeine – two ingredients used in functional food formulations. Intensity ratings (bitterness, sourness, saltiness, sweetness, savoriness, astringency, ‘other’) of bitterant-bitter blocker binary solutions were collected from a panel of twelve, in duplicate, using a 15cm line scale. Overall, β-CYCLO and HED were the most effective blockers at decreasing the bitterness of (+)-catechin, while the bitterness of caffeine was reduced most effectively by HED. Results also demonstrate that the bitter reducing capacity of these blockers is bitterant dependent. In general, these bitter blockers elicit minimum side tastes and sensations, although astringency and viscosity intensities are increased under some conditions. We conclude that some bitter blockers show considerable potential for decreasing the bitterness of phenols and caffeine in functional food formulations.

Effect of Zinc Methionine or Zinc Sulfate Supplementation on Milk Production and Composition of Milk in Lactating Dairy Cows

Eighteen lactating dairy cows were used to compare the effects of organic and inorganic Zn supplements on milk production and chemical composition of milk. Animals received three diets in a randomized block design: basal diet with no supplemental Zn (control, 42 mg Zn/kg), basal diet plus 500 mg Zn/kg of dry matter (DM) as zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnS) and basal diet plus 500 mg Zn/kg of DM as zinc methionine (ZnM). Results showed that milk and fat-corrected milk yield in dairy cows were not significantly affected by Zn source although a numerical increase was observed. The percentages of protein, lactose, fat, solid nonfat, total solid, and density of milk were not significantly different between treatments. However, dairy cows that received ZnM tended to produce more milk and fat-corrected milk with a lower somatic cell count as compared to controls. The zinc concentration in milk in the ZnM and ZnS groups was higher (P < 0.05) than in milk from the control group, but there were no significant differences between ZnS and ZnM groups.

Relative bioavailability of zinc in supplemental inorganic and organic sources for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

A 90-day feeding experiment was conducted with sex reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings fed purified or practical diets supplemented with different zinc sources to evaluate fish growth performance and zinc and iron retention in fish bones, fillets, liver, skin and eyes. The relative bioavailability value (RBV) of zinc in the supplemental sources tested was also calculated. Fish were fed with isonitrogenous and isoenergetic purified or practical diets supplemented with 150 mg Zn kg−1, as zinc sulphate monohydrate (ZnSO4), zinc oxide (ZnO) or zinc amino acid complex (Zn-AA). The feeding trial was conducted in 30, 50 L aquaria where four 0.66 ± 0.01 g (mean ± SD) fingerlings were initially stocked. No significant differences were observed for any growth performance variables (P > 0.05). In practical diets, only ZnSO4 and ZnO presented bone zinc retention similar to that for the standard zinc source. Zinc concentration in the bone of fish fed practical diet supplemented with Zn-AA (171 ± 3.62 μg g−1) was significantly lower than that verified for the practical diets supplemented with the standard zinc source (200 ± 17.7 μg g−1) or with ZnSO4 (204 ± 19.9 μg g−1). Assuming the concentration of zinc in bones as the response criterion, the supplemental zinc RBV from ZnSO4 (105%) was higher than the RBV for Zn-AA (95.1%) or ZnO (94.9%). Iron concentration in the bones of animals fed the non-zinc-supplemented purified diet was significantly higher than that observed for purified diet supplemented with Zn-AA (P < 0,05). The results of the present work allowed us to conclude that ZnSO4 in relation to ZnO or Zn-AA was the supplemental zinc source with higher zinc bioavailability to Nile tilapia.

Optimum zinc supplementation level in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus juveniles diets

The present study was designed to determine the optimum dietary zinc supplementation to Nile tilapia juveniles (13.3±1.13 g), by using vegetable-based diets supplemented with increasing levels of zinc from commercial-grade zinc sulfate monohydrate, a previously determined zinc source of higher bioavailability. The basal diet was supplemented with 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, or 400 mg/kg Zn. The experiment was conducted in forty 250-l tanks arranged in a recirculating water system. The experimental period was divided in two phases. For the first 10-week experimental phase, fish were fed satiation diets supplemented with increasing levels of zinc. For the second 5-week experimental phase, fish that were fed diets supplemented with 0–300 mg/kg Zn during the first phase were fed the 400 mg/kg Zn-supplemented diet; fish fed the diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg Zn (first phase) were fed the nonzinc-supplemented diet (second phase). Broken-line analysis showed that the optimum dietary zinc supplementation (ZnSO 4·H 2O) to Nile tilapia juveniles, using weight gain and bone zinc saturation as response criteria, was 44.50 and 79.51 mg/kg Zn, respectively. When challenged by a zinc-deficient diet, tilapia mobilized stored bone zinc to preserve its zinc status. By considering that bone zinc saturation is a more accurate response criterion than weight gain, it was concluded that the optimum dietary zinc supplementation (ZnSO 4·H 2O) in vegetable-based diets to Nile tilapia juveniles is 79.51 mg/kg Zn.

Long-Term Feeding of High Zinc Sulfate Diets to Lactating and Gestating Dairy Cows ,

Thirty dairy cows, fed a control diet consisting of silage and concentrates, were given either 0, 1000, or 2000ppm of supplemental Zn (DM basis), from zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO4·H2O) for most of a lactation. Feeding 2000ppm Zn decreased milk yield and feed intake after several weeks. Some cows were affected more severely than others. Generally, primiparous animals were more tolerant of the high Zn diet than multiparous cows. Milk Zn was materially higher for cows fed 1000ppm added Zn than controls. With 2000ppm Zn, milk Zn was elevated further but returned to control values when the high Zn diet was discontinued. Plasma Zn was higher in cows fed supplemental Zn with the increase from 1000 to 2000 greater than that for the first addition. Plasma Cu was lower in cows feed 2000ppm Zn but milk Cu was not reduced. Milk fat content was not affected, but protein and SNF were reduced by the 12th wk with the 2000ppm Zn diet. There was no apparent effect on long-term health or performance after the cows were removed from the 2000ppm Zn diet. Except for lower calf weights with 2000ppm Zn, reproductive performance was not measurably affected by the dietary treatments. The 1000ppm added Zn diet had no adverse effect on the cows in any parameter measured.

Oral Zinc Therapy of Acne

In a double-blind controlled comparison that lasted eight weeks, tablets of zinc sulfate monohydrate, 411 mg total daily dosage, and a lactose placebo were administered orally to 22 male subjects with moderate acne. At the same time, levels of zinc were determined in serum and urine. There were no statistically significant differences in the lesion counts (papules, pustules, open comedones, and closed comedones) in the zinc-treated and lactose-treated cases, despite evidence in serum and urine of absorption of zinc. The data from this study indicate that oral zinc therapy has no early clinical effect on male patients with moderate acne.