Zinc In Germanium Research Articles

Anomalies and Zeeman Spectra of the Lyman Series of Neutral Zinc in Germanium

A doublet observed for the G line of Zn(0) without applied perturbation is attributed to relative shifts of the two Γ−4 states which are part of the compound excited state of this transition. This effect also increases the energy spacing between the G doublet and the rest of the lines of the Lyman series. The energies and widths of all the lines are temperature dependent at temperatures where group III lines no longer show these effects. Zeeman measurements have demonstrated conclusively that the low temperature Lyman series of Zn(0) in Ge arises from the 1Γ+1 ground state. These studies also establish that the Zeeman excited states of Zn(0) are compounded from wave functions identical to those of the ground state of Zn− and the excited states of group III acceptors in Ge.

High Field Zeeman Spectroscopy of Singly Ionized Zinc in Germanium

Results are given for the Zeeman behaviour of the 1Γ+8 and 2Γ−8 states of Zn− in Ge for B ∥ 〈100〉 and 〈111〉. Due to the larger energy spacings between the states of Zn− relative to the neutral acceptors, the splitting pattern of 2Γ−8 at high fields is very similar to that of group III impurities at low fields. In contrast to the shallow acceptors, the behaviour of the deep ground state of Zn− is like that of a j = 3/2 atomic state with the same splittings for both directions of field, these are determined by a single g-factor of value 0.5355.

Diffusion of Nickel and Zinc in Germanium

Diffusion of Nickel and Zinc in Germanium

Zeeman and Piezo-Zeeman spectroscopy of acceptors in germanium

A brief review is given of the Zeeman and piezo-Zeeman results for the spectra of shallow acceptors in germanium. Also included are new data for the Zeeman spectra of thallium with B∥〈100〉 and boron, gallium and thallium under B∥〈111〉. The observations are for field strengths up to 7T and the results compared with recent calculations of these effects. New data for neutral zinc in germanium with B∥〈100〉 is also indicated.

Fano resonances in the absorption spectrum of singly ionised zinc in germanium

The infrared absorption spectrum of singly ionised zinc in germanium is found to exhibit a well defined series of Fano resonances in the range 800 to 1000 cm −1. These are associated with the C, D, E and G bound hole transitions of the p 3 2 series and zone-centre optical phonons of energy ∼ 305 cm −1. The values of the parameter q which characterises the Fano resonances are −1.36, −1.53 and +0.82 for C F, D F and G F respectively. These and other parameters have been extracted from the data using what appears to be a previously unexploited property of the Fano function.

High luminescence due to exciton complex with closed-hole shell, around zinc in germanium

A bound exciton and a bound multi-exciton complex (m=2) were observed in Zn doped Ge. The closed hole shell structure in the bound multi-exciton complex is very likely responsible for its high luminosity. This meaning is more strongly rooted after observing the double donor version spectra in Te doped Ge.

Stress Enhancement of the G Line of Singly Ionized Zinc in Germanium

Predictions of the relative intensities of stress-induced components of the D and G lines of Zn ? in germanium are compared with the experimental results. Striking disagreement is obtained if interaction is permitted between both pairs of appropriate adjacent substates of the final states of these two transitions. However,if the Zn - is allowed to be slightly displaced from the tetrahedral substitutional site and interaction is permitted between adjacent substates then the observations can be understood provided the displacement of the Zn - from its substitutional site increases with stress and the very weak G line is split even at zero stress.

Further aspects of the piezospectroscopy of singly ionized zinc in germanium

A study of the excitation spectrum of singly ionized zinc in germanium under very high signal-to-noise ratios has revealed the ${A}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, ${A}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$, and $G$ lines of this acceptor; the latter line is extremely weak. A number of further features have been observed at stresses higher than those previously used. The most striking effect is the dramatic growth of the $G$ components under stress due to very strong interaction between the substates of the excited state of the $G$ line and those of the excited state of the $D$ line. This interaction also causes strong nonlinear effects in the stress dependence of the energies of the stress-induced components of the excitation lines. More reliable deformation-potential constants are obtained than those previously given.

Microtrace and basic element determination in germanium-selenium-tellurium systems

An analytical method has been designed for determination of microtraces of copper, cadmium, lead and zinc in germanium and in germanium, selenium and tellurium alloys. All the trace elements were simultaneously determined by stripping voltammetry in a sodium chloride medium. The sample matrix was previously removed by a simple procedure requiring germanium extraction into carbon tetrachloride, and separation of selenium and tellurium by sulphur dioxide. In addition, a procedure for matrix component determination is described: germanium was precipitated with tannin and then ignited to the dioxide; selenium and tellurium were separated with sulphur dioxide at different acidity and determined as the elements.

Erratum: Spectroscopic study of the symmetries and deformation-potential constants of singly ionized zinc in germanium. Experiment

Erratum: Spectroscopic study of the symmetries and deformation-potential constants of singly ionized zinc in germanium. Experiment

Spectroscopic Study of the Symmetries and Deformation-Potential Constants of Singly Ionized Zinc in Germanium. Experiment

Spectroscopic Study of the Symmetries and Deformation-Potential Constants of Singly Ionized Zinc in Germanium. Experiment

Spectroscopic Study of the Symmetries and Deformation-Potential Constants of Singly Ionized Zinc in Germanium. Theory

Spectroscopic Study of the Symmetries and Deformation-Potential Constants of Singly Ionized Zinc in Germanium. Theory

Spectroscopic Study of the Symmetries and Deformation-Potential Constants of Singly Ionized Zinc in Germanium. Theory

Spectroscopic Study of the Symmetries and Deformation-Potential Constants of Singly Ionized Zinc in Germanium. Theory

The excitation spectrum of singly ionized zinc in germanium with and without uniaxial stress

The spacings and stress behavior of the excitation lines of singly ionized zinc in germanium confirm that this acceptor is ionized helium-like with T d site symmetry.

Formation of Ion Pairs and Triplets between Lithium and Zinc in Germanium

This paper is a study of ion pairs and triplets formed between zinc and lithium dissolved in single crystal germanium. As in earlier work on ion pairs involving simpler acceptors, the effects of ion complexes on Hall mobility, and impurity energy levels have been investigated. Relaxation-time experiments have also been performed. The theoretical analysis of the results is in complete accord with the idea that zinc provides two energy levels for electrons in the forbidden gap.