Zinc Absorption Research Articles

Mechanism of Zinc absorption in plants: uptake, transport, translocation and accumulation

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plants and animals. Unfortunately, deficiency of Zn in humans has increased on a global scale. The main reason of this micronutrient deficiency is dietary intakes of food with low Zn levels. Adoption of biofortification approaches would result in Zn enrichment of target tissue to a considerable extent. However, there is a basic need to understand Zn absorption mechanisms in plants prior to exploitation of such practical approaches. Zn absorption is a complex physiological trait which is mainly governed by Zn transporters and metal chelators of plant system. Plant growth stage, edaphic factors, season etc. also influence Zn efficiency of particular species. Molecular studies in Zn hyperaccumulators have already demonstrated the participation of specific Zn transporters, vacuolar sequestration and detoxification mechanisms in maintenance of Zn homeostasis. These have been described in detail in present review and provide opportunities for utilization in biofortification programmes. However, issues such as lesser bioavailability of Zn in target organ, uptake of toxic divalent cations (Cd, Ni, Pb, As etc.) along with Zn, sink activity and dilution in Zn concentration in response to sink number etc. in biofortified crops need further investigation. In order to design novel strategy in biofortification programmes, future researches should focus on physiological performance and yield penalties in concerned crop, metabolic load in term of organic acid production and crosstalk of Zn with other mineral nutrients under low and high Zn conditions.

Effects of nanosize zinc oxide on zinc retention, eggshell quality, immune response and serum parameters of aged laying hens

The aim of this study was to investigate how dietary supplementation of nanosize zinc oxide affect zinc retention, egg production and eggshell quality, immune response and serum parameters of aged layers. In trial 1, twenty white Leghorn laying hens (68weeks-old) were assigned to the control, ZnO, organic-Zn (Zn-methionine) and nano-Zn (nanosize ZnO) groups. The Zinc was maintained at a 60mg/kg level in the treatment groups’ diet, while the control group’s diet contained 40mg/kg Zn to evaluate the nutrient retention and zinc bioavailability. In trial 2, eighty old white Leghorn laying hens (68weeks-old) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments (as trial 1) to evaluate the egg production and eggshell quality, immune response and serum parameters. The results of trial 1 indicated that there were no differences in nutrient retention among the groups, but zinc retention was significantly higher in the nano-Zn and organic-Zn groups than that in the control and ZnO groups (P<0.05). Trial 2 results indicated that eggshell thickness was increased in the nano-Zn and organic-Zn groups compared to the control group (P<0.05); immune responses parameters, including: PHA (phytohemagglutinin) skin challenge test result, GRBC (goat red blood cells) antibody titer and IgG levels exhibited no differences among the groups; serum growth hormone concentration and carbonic anhydrase activity was significantly higher in the nano-Zn and organic-Zn groups compare to control group (P<0.05); serum albumin concentration in organic-Zn group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, nanosize zinc for dietary supplementation can increase zinc retention, as well as enhance eggshell thickness, serum carbonic anhydrase activity and growth hormone level of layers. We therefore concluded that nanosized zinc oxide can enhance zinc absorption in the intestine of layers compare to regular zinc oxide.

Zinc Absorption by Adults Is Similar from Intrinsically Labeled Zinc-Biofortified Rice and from Rice Fortified with Labeled Zinc Sulfate

Biofortification of staple food crops is a promising strategy to combat zinc deficiency, and it is of particular interest for rice and crops that are not consumed as flours and therefore not suitable for postharvest fortification. Because zinc absorption is decreased by phytic acid (PA) and perhaps other dietary components, it is important to measure the absorption of zinc from a biofortified crop before determining its efficacy. In this study, we compared the zinc absorption from zinc-biofortified rice (hydroponically enriched with (70)Zn) with that from a control rice of the same variety fortified with (70)ZnSO4 at point of use to reach the same total zinc content of 1.1 mg/meal. Both rice meals had a PA:Zn molar ratio of 12. Fractional absorption of zinc (FAZ) was measured with the use of the double-isotope tracer ratio method in 16 apparently healthy adults [18-45 y old; BMI (in kg/m(2)) 19-25] who consumed 2 single meals at 4-wk intervals in random order in a crossover design. The FAZ from the biofortified rice (mean ± SD: 25.1 ± 8.7%) did not differ significantly from that of the point-of-use fortified rice (mean ± SD: 20.8 ± 7.1%) (P = 0.08). These results suggest that the native zinc accumulated in the biofortified rice was readily released from the rice matrix and that its absorption by adults was influenced by PA and other food components in a similar way to the inorganic zinc compound added to the rice at point of use. Moreover, rice biofortification is likely to be as good as postharvest zinc fortification as an intervention strategy to combat zinc deficiency. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01633450.

Study of VD&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;-&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;β&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;-Clodextrin Inclusion Complex

Vitamin D is responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc by involving in the metabolism. However, its use in additive field is limited by its low aqueous solubility and chemical stability. So trace amounts of VD3 was wrapped in β-CD molecule by the method of saturated aqueous vacuum drying, in order to improve its stability, uniformity and solubility in food and feed additive. The inclusion complex was characterized by NMR, IR techniques and compared with original VD3 in the aspect of stability and bioavailability. Results of orthogonal design experiments show that the optimum technology of inclusion is that the feed ratio of β-CD to VD3 is 15:1, being stirred for 5 hours at 80°C. Dispersion of VD3 in the inclusion complex is more uniform, while stability and absorption rate of inclusion complex are significantly higher than original VD3.

Effect of feed grinding methods with and without expansion on prececal and total tract mineral digestibility as well as on interior and exterior egg quality in laying hens

The grinding of cereals by various milling methods as well as thermal treatment of feed may influence mineral digestibility and egg quality. The present study investigated the effect of feed produced by disc mill (D) and wedge-shaped disc mill (WSD), as mash (M) or expandate (E) on apparent ileal absorption (AIA) and apparent total digestibility (ATD) of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron, as well as on egg quality in laying hens. A total of 192 hens (Lohmann Brown) aged 19 wk, were assigned using a randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Four experimental diets were offered ad libitum. Eggs were analyzed for weight, shape index, area, shell weight per unit surface area, yolk color, air cell, blood spot, Haugh unit, albumen and yolk measures (index, weight, height, width and length), shell measures (surface area, stability, density, thickness and membrane weight), as well as percent contents of albumen, yolk, shell, and shell membrane. The ATD for phosphorus, manganese, and copper was higher in WSD compared with D treatment (P = 0.028, P = 0.028 and P = 0.016, respectively). The interaction between milling methods and thermal treatment influenced ATD of copper (P = 0.033), which was higher in WSD+M group (41.0 ± 20.2) compared with D+E group (–3.21 ± 25.1), whereas no differences were observed for D+M (1.90 ± 37.8) and WSD+E (8.02 ± 36.2) groups. Egg stability tended to be higher in E compared with M treatment (P = 0.055). Albumen weight, percentage albumen weight, and albumen: yolk were higher and percentage yolk weight was lower in D compared with WSD treatment (P = 0.043, P = 0.027, P = 0.024, and P = 0.041, respectively). Number of blood spots was higher in E than M treatment (P = 0.053). In conclusion, use of a wedge-shaped disc mill resulted in higher ATD for phosphorus, manganese, and copper than use of a disc mill; however, digestibility for majority of minerals as well as egg quality parameters was comparable. Therefore, feed produced by either disc mill or wedge-shaped disc mill as mash or expandate may be used for laying hens without negative effects on egg quality.

Prospects of enhancing dietary zinc bioavailability with food-derived zinc-chelating peptides.

Zinc is an essential micronutrient that strongly influences human health and nutrition through its involvement in several biological processes. Zinc functions as structural and functional component of many transcription factors and enzymes that regulate cell growth, gene expression, and immune response, and its deficiency can lead to retarded growth and impaired immune functions. The physiological functions of zinc are dependent on its bioavailability in tissues, which in turn depends on intestinal absorption of dietary zinc. The presence of dietary fibre and phytates impedes intestinal zinc absorption, as they can form insoluble complexes with zinc, decreasing its bioavailability. Peptides derived from food proteins can enhance zinc absorption and bioavailability. Peptides that contain amino acid residues such as cysteine, histidine, serine, aspartate and glutamate can chelate divalent metals, including zinc, forming soluble metal coordinate complexes. The structure-function relationship of zinc-chelating peptides and the stability of the peptide-metal complexes to gastrointestinal digestion are critical to their relevance in human nutrition and health promotion.

A Case of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

Clinicians should be mindful of all paediatric skin diseases, which present in a similar manner during the first months of life. Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a rare, bullous disorder that has a significant impact on the child’s quality of life and is fatal if untreated. AE is either a recessively inherited or a transiently acquired disorder. The hereditary form is caused by a genetic mutation in intestinal zinc absorption whereas the acquired form is caused by low nutritional intake or decreased peripheral release of zinc from the blood. This case report describes AE which manifested in a similar way to other blistering skin disorders, but showed a dramatic clinical improvement to oral zinc therapy. AE is characterised by a triad of periorificial and acral dermatitis, diarrhoea and alopecia. Both forms of AE affect males and females equally. The cutaneous lesions are annular, erythematous, scaly, crusted plaques, which are well demarcated. As the disease progresses these plaques become vesicobullous, pustular and erosive. The lesions are distributed symmetrically, around body openings such as the mouth anus, eyes and skin of the elbows, knees, hands and feet. The alopecia diffusely affects the eyelashes, eyebrows and scalp. As described in the case, secondary infection by candida albicans or staphylococcus aureus may complicate the disease. Classically the disease presented after the child was making the transition from breast milk to solid foods. Breast milk has comparatively higher zinc content and absorbability compared to infant formulas, cow’s milk or solid foods. This case emphasises the need for an open mind when treating childhood skin disorders. Once bullous skin disorders are suspected the case should be referred promptly to a specialist. An early diagnosis and prompt treatment of AE reduces mortality and prevents the long-term consequences of zinc deficiency.

Meta-Analysis of the Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium Absorption Capacities of Aquatic Plants in Heavy Metal-Polluted Water.

The use of aquatic plants for phytoremediation is an important method for restoring polluted ecosystems. We sought to analyze the capacity of different aquatic plant species to absorb heavy metals and to summarize available relevant scientific data on this topic. We present a meta-analysis of Cu, Zn, and Cd absorption capacities of aquatic plants to provide a scientific basis for the selection of aquatic plants suitable for remediation of heavy-metal pollution. Plants from the Gramineae, Pontederiaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Typhaceae and Haloragaceae showed relatively strong abilities to absorb these metals. The ability of a particular plant species to absorb a given metal was strongly correlated with its ability to absorb the other metals. However, the absorption abilities varied with the plant organ, with the following trend: roots > stems > leaves. The pH of the water and the life habits of aquatic plants (submerged and emerged) also affect the plant’s ability to absorb elements. Acidic water aids the uptake of heavy metals by plants. The correlation observed between element concentrations in plants with different aquatic life habits suggested that the enrichment mechanism is related to the surface area of the plant exposed to water. We argue that this meta-analysis would aid the selection of aquatic plants suitable for heavy-metal absorption from polluted waters.

The Zinc Concentration in the Diet and the Length of the Feeding Period Affect the Methylation Status of the ZIP4 Zinc Transporter Gene in Piglets.

High doses of zinc oxide are commonly used in weaned pig diets to improve performance and health. Recent reports show that this may also lead to an imbalanced zinc homeostasis in the animal. For a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of different zinc intakes, we performed a feeding experiment to assess potential epigenetic regulation of the ZIP4 gene expression via DNA methylation in the small intestine of piglets. Fifty-four piglets were fed diets with 57 (LZn), 164 (NZn) or 2,425 (HZn) mg Zn/kg feed for one or four weeks. The ZIP4 expression data provided significant evidence for counter-regulation of zinc absorption with higher dietary zinc concentrations. The CpG +735 in the second exon had a 56% higher methylation in the HZn group compared to the others after one week of feeding (8.0·10-4 < p < 0.035); the methylation of this CpG was strongly negatively associated with the expression of the long ZIP4 transcripts (p < 0.007). In the LZn and NZn diets, the expression of the long ZIP4 transcripts were lower after four vs. one week of feeding (2.9·10-4 < p < 0.017). The strongest switch leading to high DNA methylation in nearly all analysed regions was dependent on feeding duration or age in all diet groups (3.7·10-10 < p < 0.099). The data suggest that DNA methylation serves as a fine-tuning mechanism of ZIP4 gene regulation to maintain zinc homeostasis. Methylation of the ZIP4 gene may play a minor role in the response to very high dietary zinc concentration, but may affect binding of alternate zinc-responsive transcription factors.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on zinc absorption and translocation in winter wheat

ABSTRACTZinc (Zn) deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake is a global nutritional problem, so increasing Zn concentrations in crops is a challenging and high-priority research task. A field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on Zn absorption and translocation in winter wheat during the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 crop seasons, in Xinzheng City, Henan Province, China. N was applied at four levels (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha−1) and Zn was applied at two levels (15 and 30 kg zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O) ha−1]. The results indicated that reasonable N application increased grain yield, total Zn accumulations, and Zn concentrations of each plant part of winter wheat. Furthermore, appropriate N application increased Zn distribution proportions in grains and decreased Zn distribution proportions in roots, stems, leaves, and spikes, and enhanced Zn removal from roots, stems, leaves, and spikes to grains. Meanwhile, reasonable N combined with higher Zn application had a better effect on Zn absorption and Zn translocation to grain of winter wheat. The results suggested that suitable quantity of N fertilizer combined with higher Zn application is an important measure to obtain both higher grain yield and grain Zn concentration in winter wheat production.

Efficacy of highly bioavailable zinc from fortified water: a randomized controlled trial in rural Beninese children

Zinc deficiency and contaminated water are major contributors to diarrhea in developing countries. Food fortification with zinc has not shown clear benefits, possibly because of low zinc absorption from inhibitory food matrices. We used a novel point-of-use water ultrafiltration device configured with glass zinc plates to produce zinc-fortified, potable water. The objective was to determine zinc bioavailability from filtered water and the efficacy of zinc-fortified water in improving zinc status. In a crossover balanced study, we measured fractional zinc absorption (FAZ) from the zinc-fortified water in 18 healthy Swiss adults using zinc stable isotopes and compared it with zinc-fortified maize porridge. We conducted a 20-wk double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) in 277 Beninese school children from rural settings who were randomly assigned to receive a daily portion of zinc-fortified filtered water delivering 2.8 mg Zn (Zn+filter), nonfortified filtered water (Filter), or nonfortified nonfiltered water (Pump) from the local improved supply, acting as the control group. The main outcome was plasma zinc concentration (PZn), and the 3 groups were compared by using mixed-effects models. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of zinc deficiency, diarrhea prevalence, and growth. Geometric mean (-SD, +SD) FAZ was 7-fold higher from fortified water (65.9%; 42.2, 102.4) than from fortified maize (9.1%; 6.0, 13.7; P < 0.001). In the RCT, a significant time-by-treatment effect on PZn (P = 0.026) and on zinc deficiency (P = 0.032) was found; PZn in the Zn+filter group was significantly higher than in the Filter (P = 0.006) and Pump (P = 0.025) groups. We detected no effect on diarrhea or growth, but our study did not have the duration and power to detect such effects. Consumption of filtered water fortified with a low dose of highly bioavailable zinc is an effective intervention in children from rural African settings. Large community-based trials are needed to assess the effectiveness of zinc-fortified filtered water on diarrhea and growth. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01636583 and NCT01790321.

English

Corn is the most important crop in the world market, being greatly used for human and animal nourishment. Corn has limited production with the zinc deficiency of the Brazilian soils which requires proper and correct application for optimizing its productivity. This study aims to evaluate the foliar application of zinc at different times in the corn variety RB 9110 PRO. Analyzing zinc absorption with influecia temperature and relative humidity. The experiment was conducted in the village of Corb&eacute;lia &ndash; PR in Brazil. The used design was completely randomized, consisting of 4 treatments: Treatment 1 - Control without zinc; Treatment 2 - application of zinc at 08 h:00 min; Treatment 3 - Zinc application at 16 h:00 min; Treatment 4 - application of zinc at 20 h:00 min was used in the basic fertilization formulated 10-15-15. The weight of a thousand grains and the productivity was assessed. Treatment 2 was statistically superior to all treatments producing 360 kg / ha-1 higher than the witness, as the spike in size only witness was lower than the others, weight of 1000 grains there was no difference. &nbsp; Key words: Productivity, Zea mays, Zn.

A role for dZIP89B in Drosophila dietary zinc uptake reveals additional complexity in the zinc absorption process

Dietary zinc is the principal source of zinc in eukaryotes, with its uptake and distribution controlled by a complex network of numerous membrane-spanning transport proteins. Dietary absorption is achieved by members of the SLC39A (ZIP) gene family, which encode proteins that are generally responsible for the movement of zinc into the cytosol. ZIP4 is thought to be the primary mammalian zinc uptake gene in the small intestine, with mutations in this gene causing the zinc deficiency disease Acrodermatitis enteropathica. In Drosophila, dual knockdown of the major dietary zinc uptake genes dZIP42C.1 (dZIP1) and dZIP42C.2 (dZIP2) results in a severe sensitivity to zinc-deficient media. However, the symptoms associated with ZIP4 loss can be reversed by zinc supplementation and dZIP42C.1 and 2 knockdown has minimal effect under normal dietary conditions, suggesting that additional pathways for zinc absorption exist in both mammals and flies. This study provides evidence that dZIP89B is an ideal candidate for this role in Drosophila, encoding a low-affinity zinc uptake transporter active in the posterior midgut. Flies lacking dZIP89B, while viable and apparently healthy, show indications of low midgut zinc levels, including reduced metallothionein B expression and compensatory up-regulation of dZIP42C.1 and 2. Furthermore dZIP89B mutants display a dramatic resistance to toxic dietary zinc levels which is abrogated by midgut-specific restoration of dZIP89B activity. We postulate that dZIP89B works in concert with the closely related dZIP42C.1 and 2 to ensure optimal zinc absorption under a range of dietary conditions.

Effect of different iron sources on the alleviation of nutritional anaemia in common sole (Solea solea)

Sole fed commercial pellets suffers from a nutritional anaemia. The hypotheses tested are: (1) the nutritional anaemia in sole fed commercial pellets is caused by an iron deficiency; (2) the assumed iron deficiency is due to inadequate absorption of iron; (3) an increase in absorption due to a higher bioavailability of heme or iron chelates will alleviate anaemia in sole and (4) haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin (Hb) are expected to follow the iron absorption patterns. In addition, we estimated the absorption of copper, cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum and zinc in order to evaluate possible interaction between available iron sources and the absorption of other divalent minerals.Sole were fed four diets, each with a different iron source: iron sulphate, iron methionate, iron proteinate or heme. Feeding was restricted and equal for all diets. At the start of the experiment, sole reared on commercial pellets had average values of Hct, Hb and the hepatosomatic index of 12.5%, 19.6g.l−1 and 1.13%, respectively. The values at the end of the experiment did not differ from the values at the start and were not affected by the source of iron. The apparent absorption coefficients (AAC) of iron, manganese, zinc, cobalt, chromium and molybdenum, except for copper, were unaffected by the iron sources. Yet, the iron absorption was high for all sources tested. The AAC of copper was 15–22% higher in sole fed the diet with heme. The use of the different iron sources, including heme, did not affect Hct and Hb in anaemic sole. The high absorption of iron and copper in sole fed heme did not affect Hct and Hb, which suggests that the nutritional anaemia in sole is not an iron nor a copper deficiency anaemia. Statement of relevanceHigh, this study tested iron sources and their effect on mineral absorption, haematocrit and haemoglobin in anaemic sole. Absorption data of minerals in anaemic sole is novel. The high absorption of iron and copper in sole fed heme did not affect haematocrit and haemoglobin, which suggests the nutritional anaemia in sole is not an iron nor a copper deficiency anaemia.

Zinc Absorption Is Not Related to Dietary Phytate Intake in Infants and Young Children Based on Modeling Combined Data from Multiple Studies1–3

Background: It is widely understood that the 2 primary factors affecting dietary zinc absorption in adults are the quantities of zinc and phytate in the diet. Although a similar association of absorption to dietary zinc and phytate is presumed to exist in children, to our knowledge, no large-scale examination of the relation of zinc absorption to dietary and growth factors has been conducted.Objective: The goal was to apply an adult absorption model and related models to data from zinc absorption studies of infants and children in order to determine the nature of the relation of zinc absorption to dietary zinc and phytate, age, body size, and zinc homeostatic variables.Methods: Data from 236 children between 8 and 50 mo of age were obtained from stable-isotope studies of zinc absorption. Statistical and mechanistic models were fit to the data using linear and nonlinear regression analysis.Results: The effect of dietary phytate on zinc absorption when controlling for dietary zinc was very small and not statistically discernable (P = 0.29). A 500-mg/d increase in dietary phytate reduced absorbed zinc by <0.04 mg/d. Absorption was observed to vary with age, weight, and height (P < 0.0001) when controlling for dietary zinc. For example, absorption from 6 mg/d of dietary zinc increased by as much as 0.2 mg/d with a 12-mo increase in age. Absorption varied with weight and exchangeable zinc pool size (0.01 <P < 0.05) when controlling for dietary zinc and age.Conclusions: The absence of a detectable phytate effect on zinc absorption raises caution about use of dietary phytate:zinc molar ratios to predict zinc bioavailability and does not support phytate reduction as a strategy to improve zinc status of young children. The effect of age on zinc absorption and the absence of a phytate effect should facilitate estimations of dietary zinc needs in young children.

Zinc deficiency and acrodermatitis enteropathica in a child with disseminated tuberculosis

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive disorder due to defective absorption of zinc. It may be associated with defective cell mediated immunity, which makes these patients prone to various infections. We hereby report a case of acrodermatitis enteropathica in a child associated with disseminated tuberculosis, which has not been previously reported in the literature.

PTH-231 Pathways of epithelial leakage and zinc malabsorption in environmental enteropathy imaged by confocal endomicroscopy

<h3>Introduction</h3> Environmental enteropathy (EE) is associated with growth failure in children in low income countries, malabsorption, and impaired responses to oral vaccines. EE is characterised by morphological changes (villous blunting), increased permeation of macromolecules, microbial translocation, and impaired absorption. We set out to image the leakiness of the enteropathic small intestine using confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) of the duodenum following fluorescein injection, and correlate this with other markers of structure, absorption and microbial translocation. <h3>Method</h3> Fifty adults were recruited from a poor community in Lusaka where we have previously established that EE is ubiquitous, and then underwent CLE on the day after permeability (lactulose 5g, rhamnose 1g) and net zinc absorption from a 25mg test dose were measured. Between 35 and 225 CLE images per procedure were quantified for a range of cellular abnormalities and fluorescein leakage. Duodenal biopsies were assessed morphometrically and claudin-4 expression quantified. Of the 50 participants, one had pyloric stenosis and in 8 the image quality was sub-standard, so full data are available from 41 (14 men, mean age 32 y, 11 HIV seropositive). Watson scores were 1 in 4 people, 2 in 6, and 3 in 31, which contrasts markedly with published control data in healthy German adults in which nearly all were grade 1 (<i>P &lt; 0</i>.0001). <h3>Results</h3> Leakage of fluorescein into the duodenal lumen was inevitably present when visible cell defects or microerosions were present, and was inversely associated with net absorption of zinc (r = -0.39; <i>P = 0</i>.04). Direct markers of microbial translocation (LPS and LPS binding protein) were correlated (in HIV seropositives only) with gastric pH (r = 0.72; <i>P = 0</i>.01) and with a serum marker of epithelial damage, fatty acid binding protein (FABP, r = −0.62; <i>P = 0</i>.04). FABP was strongly correlated with leakage, especially in HIV infection (r = −0.69; <i>P = 0</i>.007). Leakage was also inversely correlated with the intensity of expression of claudin-4 along the basolateral surface of the enterocyte (r = −0.49; <i>P = 0</i>.01). In multiple linear regression, LPS was strongly correlated with cell shedding and GLP-2 in serum. <h3>Conclusion</h3> These data indicate that the damaged epithelium of EE leads to leakage of circulating molecules into the gut, and may explain at least one measure of absorptive defect. Pathways of translocation maybe more complex, with some translocation that cannot be explained by cell disruption. Translocation pathways are not well reflected by lactulose permeation. A clearer understanding of mechanisms will be important to reducing translocation in the enteropathic gut. <h3>Disclosure of interest</h3> None Declared.

Removal of zinc(II) ion by graphene oxide (GO) and functionalized graphene oxide–glycine (GO–G) as adsorbents from aqueous solution: kinetics studies

The main purpose of this study is to explain the absorption of zinc from aqueous solution by grapheme oxide and functionalized grapheme oxide with glycine as the adsorbent surface. For confirmed functionalized graphene oxide, the glycine amino group was added to the surface of graphene oxide. The effects of the initial concentration of Zn(II) ions and contact time were studied. Results showed that with increasing initial concentration of Zn(II) ions, the adsorption capacity increased. The adsorption capacity did not show a large change after 50 min; therefore, for the study of kinetic parameters, the optimal time of 50 min was selected. The chemical structure of graphene oxide was confirmed by using FT-IR analysis. The adsorption process of Zn(II) ions graphene oxide and functionalized graphene oxide–glycine surfaces was fixed at 298 K and pH 6. The pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order (types I, II, III and IV) kinetic models were tested for the adsorption process and the results showed that the kinetic parameters best fit type (I) of the pseudo-second-order model. A high R 2 was used to be the best match.

Determination of Iron and Zinc Absorption by Local Isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Produce Iron and Zinc in Organic Form

Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) play important role in health both of live stock and human. Fe and Zn in organic form were claimed increasing their viabilities. They bind to certain amino acid formed as a product of microbial metabolism. The Amount Fe and Zn absorbed may indicated the Fe and Zn organic produced. The aim of the study is to determine the absorption of microelement of Fe and Zn by local isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce Fe and Zn in organic forms. S. cerevisae BCC F0205, BCC F0206, and BCC F0214 were treated with Fe or Zn 10 ppm to obtain S. cerevisae which has the highest of total concentration of Fe and Zn. Selected isolate was then treated with Fe or Zn respectively 2.5, 5, 10 ppm and their combination. Fe and Zn absorbed by isolates were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results show that S. cerevisae BCC F0205, BCC F0206, and BCC F0214 treated with 10 ppm Fe or Zn contained total concentration of Fe respectively 1.57, 3.07, 2.24 ppm and total concentration of Zn respectively 2.34, 3.20, 3.13 ppm. Then, S. cerevisae BCC F0206 treated with 2.5, 5, 10 ppm Fe or Zn, absorbed Fe 1.45, 0.50, 0.94 ppm and Zn 0.73, 0.38, 0.53 ppm respectively. Furthermore, combination of Fe and Zn (2.5:2.5, 5:5, 10:10 ppm) produce absorption of Fe 3.10, 2.13, 3.67 ppm and Zn 0.11, 0.10, 0.28 ppm per gram S. cerevisae BCC F0206. Percentages of absorption by S. cerevisae are up to 100% for Fe and up to 47.20% for Zn. In conclusion, this study indicated that S. cerevisae BCC F0206 absorb Fe and Zn higher than BCC F0205 and BCC F0214 and there are antagonistic interactions found between Fe and Zn in this research.

Protective Effect of Porcine Cerebral Hydrolysate Peptides on Learning and Memory Deficits and Oxidative Stress in Lead-Exposed Mice.

In this study, lead acetate solution and porcine cerebral hydrolysate peptides (PCHPs) were administered to developing mice. Porcine cerebral protein pretreated by ultrasound was hydrolyzed with alcalase, and 11 peptide fragments were obtained by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis of PCHPs. Our data showed that PCHPs significantly decreased Pb2+-induced spontaneous locomotor activity, latencies to reach the platform, and the time in target quadrant. It also decreased the accumulation of lead in the blood and brain of Pb2+-exposed developing mice. Co-administration of PCHPs and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) did not only reduce the accumulation of lead in blood but also increased the absorption of zinc and iron in Pb2+-exposed mice. Administration of PCHPs individually significantly enhanced hematopoietic parameters compared with the Pb2+-exposed group. PCHPs significantly reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) but increased glutathione (GSH) content and anti-oxidant enzymes and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in Pb2+-exposed brain. Our findings suggest that PCHPs have the ability to protect against Pb2+-exposed learning and memory deficits and oxidative damage.