Zinc In Samples Research Articles

Detection of zinc in pig feed based on the cavities of different shapes combined with LIBS

Considering the serious risks posed by the heavy metals present in pig diets, monitoring and controlling the amount of these metals is crucial. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising technique for performing elemental analysis due to its unique advantages, such as rapid, in situ, nondestructive, and online detection of various minerals. In order to improve the detection accuracy and detection limit (LOD) of elements, the spatial constraint combined with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CC-LIBS) is used to detect the quantity of zinc in pig feed and achieve the detection of samples with lower concentrations. Zn I 480.86 nm is selected as the characteristic spectral line, and the effects of different two-dimensional (cylindrical) and three-dimensional (hemispherical, truncated cone) cavities on the enhancement factor are compared under different time delays. The results show that the optimal conditions include a truncated cone cavity D5H3, a delay time of 2.08, and an enhancement factor of 3.01 associated with the analytical spectral line. The detection limit of zinc in samples under CC-LIBS is 62.67 mg/kg (the recommended quantity of zinc in pig diet mentioned in the safe use of feed additives is 43–80 mg/kg), which is 35.65% lower than that under the LIBS (97.39 mg/kg). Therefore, this work provides a new test basis and idea for the detection of zinc in pig feed.

Determination of Zinc Content in Commercial Toothpaste Samples in Nigeria by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method

Zinc as its citrate or sulphate salt is added to some toothpaste as a bactericide to reduce the presence of bacteria in the mouth. These bacteria can form plaque or produce acids which cause dental decay and halitosis. Zinc salt is added at amounts which are enough to show activity against oral bacteria without causing toxicity to the user. Five commercial samples of different brands of toothpaste (TP-A, TP-B, TP-C, TP-D and TP-E) were purchased from different pharmacy stores in Ogige and Eko markets, Nigeria and analysed for the presence of zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The samples were digested with deionized water and HNO3, centrifuged and filtered. The absorbance of the supernatants obtained was read with a spectrophotometer. Calibration curves for zinc sulphate and zinc citrate were obtained with regression (R2) values of 0.9992 and 0.9973, respectively. The equation obtained from the curves used in determining the content of zinc in the samples. The zinc content (% w/w) of samples was determined to be 0.8467%, 0.8127%, 0.0119%, 0.0188% and 0.0305%, respectively. These values were well below the maximum permissible level of zinc in toothpaste samples but were within the upper limit for daily zinc intake.

Ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (US DLLME) of zinc in Brazilian sugarcane spirit samples

A method based on the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the pre-concentration of zinc in samples of Brazilian cachaca and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was developed. The procedure is based on the injection of a mixture composed of carbon tetrachloride (extractor) and 5-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene) rhodamine (complexing) in cachaca samples. The composition of the components of microextraction was univariable optimized. Posteriorly, a two-level fractional factorial design (26−2) was performed to evaluate the significance of the variables, pH, buffer concentration, centrifugation time, sonication time, NaCl concentration and temperature. Analysis of the Pareto graph showed that the pH, NaCl concentration and sonication time are statistically significant. These variables were optimized using the Doehlert matrix, which was obtained as better experimental conditions: pH, 9.0; %NaCl, 4% (m v−1); sonication time, 5.5 min. The precision expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.43% for 20 μg L−1, the limit of detection was 0.11 μg L−1, and the limit of quantification was 0.33 μg L−1. The pre-concentration factor of the method was 28. The method was applied for the analysis of Brazilian sugarcane spirit, and the concentration of zinc ranged from 1.35 to 12.5 μg L−1.

Positive Material Identification testing of dental implant to correlate their compositions with allergic conditions

BackgroundRapid increase of products containing titanium leads to the increases in percutaneous and permucosal exposure of populations to the titanium. PurposeEvaluate the various material compositions in five commercially available dental implant systems and correlate the obtained material contents with allergic conditions seen with implants. Material and methodsA total of 25 implant, with 5 samples each in 5 groups of commercially available dental implants (MKIII, Myriad, Nobel Replace, MIS and Alpha Dent) were used in the study. Positive Material Identification (PMI) testing was done to analyse the amount of different metals (percentage by mass) present in the dental implants. ResultsHighest titanium content, 99.47% by mass was found in sample 2 (Myriad) and least, 89.04% by mass in sample 5(Alpha dent). Nickel was found only in sample 5 (Alpha dent) in 0.079% by mass and zinc in sample 4 (MIS) in0.084% by mass, chromium was found in sample 1 (MK III) in 0.263% by mass and in sample 2 in0.273% by mass. ConclusionsImplant composition should be made mandatory to be disclosed on the implant packet and before implant placement patch test for the allergen present in the particular implant can be done for the patient's health benefit and long term clinical success of dental implants.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ЯГОДНОГО СЫРЬЯ В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ОБОГАЩЕННЫХ МУЧНЫХ КОНДИТЕРСКИХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ

Berry raw materials contain a whole range of essential ingredients, which have a positive effect on all the functions of the human body. The paper is aimed at the experimental justification of pastry technology with addition of semi-finished products from cranberries and black currants. As a result of an organoleptic evaluation of cake samples with the addition of black currants and cranberries standard organoleptic properties have been stated, a pronounced berry flavor and aroma appear, moreover there is a sour aftertaste. When tasting rich biscuits with berry powder it has been found that the samples differ in a light brown color with the inclusion of powder particles, pleasantly pronounced sweet and sour flavor. These organoleptic properties do not affect the overall quality of muffins and biscuits. Berry raw material is a source of mineral components in the human diet. As a result of studying the mineral composition, a high content of iron, magnesium, manganese and zinc in samples of pastry with dried berries of black currants and cranberries and berry powder has been proven. Berry raw material is a source of complex polysaccharides not digested in the intestinal tract of a man. High concentration of dietary fiber in pastry with berry semi0finished products has been proven experimentally. With the recommended technology and recipe we observe the enrichment of experimental samples of muffins containing dried berries of black currants with essential components: iron-by 20.9–21.6 %, vitamin C-by 18.6 %, dietary fibers-by 18.2 %, and muffins containing dried berries of cranberries are enriched with iron-by 68.8 %, manganese-by 91.3 %. Biscuits containing berry powder satisfy the daily requirement for iron by 35.1–30.9 %, manganese-by 18.5 % and can be attributed to the enriched products according to these indicators. As a result of experimental studies the prospect of using semi-finished products from cranberries and black currants in pastry technology has been proven. Moreover, the products enriched with vitamins, dietary fibers and mineral components retain standard organoleptic characteristics.

Multivariate Optimization of Method of Slurry Sampling for Determination of Iron and Zinc in Starch Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A slurry sampling procedure has been developed for determination iron and zinc in starch sample by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimization step was performed using univariate methodology for mass of sample and multivariate methodology using Box-Behnken design involving the other variables: type extractor, final concentration of extracting solution, and sonication time. The established conditions were with 100 mg of sample, extracting solution composed of mixture (1:1) HCl:HNO3 at a final concentration of 2.0 mol L−1, sonication time of 17 min, and a slurry volume of 10.0 mL. This procedure allows the determination of iron and zinc with quantification limits of 5.68 and 1.36 mg kg−1, respectively, and a precision expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 6.1 and 4.7 % (both, n = 10) for the concentrations of iron and zinc of 19.5 and 2.9 mg kg−1. The accuracy of the procedure was confirmed by analysis of certified reference material wheat flour NIST 1567a. A statistical evaluation using student t test showed that there is no significant difference between the value obtained with the use of the proposed procedure and the certified value, at 95 % confidence level. The proposed procedure was applied for determination of iron and zinc in samples of corn starch, rice starch, potato starch, cassava starch, and starch mix of rice and corn. The obtained concentrations in samples analyzed varied between 17.2 and 152 mg kg−1 of iron and 1.6 and 23.8 mg kg−1 of zinc, and can conclude that these starches are an important source of iron and zinc.

Evaluation of Acid Digestion Procedures to Estimate Mineral Contents in Materials from Animal Trials.

Rigorously standardized laboratory protocols are essential for meaningful comparison of data from multiple sites. Considering that interactions of minerals with organic matrices may vary depending on the material nature, there could be peculiar demands for each material with respect to digestion procedure. Acid digestion procedures were evaluated using different nitric to perchloric acid ratios and one- or two-step digestion to estimate the concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc in samples of carcass, bone, excreta, concentrate, forage, and feces. Six procedures were evaluated: ratio of nitric to perchloric acid at 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 v/v in a one- or two-step digestion. There were no direct or interaction effects (p>0.01) of nitric to perchloric acid ratio or number of digestion steps on magnesium and zinc contents. Calcium and phosphorus contents presented a significant (p<0.01) interaction between sample type and nitric to perchloric acid ratio. Digestion solution of 2:1 v/v provided greater (p<0.01) recovery of calcium and phosphorus from bone samples than 3:1 and 4:1 v/v ratio. Different acid ratios did not affect (p>0.01) calcium or phosphorus contents in carcass, excreta, concentrate, forage, and feces. Number of digestion steps did not affect mineral content (p>0.01). Estimated concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc in carcass, excreta, concentrated, forage, and feces samples can be performed using digestion solution of nitric to perchloric acid 4:1 v/v in a one-step digestion. However, samples of bones demand a stronger digestion solution to analyze the mineral contents, which is represented by an increased proportion of perchloric acid, being recommended a digestion solution of nitric to perchloric acid 2:1 v/v in a one-step digestion.

영양강화식품 중 무기질 함량 조사연구

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals and to investigate the ratio of measured values to labeled values and to analyze the ratio of calcium to other minerals in 68 specimen with minerals - fortified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products. Content of calcium, iron and zinc in samples after micro- wave digestion was analyzed with an ICP-OES. The measured values of calcium were ranged 82.2~293.1% of the labeled values in 38 samples composed calcium - fortified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products. The measured values of iron and zinc were ranged 83.3~301.0%, 90.1~314.1% of the labeled values in minerals - for- tified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products, 42, 24 samples. The Ca : Fe ratios were 90.55 (50.55~220.64) in fruit & vegetable juice, 850.41 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 553.49 in blended beverage, 179.07 (118.37~238.01) in soy milk, 204.39(41.64~397.52) in noodle, 296.97(121.64~868.88) in fried noodle, 30.89(15.69~ 62.05) in cereal and 7.73(0.22~49.92) in grain product. The Ca : P ratios were 1.44(0.96~1.98) in fruit & vegetable juice, 1.92 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 1.66 in blended beverage, 4.23(2.25~7.72) in soy milk, 1.14(0.28~1.97) in noodle, 1.88(1.17~2.42) in fried noodle, 1.29(0.87~2.92) in cereal and 0.30(0.06~1.57) in grain product. The Ca : Mg ratios were 1.85(0.87~5.04) in fruit & vegetable juice, 28.72 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 2.97 in blended beverage, 5.27(2.93~9.36) in soy milk, 3.97(1.34~7.57) in noodle, 6.77(4.63~10.78) in fried noodle, 4.40(2.30~12.55) in cereal and 1.17(0.23~7.48) in grain product. These results suggest calcium contents and the ratio of calcium contents to other minerals in calcium-fortified food products should be strictly controlled. Moreover, to avoid problems with Excessive nutrition, there must be initiatives for better understanding on food labelling and nutrition for fortified food.

Extração sequencial de zinco e cobre em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto e composto de lixo

This work aimed to access the contents and chemical forms and to estimate mobility and availability of cooper and zinc in samples from two soils (Haplortox and Paleudult) previously treated with doses of sewage sludge (SS) and municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), besides a control treatment. Largest percentages of Cu and Zn were determined in the organic matter fraction. Zn showed higher percentages of soluble and exchangeable fractions than Cu. Treatments with SS showed higher potential of Cu and Zn availability. Modifications in soil attributes due to residue application affected metal mobility and availability indexes.

GFAAS Determination of Zinc in Fish Feed and Feces Using Slurry Sampling

This paper presents a simple, fast, and sensitive method to determine zinc in samples of feces and fish feed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry through the direct introduction of slurries of the samples into the spectrometer’s graphite tube. The procedure is based on the injection of 10 μL of an acidified aqueous solution containing 0.50% w/v of feces or feed and 0.50% v/v HNO3 into graphite tube. The limits of detection and quantification calculated for 20 readings of the blank of the standard slurries (0.50% w/v of feces or feed devoid of zinc) were 0.04 and 0.13 μg L−1 for the standard feces slurries and 0.05 and 0.17 μg L−1 for the standard feed slurries. The proposed method was applied in studies of digestibility of zinc in different fish feeds, and their results proved compatible with that obtained from samples mineralized by acid digestion using microwave oven.

A Double-Line Sequential Injection System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc in Waters

A double-line sequential injection system was developed for the spectrophotometric determination of several metal ions in waters. The proposed double-line configuration was used to enable adding sample and chromogenic reagents as merging zones. The methodology was applied to the spectrophotometric determination of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in samples of diverse origins at the range of 0.15-5.00, 0.10-10.0, 0.48-4.00, and 0.11-5.00 mg/L, respectively. Different chromogenic reagents and detection wavelengths were used. The chromogenic reagents for iron and manganese were 1,10-phenanthroline and formaldoxime, respectively. Copper and zinc were both determined using the analytical reagent zincon. Analytical characteristics of the methodology, such as manifold parameters, buffer pH, and reagent concentrations were optimized, and interference of some of the metal ions commonly present in water sample was assessed. Results of the analysis were in agreement with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry. Repeatability, expressed as the relative standard deviation for 10 consecutive injections of water samples, was lower than 6%. The determination rate was approximately 36/h.

Comparação dos teores de cobre e zinco em leguminosas cruas e após serem processadas termicamente em meio salino e aquoso

O cobre e o zinco participam de diversas reações no organismo, diretamente ou como co-fatores de enzimas, e são considerados essenciais. Avaliar os teores destes, em leguminosas cruas e após processamento térmico, permite um conhecimento do comportamento destes metais em meio salino e aquoso o que auxiliará no conhecimento do aproveitamento destes pelo organismo humano. Amostras de feijões preto, branco, carioquinha, manteiga, mulatinho, ervilha, lentilha e grão-de-bico, duas marcas de cada tipo e em dois lotes, foram analisadas quanto ao teor total de cobre e zinco quando cruas e processadas termicamente em meio salino e aquoso. A abertura das amostras foi feita por calcinação a 550ºC. As amostras que foram processadas termicamente, passaram por dessecação em estufa a 105ºC antes da calcinação. O teor total de cobre e zinco nas amostras foi determinado através da espectrometria de absorção atômica em chama. Na análise da rejeição de resultados foram aplicados o teste Dixon e o teste t de Student. Observou-se que, após o processamento térmico em meio salino ou aquoso, a maioria das amostras não teve perda significativa dos teores de cobre e zinco em relação às amostras cruas. Considerando que os teores médios do cobre e zinco nas amostras cruas foram, respectivamente, de 0,75mg% e 3,2mg% ao ser consumido uma porção média de leguminosas, cerca de 50g, a mesma fornece aproximadamente 19% e 10% das necessidades diárias de cobre e zinco, respectivamente, para um homem adulto segundo a R.D.A.

Direct determination of cobalt and zinc in samples of different volatility by means of solid sampling–graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

In this work, a method has been developed for the direct determination of cobalt and zinc in two different real-life samples (a vitamin complex and an agricultural soil) by means of solid sampling–graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The selection of the elements and of the samples was based on their different volatility and complexity, the final aim being to check the maturity of solid sampling–graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to deal with different situations, and to further contribute to the development of a general methodology that could be used for a large variety of cases. In order to achieve these goals a systematic study was carried out by selection of the most appropriate working conditions and optimization of the sample mass. It can be stressed that the maintenance of the Ar flow (250 ml min −1) during the atomization step was found to be especially useful to improve the signal to background ratio for those situations in which simultaneous release of the matrix and atomization of the analyte was unavoidable (Co determination in soil). Comparison of the results for both samples showed no significant differences (other than some disparity regarding the optimum mass range), proving that solid sampling–graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry can be as appropriate for soil analysis as it is for the analysis of organic samples, if appropriate working conditions are chosen. The method finally proposed shows interesting features for the determination of the analytes in the samples such as: the ability to use aqueous standard solutions for calibration, a high sample throughput (15–20 min analysis time per analyte in a sample), the fact that it is unnecessary to use hazardous reagents, a low sample consumption, adequate limits of detection (0.5 mg kg −1 for Co and 4.1 mg kg −1 for Zn in the soil sample), suitable precision values (R.S.D. ∼8%) and a reduced risk of analyte losses and contamination.

Content of iron, copper and zinc in white sugar samples from Polish and other European sugar factories

White sugar is a very pure food product, even though it contains very small, significant amounts of soluble and insoluble impurities. The content of these impurities has nutritional significance and determines the usefulness of sugar for various industrial applications. The aim was to evaluate the content of iron, copper and zinc in samples of white sugar from Polish factories compared with commercial white sugar samples from other European countries. The investigations were conducted on 72 campaign-averaged white sugar samples from 37 different Polish sugar factories from 1996 to 2000 and on 16 commercial white sugar samples from nine European countries. The content of iron, copper and zinc in those sugar samples was determined by means of FAAS both in the sediment and in the solution after filtration on 0.45-μm filters of sugar water solution. The content of iron, copper and zinc was low (averages 0.29, 0.06 and 0.07 mg kg-1, respectively) in all the white sugar samples from Polish sugar factories and other European countries. Iron and copper found in all white sugar samples were mainly in insoluble form - 77 and 69%, respectively. The contents of water-insoluble iron and water-soluble zinc in white sugar increase with a lowering of the quality of sugar evaluated according to the standards of the EU sugar market regime.

Factors affecting the content of heavy metals in bulk atmospheric precipitation, throughfall and stemflow in central Bohemia, Czech Republic

Content of copper, manganese, lead, and zinc in samples of bulk precipitation, throughfall and stemflow has been studied in a forest area in central Bohemia. The sampling localities are situated on two types of bedrock, granite and cenomaniau sandstones. The content in bulk precipitation reflects the impact of fossil fuel emission sources and the vehicular sources of lead. The deposition rate of elements in throughfall, in comparison with that of the deposition on an open land, exhibits increased values in essential microelements (in Mn approx. 45 times, Zh-5 times, Cu and Cd-2 times), with significant seasonal fluctuations. The value of the same ratio for ecotoxic lead is 0.23. The enhanced flux of elements in throughfall is ascribed mainly to the metabolic processes of the trees. Differences in the chemical composition of throughfall and stemflow collected on stands with different kind of bedrock are ascribed to various degree of accessibility of the micronutrients and various intensity of their vegetation uptake.

Determination of Zinc in Serum, Blood, and Ultrafiltrate Fluid from Patients on Hemofiltration by Graphite Furnace/Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy or Flow Injection Analysis/Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Two methods were optimized for the determination of zinc in samples of blood, serum, and ultrafiltrate fluid from patients with chronic renal impairment undergoing hemofiltration. In the first procedure, after acid digestion of the samples, Zn in blood and serum is determined by a system coupled to flow injection analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The method is rapid, automated, simple, needs small amounts of sample, and has acceptable analytical characteristics. The analytical characteristics obtained were as follows: determination range of method, 0.05-2.0 ppm of Zn; precision as coefficient of variation (CV), 5.3%; recovery, 95-105%; and detection limit (DL), 0.02 ppm. The second method is optimized for ultrafiltrate fluid because the sensitivity of the first procedure is not suitable for the levels of Zn (ppb or ng/mL) in these samples. The technique chosen was atomic absorption spectroscopy with electrothermal atomization in a graphite furnace. The analytical characteristics obtained were as follows: determination range of method, 0.3-2.0 ppb Zn; CV, 5.7%; recovery, 93-107%; and DL, 0.12 ppb. The methods were used to determine zinc in samples of blood, serum, and ultrafiltrate fluid from 5 patients with chronic renal impairment undergoing hemofiltration to discover whether there were significant differences in the zinc contents of blood, serum, and ultrafiltrate fluid after the hemofiltration process. An analysis of variance of the experimental data obtained from a randomly selected group of 5 patients showed that zinc concentrations in the ultrafiltrate fluid, venous blood, and venous serum do not vary during hemofiltration (p < 0.05), whereas in arterial blood and serum, the time factor has a significant effect.

Effects of contraceptives on mother's serum and milk zinc

The changes in concentration of zinc in serum and milk were studied in 81 nursing mothers following different contraceptive practices. Blood and milk samples from users of combined pills (levonorgestrel 0.15 mg + ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg: levorgestrel 0.25 mg + ethinylestradiol 0.05 mg; n = 15), minipill (norethindrone 0.35 mg; n = 29); injectable progesterone (depot medroxiprogesterone acetate 150 mg; n = 13), intrauterine devices (IUD) (plastic or copper; n = 5), or no contraceptives (barrier and natural methods or sterilization; n = 22) were collected before and 20 (range, 7–103) days after initiation of study. Mean length of lactation prior to taking contraceptives were 88, 73, 36, 57, and 108 days, respectively, with follow-up observation for 26, 20, 20. 18, and 22 days, respectively. Mean concentrations of serum zinc before contraceptives ranged from 0.34 to 1.14 μg/mL and no significant differences (paired t test) existed within groups after use of contraceptives, except for IUD ( P = 0.01). The normal decrease in milk zinc observed during lactation was not affected by contraceptive practices. Covariate analysis showed the concentration of zinc in samples of milk before contraceptives is a significant ( P = 0.0001) and stronger determinat of milk zinc concentration in subsequent samples than contraceptive practices. There was no significant correlation between concentrations of zinc in serum and milk ( r = −0.134, P = 0.10).

Baseline zinc content of soils and plants in Poland

Topsoils from Poland were analysed for total and extractable zinc, and for a range of major elements and selected soil properties. Plant samples from the same locations were also analysed for zinc content. The geometric mean concentrations of zinc in samples were (mg/kg dry weight): soil total-Zn, 45.9; soil extractable-Zn 3.1; grass, 30.0; dandelion-tops, 45.9; dandelion-roots, 23.2; oat-leaves, 20.0; oat-grains, 29.7; lichens, 111.5. Significant relationships were found for zinc in grass and extractable-Zn in soils as well as for zinc in lichens and both total and extractable Zn in soils. Zinc in soils varied for soil kinds and regions.

Applicability of gallium as copper scavenger in the determination of zinc in samples of high copper content by potentiometric stripping analysis

The determination of zinc in the presence of copper by potentiometric stripping analysis is hindered by the formation of Cu-Zn intermetallic compounds on the working electrode during the deposition step. An excess of gallium is usually added to the sample to prevent the formation of Cu-Zn by forming much more stable Cu-Ga intermetallics. If the Cu : Zn mass ratio is higher than about 5, only part of the analytical signal of zinc is restored after addition of gallium and both the precision and accuracy of the determination are reduced. A simple extraction procedure is recommended to remove the bulk of copper from the sample. The pH of the working sample solution is adjusted to 4 (0.5 M acetate buffer) and is extracted with half of its volume of a 3%V/V solution of acetylacetone in benzene. Each extraction removes about 80% of the copper present without affecting the zinc. The determination of zinc is subsequently carried out after adding HgII as an oxidant and gallium to mask the remaining copper. The method was applied to the determination of zinc in low-zinc, high-copper brass samples.

Direct measurement of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in samples from a river ecosystem by Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ZAAS) in the graphite furnace

Analyses of Cd, Pb, Cu in samples of water insects, aquatic fungi, algae and organs of water birds have been carried out by the direct solid sampling Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ZAAS). The results present an accuracy of this method, which is more than satisfactory in determining heavy metal content in regard to source and kind of the sample. The range of the content is higher than the standard deviation of the replicated measurements. The solid-sampling ZAAS can be applied very well to the analysis of heavy metals in ecosystem investigation, because there is a high diversification of the samples, which are often obtainable in only very small amounts.