Zigzag Pattern Research Articles

Understanding Theme and Rheme of Babu Solong (A Traditional Folktale fromMamasa, West Sulawesi)

Language was not fully transferred directly. Sometimes people used media to deliver their messages. One of the media that was widely used was stories. Traditional stories used theme and rheme in delivering the message and with their unique ways prompt a language that occasionally turns into values that can change children’s behavior. And it is assumed that stories are still an effective media both in teaching or in administering good values in our community folktale is one of cultural heritage that should be preserved. It has been told passed down verbally fromgeneration to generation. This study focused on the aspect of discourse used in a traditional folktale. The aspects that will be given underlined are theme and rheme. By analyzing the transcript of Babu Solong story a traditional folktale from Mamasa, West Sulawesi, there is some evidence that will give new information. The research used a qualitative descriptive study. The result of the study shows that this folktale used four kinds of theme and rheme patterns. They are: zig-zag pattern, reiteration pattern, combine theme pattern, and hierarchical pattern. Fromthe four patterns, the story mostly used hierarchical patterns. It is because each theme and rheme introduce several different pieces of information, then each is taken and the next clause is made. Another result fromthis study is the cultural aspects that immerse in the story. From this cultural aspect, readers will find some evidence that proved the folktale will absorb the culture of how the story told by the storyteller.

Hoffmanigraptus n. gen., a new retiolitine (Graptolithina), an early member of the Plectograptus lineage from the Silurian of Baltica, Poland

Most upper Homerian and Ludfordian retiolitines have a tubarium with hexagonal meshes and a zigzag pattern in the middle part of their lateral walls, a shallow ancora umbrella, and a free nema. Hoffmanigraptus varsoviensis n. gen., n. sp. is described from isolated, three-dimensional material, from the upper part of the Colonograptus praedeubeli Biozone (upper Homerian, Silurian) of Poland, Baltica, and represents one of the earliest forms with this construction. This type of tubarium is represented by the upper Homerian Doliograptus Lenz & Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, 2002 and Spinograptus Bouček & Münch, 1952, differing from Hoffmanigraptus n. gen. mainly in larger proximal lateral orifices, pattern of clathrial lists on lateral walls, as well as size and shape of tubaria. Hoffmanigraptus n. gen. has a tubarium widening medially, tapering towards the distal end and forming a finite tubarium, with a possible three-vaned nematularium. Flattened specimens Plectograptus? ovatus Kozłowska, Lenz & Štorch, 2001 and Plectograptus? karlsteinensis Kozłowska, Lenz & Štorch, 2001, preserved on a rock surface from the Barrandian area are assigned to the new genus. They are of the same upper Homerian age, and show the main features of the new form. Hoffmanigraptus n. gen. is regarded as an early member of the Plectograptus clade.

Numerical study of dynamic zigzag patterns in migrating epithelial tissue

Numerical study of dynamic zigzag patterns in migrating epithelial tissue

Serial transverse enteroplasty and nipple valve construction, two life saving techniques for patients with short bowel syndrome, a report of 5 cases

BackgroundVarious abdominal pathologies end up with surgical resection of small intestine. When the small intestine remnant is too short for adequate fluid and micronutrients absorption, short bowel syndrome is diagnosed. The disabling condition needs a multidisciplinary approach to design parenteral nutrition, care for thrombotic, hepatic and infectious complications and gradually wean the patient from parenteral nutrition. Various surgical techniques have been introduced to increase absorptive mucosa and enhance the intestinal adaptation process. Serial transverse enteroplasty and nipple valve reconstruction are among the procedures, which will be discussed in the current article.Case presentationHerein, we presented 5 cases of short bowel syndrome as a consequence of abdominal laparotomies, patients were referred to our center to receive parenteral nutrition and to be prepared for the final autologous gastrointestinal reconstruction or intestinal transplantation, if indicated.ConclusionPatient’s age, performance status and bowel remnant length determines the appropriate technique for autologous gastrointestinal reconstruction. Serial transverse enteroplasty is designed to increase bowel’s length by creating zigzag patterns through dilated bowel loops. Presence of ileocecal valve is crucial to delay intestinal transit time and to prevent colonic bacterial transfer to ileum. Patient’s with ileocecal valve loss benefit from creating an artificial valve, namely, nipple valve.

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of the Beam Scanning Pattern and Overlap on the Temperature Distribution during the Laser Dopant Activation Anneal Process

Laser thermal annealing (LTA) has played an important role in the fabrication of scaled semiconductor devices by reducing the heat budget of the dopant activation process. During the laser annealing of entire wafer areas, the beam scanning pattern and overlap ratio have significant effects on uniform heating during the process. In this study, a numerical simulation of the LTA process was carried out using a three-dimensional transient heat transfer model. The temperature distribution produced by different laser scan paths and beam overlap ratios was analyzed. Additionally, the behavior of the dopant (phosphorus) diffusion induced under the multipath and beam overlapping conditions was numerically investigated. According to the simulation result, a zig-zag pattern generated hot spots around the corner areas of the beam path due to the greater heat accumulation per unit area; however, a bidirectional pattern induced cold spots due to the absence of laser heating around the corner areas. It was also found that the maximum temperature reachable in the beam overlapped region was much lower than that obtained along the beam scanning path, and the most uniform heating could be obtained when the zig-zag pattern and a 50% overlap ratio were used. According to the dopant diffusion and concentration distribution predicted for the case of the zig-zag pattern and 50% overlap ratio, the difference in the dopant diffusion length was approximately thirty times within the scanned area.

Glassware of 6th – 5th Centuries BCE from Burial and Residential Complexes of Borysthenes

Collections of glass vessels made with the core-formed technique from an ancient settlement on the island of Berezan are analyzed. The collection includes 8 alabastra, most of which are preserved in small fragments. Among the finds, there are items that have rare analogies in the Mediterranean or are found for the first time in the Northern Black Sea region. Type Al.2.V (515/510-495/490 BCE) is represented by only one item. In the Northern Black Sea region, a find from Berezan island is the only one so far. One fragment of alabastrum corresponds to the type Al.4.I (510-500 BCE). Two items of the type Al.9.I (480-425 BCE or 475-450 BCE) come from Borysthenes excavations. Type Al.14.I (475-450 BCE) is represented by the almost intact form. The most common in the Northern Black Sea region are alabastra decorated with a continuous zigzag pattern (type Al.16, 455/450-425/415 BCE). 3 items are found during the excavations of the settlement on Berezan island.
 In the collection of glassware from Berezan, there are 6 amphoriskoi, which correspond to three types. Type Am.1.I (510/505-500/495 BCE) is represented by two fragmented vessels from the necropolis excavations in 1900-1901. Almost intact amphoriskos and a fragment of the vessel’s wall from the necropolis excavations in 1900-1901 represent the type Am.2 (505-495/490 BCE). The latest amphoriskos from Berezan collection is an item of type Am.4.IV (430-420/405 BCE). One fragment of the amphoriskos does not correspond to any type, but stylistic features give the opportunity to assume the chronology of its usage within the 5th century BCE.
 Using glass aryballoi by the population of Borysthenes is evidenced by only one fragmented item. Stylistic features of the preserved part of the vessel may indicate two variants of the type Ar.4.I, II, dating back to the first half of the 5th century BCE.
 Thanks to information from the catalog of objects found on the island of Berezan by G.L. Skadovskyi in 1900-1901 and the photo album of the tables of finds, the complexes of finding for three vials were managed to find out. This allowed clarifying the dating of the complexes. Present-day excavations in Borysthenes show that the glass core-formed vessels were used not only during the burial rites but also in everyday life since a number of fragments of core-formed vessels were found in residential areas of the site. The available finds indicate that the import of glass vials to the settlement began in the late 6th century BCE, and lasted until the last quarter of the 5th century BCE.

Molecular and morphological characterization of Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich, 1959 from Egypt

The golden potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich (1959) is a damaging soilborne quarantine pest of Solanum tuberosum (potato) and other solanaceous crops worldwide. In spring of 2021 a survey was conducted in area of Abo El Matamer, Bahera governorates in Egypt. Soil samples were taken in zigzag pattern throughout 65 acres of potato cultivated land and processed in Nematology lab, Fayoum University, Egypt. In June 2021, two hundred soil samples were collected from nearby areas to evaluate the distribution of this potato cyst nematode in other cultivated land located in area of first infection but fortunately the golden potato cyst nematode was not detected from neighboring locations. The nematode species was identified by both morphological and molecular means as Globodera rostochiensis. To our knowledge this is the first molecular and morphological characterization of G. rostochiensis from Egypt.

Tailoring amlodipine release from 3D printed tablets: Influence of infill patterns and wall thickness

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of infill patterns on the drug release of 3D-printed tablets and the possibility of tailoring drug release through the use of excipients. Furthermore, the influence of wall thickness was evaluated. Amlodipine was used as a model drug, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a polymer and excipients including sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) HME 4 M were used. Four different formulations were prepared. Firstly, the substances were mixed and then extruded by hot melt extrusion to form filaments. The obtained filaments were used to print amlodipine tablets by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printing technique. Each formulation was printed in four different infill patterns: zigzag, cubic, tri-hexagon and concentric, while infill density remained constant (20%). The mechanical properties of the obtained filaments were also evaluated using three-point bend test. Amlodipine tablets were printed with varying wall thickness (1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm) and varying infill patterns. With regard to the infill patterns, higher drug release was achieved with zigzag infill pattern. The simultaneous effect of excipients and infill patterns on amlodipine release has been described and modeled through self - organizing maps (SOMs), which visualize the effect of these variables. Self-organizing maps confirmed the fastest drug release when the zigzag pattern and SSG were used, but also showed that the presence of HPMC HME 4 M was not decisive for drug release rate. As for the wall thickness, higher drug release was achieved with decreasing wall thickness. The results indicated that proper selection of excipients and/or adjusting the infill pattern and wall thickness are ways of tailoring drug release in FDM 3D printing. This study draws the attention to the importance of adjusting the settings of the printer and the usage of excipients to produce release-tailored medications.

Two New Phenacogrammus (Characoidei; Alestidae) from the Ndzaa River (Mfimi-Lukenie Basin) of Central Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Two new Phenacogrammus are described from the Ndzaa River, a small left-bank tributary of the Mfimi-Lukenie River in the central Congo basin. They share with P. deheyni, a congener endemic to the Cuvette Centrale to the north, a prominent anterior expansion of the first pleural rib; a feature interpreted here as a synapomorphy diagnostic for this species assemblage. The two new species are readily differentiated from P. deheyni based on differences in pigmentation patterning, a lower number of scales in longitudinal series (26–28 vs. 29–33) and a longer head length (m. 24.9% SL vs. 21.7 and 23.2% SL). Phenacogrammus flexus, new species, is distinguished from all congeners in the possession of 6 (vs. 7) supraneural bones, and a characteristic zigzag pattern of black pigmentation along and below the midline extending from the posterior border of the opercle to the base of the caudal peduncle. While no unambiguous morphological autapomorphies have been located to diagnose P. concolor, new species, it is nonetheless readily distinguished from all congeners, except P. deheyni and P. flexus, in the possession of a prominent anterior expansion of the first pleural rib. It differs from both P. deheyni and P. flexus in the absence of a dominant pigmentation patterning over the flanks and caudal peduncle. Additionally, it differs from P. flexus in a shallower body depth (m. 24.9% vs. 27.0% SL) and in the possession of 7 (vs. 6) supraneurals. The three species exhibit extensive divergence in mt-COI sequence (P. flexus vs. P. concolor 10.2%–11%; P. flexus vs deheyni 12.9%–13.5%; P. concolor vs. deheyni 11.3%–12.9%). Furthermore, analysis of shape variation utilizing geometric morphometrics indicates that each species differs significantly in body shape.

Investigation of Flow of the Disc-and-Doughnut Baffles and 40% Cut Segmental Baffles

Heat exchanger is usually used in manufacturing process. At present, many researchers have efforts to increase the performance of the heat exchanger with less of the cost. This research discussed about the performance of heat exchanger using 40% cut segmental baffles compared with modified double segmental baffles disc-and-doughnut type. In this study, the investigation of the computational results consisted of heat flux, velocity profile along the heat exchanger, pressure distribution and, theoretical heat transfer coefficient and heat exchanger effectiveness. The model was calculated using finite difference method forward modeling with Multiphysics Software and focuses on the performance evaluation of the small shell-and-tube heat exchanger (STHE) – laboratory type. The tubes are composed of 14 tubes with 0.583 m length, triangular 30° rotated pitch. The pipe radius of shell and tube are 0.055 m and 0.00635 m, respectively. The baffle radius of disc and doughnut are 0.055 m and 0.025 m, respectively, and the baffle radius of 40% cut segmental baffles are 0.055 m. Both types of the baffle have a distance of 0.116 m which is evenly distributed along the shell. The generalized minimal residual (GMRES) method for the fluid flow case used as an iterative method for solving some of the complex linear equations shows good performance as in reliability and validity. For the 40% cut segmental baffles, fluid flow makes a zigzag pattern, an Eddy or swirling of a fluid, and there was some back mixing of fluid stream which caused several dead zones along the shell. The occurrence of the dead zones caused the heat transfer to be ineffective and gave lower value compared to the double segmental disc-and-doughnut baffles. The 40% cut segmental baffles was also seen to have a higher pressure at the outlet region than the double segmental disc-and-doughnut baffles. The disc-and-doughnut baffles leads to a turbulent fluid flow which causes an increase in heat transfer characteristics and also lower pressure drop than the 40% cut segmental baffles. Based on the theoretical, both types of disc-and-doughnut baffles and the 40% cut segmental baffles of heat exchanger investigated have highest effectiveness at the lowest mass flow rate of the hot fluids (tube).

Analysis of a reduced-order model for the simulation of elastic geometric zigzag-spring meta-materials

We analyze the performance of a reduced-order simulation of geometric meta-materials based on zigzag patterns using a simplified representation. As geometric meta-materials we denote planar cellular structures which can be fabricated in 2d and bent elastically such that they approximate doubly-curved 2-manifold surfaces in 3d space. They obtain their elasticity attributes mainly from the geometry of their cellular elements and their connections. In this paper we focus on cells build from so-called zigzag springs. The physical properties of the base material (i.e., the physical substance) influence the behavior as well, but we essentially factor them out by keeping them constant.The simulation of such complex geometric structures comes with a high computational cost, thus we propose an approach to reduce it by abstracting the zigzag cells by a simpler model and by learning the properties of their elastic deformation behavior. In particular, we analyze the influence of the sampling of the full parameter space and the expressiveness of the reduced model compared to the full model. Based on these observations, we draw conclusions on how to simulate such complex meso-structures with simpler models.

Russian President and local self-government: the evolution of relationships

The subject. An attempt is made to analyze the evolution of the relationship between the Russian Presidents and local self-government in modern Russia over the past 30 years.The methodology of the research is based on the application of the historical method and the method of comparative legal analysis of normative legal acts of the Russian Federation of different years.The purpose of the article is to confirm or dispute hypothesis that the President's relations with local self-government developed non-linearly and contradictory on the different stages.The main results, scope of application. The paper examines the dynamics of the relationship between the Russian Presidents and local self-government, determines the five stages of the development of such relations and their characteristic features, as well as the prospects for these relations after the adoption of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020.Stage 1. The absence of specific regulatory legal provisions on the participation of the President in local self-government issues and the actual practice of their interaction (July 1991 – October 1993).Stage 2. Arbitrary or authoritarian President’s participation in local self-government issues (October 1993 – August 1995). This stage is connected with the period of the constitutional crisis of 1993 and is characterized, first of all, by two decrees of the Russian President directly changing the provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation on Local Self-Government of 1991.Stage 3. Bringing the powers of the President in the field of local self-government in accordance with the Russian Constitution of 1993, the approval by the President of the main directions of state policy in the field of local self – government development in the Russian Federation, the creation of the Council for Local Self-Government under the President of the Russian Federation (August 1995 – August 2000).Stage 4. Strengthening the role of the President in the field of local self-government. The beginning of this stage is connected with the coming to power of the new Russian President (August 2000 – July 2020). So far, this is the longest stage in our chronology. This stage is characterized by additional regulation by the President of certain point issues in the field of organization and implementation of local self-government, directly provided for by federal law. Stage 5. The integration of local self-government bodies into a single system of public power and the receipt by the Russian President of hidden, virtually unlimited powers in the field of local self-government (from July 2020 to the present). The starting point of this stage was the adoption of amendments to the Russian Constitution in 2020.Conclusions. The interaction between the Russian President and local self-government developed in a zigzag pattern: from the complete absence of contacts to the direct intervention of the Russian President in the legal regulation of relations in the field of local self– government, violating and actually canceling the legislative regulation of these relations in 1993-1995. From bringing these relations into line with the Russian Constitution of 1993, which proclaimed the organizational independence of local self-government, to strengthening the role of the Russian President and regulating certain issues in the field of organization and implementation of local self-government. The expansion of the powers of the Russian President in connection with the amendments to the Russian Constitution in 2020 actually means an aside from the organizational independence of local self-government and the integration of local self-government bodies into a single system of public authorities. In this regard, the question arises: do the above amendments mean an actual return to the second stage of the development of relations between the Russian President and local selfgovernment in the period of 1993-1995, when the use of "hidden (implied)" powers of the President was allowed, and, consequently, theoretically unlimited participation of the Russian President in local self-government issues?

ANALISIS PERUBAHAN GARIS PANTAI AKIBAT PENGARUH PEMASANGAN GROPOZAG (Studi Kasus Pantai Neuhen, Aceh Besar)

At the present time, a lot of researchs and treatments have been carried out by experts to minimize the bad effects due to erosion and sedimentation, including the application of groin. Beach structure of the groyne generally used on the Indonesia beaches is groin solid model (impermeable) in which no water can pass the groin. The various types, configuration, material, and height of groin have been applied in Aceh. One of the types is porous zig-zag type groin (gropozag). This type had been tested both as physical model in the laboratory and numerical model. However, the performance application in the field had been rarely carried out. This paper aims to determine the effect of the gropozag application on the coastline changes in the Neuheun Beach. The groin was made of cubes arranged in a zigzag pattern. The size of a unit cube was 1m x 1m x1m with several holes on either side. The upper side was open and the bottom side was completely closed without any holes. Several cube units were assembled into a single groyne series and placed perpendicular to the coast. The observation carried out was without gropozag condition year 2017 and after gropozag installation tear 2019. Output of the research showed that the Gropozag application affected the coastline changes in the left and right area of the Gropozag. The erosion carried out in the left side of the gropozag which was affected by the waves from northeast was higher than the right side of the gropozag. Keywords : coastline change, sedimentation, erosion, groin, gropozag

Comparison of Poisson’s Ratio Measurement Methods: The Extensometer and the Universal Tensile Testing Devices

Auxetic materials with a negative Poison’s ratio (PR) have the potential to meet the demand for different materials, especially technical textiles. In the literature, Universal Tensile Test (UTT) devices and various experimental setups developed by researchers have been used in PR measurements. This study aims to investigate the PR of knitted fabrics with UTT and extensometer devices comparatively by using the same measurement parameters according to ASTM E132. Knitted fabrics with zigzag and foldable patterns were produced in the study because of their auxetic behaviour. It has been determined that the extensometer device can be used as an alternative to the UTT device for PR measurements. While the PR of foldable fabrics cannot be measured with the UTT device because of the fabrics' folding on themselves, it has been observed that it can be easily measured with the extensometer device thanks to the horizontal axis principle.

Tunable phonon-plasmon hybridization in α-MoO3-graphene based van der Waals heterostructures.

The plasmon-phonon hybridization behavior between anisotropic phonon polaritons (APhP) of orthorhombic phase Molybdenum Trioxide (α - MoO3) and the plasmon-polaritons of Graphene layer - forming a van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure is investigated theoretically in this paper. It is found that in-plane APhP shows strong interaction with graphene plasmons lying in their close vicinity, leading to large Rabi splitting. Anisotropic behavior of biaxial MoO3 shows the polarization-dependent response with strong anti-crossing behavior at 0.55 eV and 0.3 eV of graphene's Fermi potential for [100] and [001] crystalline directions, respectively. Numerical results reveal unusual electric field confinement for the two arms of enhanced hybrid modes: the first being confined in the graphene layer representing plasmonic-like behavior. The second shows volume confined zigzag pattern in hyperbolic MoO3. It is also found that the various plasmon-phonon hybridized modes could be wavelength tuned, simply by varying the Fermi potential of the graphene layer. The coupling response of the hybrid structure is studied analytically using the coupled oscillator model. Furthermore, we also infer upon the coupling strength and frequency splitting between the two layers with respect to their structural parameters and interlayer spacing. Our work will provide an insight into the active tunable property of hybrid van der Waals (vdW) structure for their potential application in sensors, detectors, directional spontaneous emission, as well as for the tunable control of the propagating polaritons in fields of flat dispersion where strong localization of photons can be achieved, popularly known as the flatband optics.

Seismic Analysis of L-Shape Multi-Storey RCC Building with X-Bracing in Different Effective Location and Pattern

Abstract: In this day and age of urbanization, there is a strong need for a large-scale high-rise apartment building in every city but high-rise construction systems are extremely difficult to construct in any seismic region due to the intense and disruptive nature of seismic forces. Seismic forces have the highest risk of causing the most harm to high-rise buildings. To meet this need, the Civil Engineering industry is constantly developing new groundbreaking techniques. To solve this problem RCC or steel bracings are provided in high-rise buildings which help to the low down the effect of seismic and wind forces. The main objective of this paper is to locate an effective position and pattern of the RCC X-bracing system in the L- shape multi-storey building which is subjected to seismic forces. According to a previous reference paper, X-bracing produces better results than other bracing systems. Analysis the seven types of frame models are taken – (1) Normal L-shape building without bracing, (2) Xbracing are provided at the face of L-shape building, (3) X-bracing are provided alternative pattern at the face of L-shape building from bottom to top floor, (4) X- bracing are provided zig-zag pattern at the face of L-shape building, (5) X-bracing are provided at the corner of L-shape building, (6) X-bracing are provided alternative pattern at the corner of L-shape building from bottom to the top floor, (7) X-bracing are provided zig-zag pattern at the corner of L-shape building. Developed and evaluated by response spectrum analysis method (Linear dynamic analysis) as per IS 1893-2000 using STAAD PRO V8i. In the present work G+12 storey, the L-shape frame structure is analyzed by using X-bracing. It is analyzed and the results of the Following Parameters are taken - (1) Peak storey shear, (2) Base shear, (3) Nodal displacement, (4) Maximum bending moment, (5) Total quantity of steel in the whole structure, (6) Total volume of concrete in the whole structure are evaluated and compared. Keywords: RCC Bracing, Seismic Behavior, Seismic Analysis, Peak Storey Shear, Base shear, Nodal Displacements, Maximum Bending Moment, The Total Quantity of Steel, The Total Volume of Concrete

شبیه‌سازی رشد و نمو گوجه‌فرنگی (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) در شرایط تنش خشکی: 1- محتوای رطوبت خاک، تبخیر وتعرق و پوشش کانوپی

Introduction: The modeling approach for the simulation of the growth and development of tomatoes in Iran has been overlooked. Calibrated crop simulation models, therefore, are increasingly being used as an alternative means for the rapid assessment of water-limited crop yield over a wide range of environmental and management conditions. AquaCrop is a multi-crop model that simulates the water-limited yield of herbaceous crop types under different biophysical and management conditions. It requires a relatively small number of explicit and mostly intuitive parameters to be defined compared to other crop models and has been validated and applied successfully for multiple crop types across a wide range of environmental and agronomic settings. This study was conducted as a two-year field experiment with the aim of the simulation of soil water content, evapotranspiration, and green canopy cover of tomato using AquaCrop model under different irrigation regimes at two growth stages in Mashhad climate conditions. Materials and Methods: A field experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons (2016-2017) in the experimental field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, located in Khorasan Razavi province, North East of Iran. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with different irrigation regimes at the vegetative and at the reproductive stage as the main and subplot factors, replicated thrice. In total, 27 plots of 4.5×3 m (13.5 m2) were used at a planting density of 2.7 plants per m2. Seedlings were planted in a zigzag pattern into twin rows, with a distance of 1.5 m between them, so there were four twin rows of three meters in each plot. The distance between tomato plants within each twin-row was 0.5 meters. A buffer zone spacing of 3 and 1.5 m was provided between the main plots and subplots, respectively. The following experimental factors were studied: three irrigation regimes (100= 100% of water requirement, 75= 75% of water requirement, 50= 50% of water requirement) and two crop growth stages (V= vegetative stage and R= Reproductive stage). The drip irrigation method was used for irrigation. The tomato water requirement was calculated using CROPWAT 8.0 software. The irrigation water was supplied based on total gross irrigation and obtained irrigation schedule of CROPWAT. Model accuracy was evaluated using statistical measures, e.g., R2, normalized root means square error (NRMSE), model efficiency (E.F.), and d-Willmott. The 2016 and 2017 measured soil and canopy data sets were used for calibration and validation of the AquaCrop model, respectively. Results and Discussion: For a water-driven model, such as AquaCrop, it is important to evaluate its effectiveness in simulating soil water content. During calibration (2016), the model simulated the soil water content with good accuracy. The simulated soil water content values were close to the observed values during calibration (2016) for all treatments with R2 ranging from 0.90 to 0.97, NRMSE in range of 8.47 to 17.96%, d varying from 0.76 to 0.99, and M.E. ranging from 0.87 to 0.96. Validation results indicated the good performance of the model in simulating soil water content for most of the treatments (0.79 0.87), good E.F. (>0.61), low estimation errors (RMSE, ranging from only 4.5 to 9.2) and high d values (>0.92). Conclusion: The AquaCrop model (version 6.1) was calibrated and validated for modeling soil water content, evapotranspiration, and green canopy cover for tomatoes under drought stress conditions. In general, soil water content, evapotranspiration, and green canopy cover of tomato were simulated by AquaCrop model with acceptable accuracy in both calibration and validation stages. However, the model performance was more accurate in no and/or moderate stress conditions than in severe water stress environments. In conclusion, the AquaCrop model could be calibrated to simulate the growth and soil water content of tomatoes under temperate conditions reasonably well and become a very useful tool to support the decision on when and how much irrigate. For R2, values > 0.90 were considered very well, while values between 0.70 and 0.90 were considered good. Values between 0.50 and 0.70 were considered moderately well, while values less than 0.50 were considered poor. Root mean square error ranges from 0 to positive infinity and expresses in the units of the studied variable. An RMSE approaching 0 indicates good model performance.

Design of a Dual-Purpose Patch Antenna for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Induced RF Heating for Small Animal Hyperthermia

The popularity of patch antennas in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has reduced because of the large size required for patch antennae to resonate. Since the size of the patch antenna is associated with the wavelength and the wavelengths that are used in MRI are substantially large, large antennas are used. Methods of reducing patch antenna sizes have been proposed; however, these methods reduce the penetration depth and uniformity. In this study, we reduced the area of the patch antenna by 30% by folding the ground and patch planes in a zigzag pattern. The patch antenna produced two main resonant modes. The first mode produced a uniform magnetic field that was used for MRI. The second mode produced a strong and focused electric (|E|)-field, which was used for radiofrequency (RF) heating. Furthermore, we explored the use of a combination of two patch antennas aligned along the z-axis to provide a circular uniform magnetic flux density (|B1|) field at 300 MHz, which corresponds to the Larmor frequency in the 7T MRI system. In addition, the patch antenna configuration will be used for RF heating hyperthermia operating at 1.06 GHz. The target object was a small rat with insertion of colon cancer. Using the proposed configuration, we achieved |B1|-field uniformity with a standard deviation of 3% and a temperature increment of 1 °C in the mimic cancer tissue.

Influence of Infill Patterns Generated by CAD and FDM 3D Printer on Surface Roughness and Tensile Strength Properties

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a capable technology based on a wide range of parameters. The goal of this study is to make a comparison between infill pattern and infill density generated by computer-aided design (CAD) and FDM. Grid, triangle, zigzag, and concentric patterns with various densities following the same structure of the FDM machine were designed by CAD software (CATIA V5®). Polylactic acid (PLA) material was assigned for both procedures. Surface roughness (SR) and tensile strength analysis were conducted to examine their effects on dog-bone samples. Also, a finite element analysis (FEA) was done on CAD specimens to find out the differences between printing and simulation processes. Results illustrated that CAD specimens had a better surface texture compared to the FDM machine while tensile tests showed patterns generated by FDM were stronger in terms of strength and stiffness. In this study, samples with concentric patterns had the lowest average SR (Ra) while zigzag was the worst with the value of 6.27 µm. Also, the highest strength was obtained for concentric and grid samples in both CAD and FDM procedures. These techniques can be useful in producing highly complex sandwich structures, bone scaffolds, and various combined patterns to achieve an optimal condition.

Spatiotemporal evolution of transfer structures and linked fault systems in an extensional setting: Southwest Gebel Akheider, Cairo-Suez District, Egypt

Detailed geological field mapping of the area located to the southwest of Gebel Akheider, south-central part of the Cairo-Suez District (Egypt), was carried out to identify the geometry, structural style, and evolution of the normal fault systems in the study area. The present structural geometry of the study area is of Miocene age and is the result of the propagation, kinematic interaction, and eventual linkage of extensional fault segments. Eight mapped relay ramps formed between synthetic non-overlapping and overlapping normal faults. Fault displacement profiles showing variation in displacement along strike revealed steep displacement gradients and local displacement minima at the locations of these relay ramps. Conjugate normal faults in the area also showed signs of kinematic interaction. Fault displacement profiles revealed complimentary displacement distribution between interacting overlapping conjugate faults. In competent rock units (Middle Eocene limestone), this interaction resulted in the formation of horsts and grabens relay zones, while in incompetent rock units (Middle Miocene soft marl and sandy limestone), this interaction resulted in a series of en echelon plunging anticlines and synclines (accommodation folds). Several transfer faults marked by points of local displacement minima were also identified, forming a distinctive zigzag pattern in map view that is characteristic of the Cairo-Suez District. Curved fault traces represent another form of fault linkage in the study area. Fault displacement profiles indicated two different growth mechanisms, either as the result of bilateral growth of two along-strike faults, or the intersection of previously isolated and differently oriented fault segments.