Biosorption Of Zinc Research Articles

Watermelon Rind: Agro-waste or Superior Biosorbent?

Biosorption of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) on watermelon rind in a well-stirred batch system was investigated. pH showed significant influence on the biosorption process. Optimal pH for Cu, Zn, and Pb biosorption was found to be 5.0, 6.8 and 6.8, respectively. Watermelon rind was in favor of Pb and it could remove up to 99% Pb between pH ranges of 5 and 6.8 when Pb concentration is lower than 100 mg/L. The biosorptive capacity of watermelon on Cu, Zn, and Pb was 6.281, 6.845, and 98.063 mg/g, respectively. The equilibrium data fitted well to Langmuir adsorption isotherm while pseudo-second-order kinetic model exhibited more advantages for describing kinetic data than pseudo-first-order kinetic model. NaOH was found to be a suitable eluent. After desorption in NaOH solution, the resorption efficiency reached as high as 99% of these three metals either in a single-component or multi-component system. From the characterization study, ion exchange and micro-precipitation were estimated to be the main mechanisms. Due to its high metal uptake capacity, reusability, and metal recovery, watermelon rind can be considered as an eco-friendly and economic biosorbent for removing Pb from water and wastewater.

Biosorption of cadmium and zinc by activated sludge from single and binary solutions: Mechanism, equilibrium and experimental design study

Dried activated sludge (DAS) has been used for obtaining quantitative data of the cadmium and zinc biosorption from single and binary aqueous CdCl2 and ZnCl2 solutions in batch experiments using radiotracer technique. It was shown that the metal removal is a rapid process significantly influenced by solution pH. The mechanisms of biosorption of Cd and Zn by DAS were examined by FTIR, SEM–EDX analysis and chemical blocking of functional groups. Results revealed the dominant role of the carboxyl group in Cd and Zn ion-binding by DAS and participation of the ion-exchange mechanism in metal ion biosorption. The maximum uptake capacity Qmax at pH 6.0 calculated from Langmuir isotherm was 540±16μmol/g for Zn2+ and 510±17μmol/g for Cd2+ ions. The response surface methodology was used for investigation of interactions and competitive effects in binary metal system Cd2+–Zn2+. Interaction plots revealed strong interactions between the initial concentration of co-ion, solution pH and sorption capacity of the primary ion. Maximum sorption capacities of DAS in the binary system Cd2+–Zn2+ were 321μmol Cd2+/g and 312μmol Zn2+/g, indicating a higher affinity for Cd2+ compared with Zn2+ ions.

Study of physical chemistry on biosorption of zinc by using Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Discharge of heavy metals from metal processing industries is known to have adverse effects on the environment. Biosorption of heavy metals by metabolically inactive biomass of microbial organisms is an innovative and alternative technology for removal of these pollutants from aqueous solution. Presence of heavy metals in the aquatic system is posing serious problems and zinc has been used in many industrials and removal of Zn ions from waste waters is significant. Biosorption is one of the economic methods that is used for removal of heavy metals. In the present study, the biomass generated from the dried Chlorella pyronoidsa was used for evaluating the biosorption characteristics of Zn ions in aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were performed on these leaves and it was found that the amount of metal ions adsorbed increased with the increase in the initial metal ion concentration. In this study effect of agitation time, initial metal ion concentration, temperature, pH and biomass dosage were studied. Maximum metal uptake was observed at pH = 5. Maximum metal uptake (qmax) was 101.11 mg/g. The biosorption followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in about 1 h. The kinetic of biosorption followed the second – order rate. The biomass could be regenerated using 0.1 M HNO3. A positive value of ∆H° indicated the endothermic nature of the process. A negative value of the free energy (∆G°) indicated the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. A positive value of ∆S° showed increased randomness at solid–liquid interface during the adsorption of heavy metals, it also suggests some structural changes in the adsorbate and the adsorbent.Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrums of C. pyrenoidosa revealed the presence of hydroxyl, amino, carboxylic and carbonyl groups. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) clearly revealed the surface texture and morphology of the biosorbent. Key words: Biosorption, Chlorella pyronoidosa, Zn, isotherm models, kinetic.

Biosorption of chromium, copper and zinc on rice wine processing waste sludge in fixed bed

Wine processing waste sludge (WPWS) has shown effective removal of heavy metals in batch studies, but the adsorption in a fixed-bed WPWS column has not been examined and the mass transport in this column remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate: (1) the retardation factor ( R) and the dispersion coefficient ( D) of WPWS, employing one-dimensional convective–dispersive model with breakthrough curve (BTC) and using chromium, copper and zinc as the adsorbates; and (2) explore the adsorption mechanism of WPWS column for heavy metals. The retardation factor for various metal treatments is shown in the following order: Cr(18.3) > Cu(13.0) > Zn(7.2), indicating their binding affinity toward WPWS. The dispersion coefficients were calculated to be 2.36 × 10 −6, 5.89 × 10 −7 and 6.83 × 10 −7 m 2 s −1 for Cr, Cu and Zn treatments, respectively. The high charge density for Cr 3+ ion makes it longer for the Cr column to attain exhaustion state, about 4.0 and 8.2 times the time required for the Cr and Zn columns. However, the least retardation and adsorption amount for Zn can be attributed to its full orbital in electronic configuration.

Comparative study of biosorption of Zn 2+ by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ASU 6a (Gram-negative) and Bacillus cereus AUMC B52 (Gram-positive) were used as an inexpensive and efficient biosorbent for Zn (II) removal from aqueous solutions. The effects of various physicochemical factors on Zn (II) biosorption such as pH – 1.0–7.0, initial metal concentration – 0.0–200 mg/L, and contact time – 0–60.0 min were studied. The optimum pH for Zn (II) removal was 6.0, while the optimal contact time was 30 min at 30 °C by the two bacterial species. The nature of the biosorbents and metal ion interactions were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR analysis of bacterial biomass revealed the presence of amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups, which are likely responsible for the biosorption of Zn (II). The Gram-negative bacterium showed more zinc biosorption compared to the Gram-positive bacterium. The maximum adsorption capacities by P. aeruginosa ASU 6a and B. cereus AUMC B52 calculated from Langmuir adsorption isotherms were 83.3 and 66.6 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption isotherms fitted well with both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models with high values of correlation coefficient ( r 2 > 0.97). The biosorption kinetic data were properly fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Biosorption of Zn(II) by orange waste in batch and packed‐bed systems

AbstractBACKGROUND: This research provides new insights into the biosorption of zinc on a waste product from the orange juice industry. Optimal operating conditions maximizing percentage zinc removal were determined in batch and fixed‐bed systems. Biomass was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and by major cation content in order to better understand the biosorpion mechanism. Zn‐loaded orange waste was proposed to be used as an alternative fuel in cement kilns.RESULTS: Sorption capacity was strongly affected by biosorbent dose and solution pH, and was not strongly sensitive to particle size under the experimental conditions studied. Equilibrium data were successfully described by a Langmuir model and sorption kinetic data were adequately modelled with the pseudo‐second‐order and Elovich rate equation. The biomass was found to possess high sorption capacity (qmax = 0.664 mmol g−1) and biosorption equilibrium was established in less than 3 h. Experimental breakthrough curves were adequately fitted to the Thomas model and the dose–response model, obtaining sorption capacities in continuous assays higher than those found in batch mode. Characterization of the biomass suggested the possible contribution of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of biomass in Zn2+ biosorption and it also highlighted the important role of light metal ions in a possible ion‐exchange mechanism.CONCLUSIONS: Orange waste could be used as an effective and low‐cost alternative biosorbent material for zinc removal from aqueous solution. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

Biosorption of copper and zinc from aqueous solution by bamboo biomass in batch and column studies

In the present work, the use of bamboo biomass for copper and Zinc biosorption was studied in batch and column processes. The effects of equilibrium pH, contact time and the presence of Magnesium and Calcium interfering ions on the sorption of these metals were investigated. Experimental results showed that the Bambusa vulgaris biomass was effective in removing copper and Zinc ions from aqueous solutions. Sorption of the metals was dependent on equilibrium pH, as maximum removal was attained at pH5. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted the experimental data. The biosorption of copper and zinc on bamboo biomas was rapid and equilibrium was attained within 15 min. The sorption kinetic data revealed that the biosorption of copper and Zinc on this biomass followed pseudo-second order model. © 2010 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Sorption, bamboo, Biomass, isotherms, interference, modification, fixed-bed column.

Removal of zinc by live, dead, and dried biomass of Fusarium spp. isolated from the abandoned-metal mine in South Korea and its perspective of producing nanocrystals

Bioremediation is an innovative and alternative technology to remove heavy metal pollutants from aqueous solution using biomass from various microorganisms like algae, fungi and bacteria. In this study biosorption of zinc onto live, dead and dried biomass of Fusarium spp. was investigated as a function of initial zinc(II) concentration, pH, temperature, agitation and inoculum volume. It was observed that dried, dead and live biomass efficiently removed zinc at 60 min at an initial pH of 6.0 ± 0.3. Temperature of 40 °C was optimum at agitation speed of 150 or 200 rpm. The initial metal concentration (10–320 mg L −1) significantly influenced the biosorption of the fungi. Overall, biosorption was high with 30–60% by dried, live and dead biomass. In addition to this, the potential of Fusarium spp. to produce zinc nanocrystals was determined by transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which showed that dead biomass was not significantly involved in production of zinc nanocrystals.

Storage and Condition of Biomass Influence to Biosorption of Lead (II) and Zinc(II) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biomass

The influence of length and condition of Biomass Storage on the biosorption of lead and zinc that present together in a solution by Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass were studied. In this experiment, variables of length and condition of biomass storage were examined. Concentration of lead and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) using air-acetilene as atomizing flame. Loading of lead and zinc on the biomass were determined as the difference between the initial and the final concentration of lead and zinc in the solution. Biosorption of lead and zinc were influenced by condition and storage of the biomass. Storage of biomass in the room temperature for one week cause an increasing uptake. Storage for longer period result in decrease of lead and zinc uptake. Storage of biomass in a freezer up to 2 weeks increased the uptake of lead, but did not influence the uptake of zinc. Storage for longer period decreased the uptake of both of lead and zinc. For all condition the uptake of lead higher than the uptake of zinc by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Competitive biosorption of cadmium(II) and zinc(II) ions from binary systems by Sargassum filipendula

The present work describes our study on the competitive biosorption of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions onto Sargassum filipendula from single component and binary systems. Results showed that S. filipendula was an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions from an aqueous solution. The equilibrium experimental data for the single component system for the two metallic species fitted well to Langmuir and Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm models. Seven isotherm models were tested with the equilibrium data for modeling of the binary system. Based on the sum of squares error, the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm model showed the best fit to the binary adsorption data. The influence of the additional cation on the behavior of the biosorption of Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ was analyzed comparing single component and binary isotherms. It was observed that Zn 2+ had a relevant effect on the Cd 2+ biosorption, but the interference of Cd 2+ on the sorption of Zn 2+ was considerably less intense.

Biosorption of zinc(II) from aqueous solution by dried activated sludge

The biosorption potential of dried activated sludge as a biosorbent for zinc(II) removal from aqueous solution was investigated. The effects of initial pH, contact time, initial zinc ion concentration, and adsorbent dosage on the biosorption processes were determined, and the equilibrium data were modeled by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm model ( R 2 = 0.999) was proved to fit the equilibrium data much better than the Freundlich isotherm model ( R 2 = 0.918). The monolayer adsorption capacity of dried activated sludge for zinc(II) was found to be 17.86 mg/g at pH of 5 and 25°C. The kinetic data were tested using pseudo first- and second-order models. The results suggested that the pseudo second-order model ( R 2 > 0.999) was better for the description of the adsorption behavior of zinc(II) onto the dried activated sludge. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis showed that the dominant mechanism of zinc(II) biosorption onto the dried activated sludge was the binding between amide groups and zinc ions.

Efficient Purification of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Water by Microalgae-Activated Pine Bark

Batch experiments were performed to study metal sorption by pine bark and algae-treated bark. The biosorption of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) in synthetic multimetal aqueous solutions was studied as a function of metal content in solution, and amount and size of bark particles used for sorption. Influence of water hardness (Ca2+ only was tested) on the metal sorption process was also evaluated. Metal uptake from solutions with high heavy metal content (i.e. 10× the limit for leachate from landfills) was found to be independent of Ca2+ concentration. At low metal content in solution (i.e. 1× the limit for leachate from landfills), uptake of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd decreased with increasing Ca2+ content in water. Microalgae-treated bark was found to increase the metal sorption efficiency. Air-drying of bark-entrapped algae was shown to be the best method for sorbent drying. In general, the green algae, Chlorella sp. and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata showed the best results in metal uptake. Sorption of Co, Zn, Ni, and Cd from solution with high levels of both heavy metals and calcium increased by almost 50% with algae treatment of bark was applied. At low levels of metals and calcium content, 100% uptake of Cu and Pb in water was observed. Uptake of other metals from solution with low metal and Ca content was relatively high (50–60%). Low pH (pH 3.0) had no influence on metal sorption from solutions with high metal content. For solutions with low metal content a decrease of metal uptake by 10–15% was observed for all the metals but Pb. Thus, the treatment of bark with microalgae was successful and influenced positively the uptake capacity of the bark.

Factorial experimental design for biosorption of iron and zinc using Typha domingensis phytomass

Abstract Typha domingensis phytomass was used as a biosorbent for metal ions removal from wastewater. A full 23 factorial design of experiments was used to obtain the best conditions of biosorption of Fe3+ and Zn2+ from water solutions. The three factors considered were temperature, pH, and biosorbent dosage. Two levels for each factor were used; pH (2.5 and 6.0), temperature (25 and 45 °C), and phytomass loading weight (0.5 and 1 g/50 ml). Batch experiments were carried out using 50 ml solutions containing 10 mg/l Fe3+ and 4 mg/l Zn2+ simulating the concentration of those metals in a real wastewater effluent. The removal percentages of iron and zinc after 120 min of contact time were then evaluated. The results were analyzed statistically using the Minitab 15 statistical software to determine the most important factors affecting the metals removal efficiency. The pH was found to be the most significant factor for the two studied metal ions.

Biosorption of chromium, copper and zinc by wine-processing waste sludge: Single and multi-component system study

Wine-processing waste sludge (WPWS) has been shown to have powerful potential for sorption of some heavy metals (i.e., chromium, lead and nickel) in single-component aqueous solutions. But although most industrial wastewater contains two or more toxic metals, there are few sorption studies on multicomponent metals by WPWS. This study has two goals: (i) conduct competitive adsorption using Cr, Cu and Zn as sorbates and examine their interaction in binary or ternary systems; and (ii) determine the effects of temperature on the kinetic sorption reaction. The sludge tested contained a high amount of organic matter (38%) and had a high cation exchange capacity (CEC, 255 cmol c kg −1). Infrared analysis reveals that carboxyl is the main functional group in this WPWS. The 13C NMR determination indicates alkyl-C and carboxyl-C are major organic functional groups. At steady state, there are about 40.4% (Cr), 35.0% (Cu) and 21.9% (Zn) sorbed in the initial 6.12 mM of single-component solutions. Only pseudo-second-order sorption kinetic model successfully describes the kinetics of sorption for all experimental metals. The rate constants, k 2, of Cr, Cu and Zn in single-component solutions are 0.016, 0.030 and 0.154 g mg −1 min −1, respectively. The sorption of metals by WPWS in this competitive system shows the trend: Cr > Cu > Zn. Ions of charge, hydrated radius and electronic configuration are main factors affecting sorption capacity. The least sorption for Zn in this competitive system can be attributed to its full orbital and largest hydrated radius. Though the effect of temperature on Zn sorption is insignificant, high temperature favors the other metallic sorptions, in particular for Cr. However, the Cr sorption is lower than Cu at 10 °C. The Cr sorption by WPWS can be higher than that of Cu at 30° and 50 °C.

Characterization of Desmodesmus pleiomorphus isolated from a heavy metal-contaminated site: biosorption of zinc

Microalgae have been proven efficient biological vectors for heavy metal uptake. In order to further study their biosorption potential, a strain of Desmodesmus pleiomorphus (L) was isolated from a strongly contaminated industrial site in Portugal. Under different initial Zn(2+) concentrations, metal removal by that strain reached a maximum of 360 mg Zn/g biomass after 7 days, at 30 mg Zn/l, after an initial rapid phase of uptake. Comparative studies were carried out using a strain of the same microalgal species that is commercially available (ACOI 561): when exposed to 30 mg Zn/l, it could remove only 81.8 mg Zn/g biomass. Biosorption experiments using inactivated biomass of the isolated strain reached a maximum Zn(2+) uptake of 103.7 mg/g. Metal removal at various initial pH values was studied as well; higher removal was obtained at pH 5.0. The microalga strain L, isolated from the contaminated site, exhibited a much higher removal capacity than the commercial strain, and the living biomass yielded higher levels of metal removal than its inactivated form.

Cadmium, Copper and Zinc Biosorption Study by Non-Living Egeria densa Biomass

In this work, the potential removal of Cd, Cu, and Zn ions by non-living macrophytes Egeria densa has been studied. The adsorption kinetic and equilibrium experiments of these three metals on E. densa were performed in batch systems with controlled temperature and constant shaking. It was observed that all metal adsorption rates have increased when the pH was increasing. A pH threshold of 5 was established for use in adsorption experiments in order to avoid the metal precipitation. For adsorption kinetic tests, the equilibrium times for all metals were around 45 to 60 min. The equilibrium data at pH 5 were better described by the Langmuir isotherm than the Freundlich one, with the adsorption rate and maximum metal content values of 0.43 L g−1 and 1.25 mequiv g−1 for Cd, 4.11 L g-−1 and 1.43 mequiv g−1 for Cu, and 0.83 L g−1 and 0.93 mequiv g−1 for Zn. These adsorption parameters for E. densa resemble or are better than those for other biosorbents already studied, suggesting that the macrophytes E. densa as a biosorbent has a good metal removal potential for applications in effluent treatment systems.

An evaluation of chromium and zinc biosorption by a sea weed (Sargassum sp.) under optimized conditions

Biosorption is a promising alternative method to treat industrial effluents, mainly because of its low cost and high metal binding capacity. In this work, Zinc and Chromium biosorption process by Sargassum sp. seaweed biomass was studied. The work considered the determination parameters of Zinc and Chromium sorption such as pH, temperature, agitation speed and biomass size. The optimum conditions were: pH3, temperature (303k) room temperature, biomass size 0.5mm and agitation speed 150rpm. The maximum uptake of Chromium and Zinc is 65% and 53% respectively. The kinetic study revealed that the adsorption of Chromium and zinc by Sargassum sp . fitted the Langmuir isotherm.

Biosorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) by intact and pre-treated biomass of Oscillatoria planctonica

The biosorption of copper(II) and zinc(II) from aqueous solution by intact and pre-treated biomass of Oscillatoria planctonica was studied. The biosorption was pH dependent and the adsorption capacity decreased with the biosorbent to solution ratio increasing. The maximum removal ratios were 84.84% and 68.22% respectively in pre-treated biomass. The biosorption followed both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model and the adsorption equilibrium was reached in about 1 h. The adsorbed Cu(II) and Zn(II) could be desorbed effectively by 0.1 M nitric acid. The experimental results indicated that Oscillatoria planctonica was effective in removing Cu(II) and Zn(II) from wastewater.

Biosorption of Zinc on Immobilized Green Algae: Equilibrium and Dynamics Studies

The efficacy of using blank alginate beads and immobilized dead algal cells for the removal of zinc ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. It was found that the sorption capacities were significantly affected by solution pH; with higher pH favoring higher zinc ion uptake. Dynamics and isotherm experiments were carried out at the optimal pH 5.0. Zinc uptake on either sorbent was found to be rapid where approximately 90% of the maximum zinc uptake occurred within the first 30 min in both cases of blank alginate and immobilized algal cells. The equilibrium data for the biosorption of zinc ions onto both sorbents were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm equations. The presence of copper and nickel in aqueous solutions was found to suppress the sorption process. The results of the dynamics studies revealed that the biosorption of zinc on immobilized dead algal cells followed pseudo-second order kinetics with little intraparticle diffusion mechanism contribution.

Biosorption of chromium, copper, manganese and zinc by Pseudomonas aeruginosa AT18 isolated from a site contaminated with petroleum

The study describes the sorption of Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn by Pseudomonas aeruginosa AT18 isolated from a site contaminated with petroleum and heavy metals. The concentrations studied were 50, 49, 60 and 70 (mg L −1) for Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn, respectively. The solution pH and ionic strength were very important factors in the metal biosorption performance and the biosorption capacity of P. aeruginosa AT18 for Cr 3+, Cu 2+, Mn 2+ and Zn 2+. In aqueous solution, the biosorption increased with increasing pH in the range 5.46–7.72. The results obtained in the experimental assays show that P. aeruginosa AT18 has the capacity for biosorption of the metallic ions Cr 3+, Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ in solutions, although its capacity for the sorption of manganese is low (22.39 mg Mn 2+/g of biomass) in comparison to the Cr 3+, Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ ions, as shown by the individual analyses. However, 20% of the manganese was removed from an initial concentration of 49.0 mg L −1, with a Q m value similar to that obtained in solutions containing mixtures of Cr 3+, Cu 2+, Mn 2+ and Zn 2+. The chromium level sorbed by P. aeruginosa AT18 biomass was higher than that for Cu, Mn and Zn, with 100% removal in the pH range 7.00–7.72 and a Q m of 121.90–200.00 mg of Cr 3+/g of biomass. The removal of Cr, Cu and Zn is also a result of precipitation processes.