ZigBee Sensor Network Research Articles

Usefulness of Nonlinear Interpolation and Particle Filter in Zigbee Indoor Positioning

Abstract The key to fingerprint positioning algorithm is establishing effective fingerprint information database based on different reference nodes of received signal strength indicator (RSSI). Traditional method is to set the location area calibration multiple information sampling points, and collection of a large number sample data what is very time consuming. With Zigbee sensor networks as platform, considering the influence of positioning signal interference, we proposed an improved algorithm of getting virtual database based on polynomial interpolation, while the pre-estimated result was disposed by particle filter. Experimental result shows that this method can generate a quick, simple fine-grained localization information database, and improve the positioning accuracy at the same time.

Design and implementation analysis of a public key infrastructure‐enabled security framework for ZigBee sensor networks

SummaryZigBee is a wireless network technology suitable for applications requiring lower bandwidth, low energy consumption and small packet size. Security has been one of the challenges in ZigBee networks. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) provides a binding of entities with public keys through a Certifying Authority (CA). Public key cryptography using public–private key pairs can be used for ensuring secure transmission in a network. But large size of public and private keys and memory limitations in ZigBee devices pose a problem for using PKI to secure communication in ZigBee networks. In this paper, we propose a PKI enabled secure communication schema for ZigBee networks. Limited memory and power constraints of end devices restrict them from storing public keys of all other devices in the network. Large keys cannot be communicated due to limited power of the nodes and small transmission packet size. The proposed schema addresses these limitations. We propose two algorithms for sending and receiving the messages. The protocols for intercommunication between the network entities are also presented. Minor changes have been introduced in the capabilities of devices used in the ZigBee networks to suit our proposed scheme. Network adaptations depending on different scenarios are discussed. The approach adopted in this paper is to alter the communication flow so as to necessitate minimum memory and computational requirements at the resource starved end points. In the proposed PKI implementation, end devices store the public keys of only the coordinator which in turn holds public keys of all devices in the network. All communication in our scheme is through the coordinator, which in the event of failure is re‐elected through an election mechanism. The performance of the proposed scheme was evaluated using a protocol analyzer in home automation and messenger applications. Results indicate that depending on the type of application, only a marginal increase in latency of 2 to 5 ms is introduced for the added security. Layer wise traffic and packets captured between devices were analyzed. Channel utilization, message length distribution and message types were also evaluated. The proposed protocol's performance was found to be satisfactory on the two tested applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Zigbee 센서 네트워크를 활용한 다중노드 실시간 진단 및 관리시스템 설계

본 논문에서는 지그비(Zigbee) 센서 네트워크를 기반으로 하여 다중노드를 실시간으로 감시하고 진단하며, 다수의 다양한 센서로부터 발생하는 데이터를 통합적으로 제어할 수 있는 진단 및 통합 관리시스템을 제안하였다. 제안된 시스템은 대상시스템의 상태를 효율적으로 진단하고 제어하기 위해서 원격지의 센서들로부터 유선 및 무선으로 수집된 데이터를 실시간으로 서버에 전송하고, 이를 분석하여 필요한 동작이 실행되도록 설계되었다. 다수의 센서들은 클러스터 형태로 구성되고, 센서노드는 획득된 데이터에 대한 전송 및 제어 기능을 수행하며, 각 센서 노드로부터 수신된 데이터를 구분하여 처리한다. 구현된 시스템의 성능을 평가하기 위해서 전송거리에 따른 최소 전송 지연시간과 다수의 센서로부터 발생된 데이터 손실률 등을 측정하였고, 그 결과 우수한 성능을 보임을 확인하였다.

Probability-Based Location Aware Design and On-Demand Robotic Intrusion Detection System

For an on-demand robotic system, a location aware module provides location information of objects, users, and the mobile robot itself. This information supports various intelligent behaviors of a service robot in day-to-day scenarios. This paper presents a novel probability-based approach to building a location aware system. With this approach, the inconsistencies often seen in received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements are handled with a minimum of calibration. By taking off-line calibration measurement of a ZigBee sensor network, the inherent problem of signal uncertainty of to-be-localized nodes can be effectively resolved. The proposed RSSI-based algorithm allows flexible deployment of sensor nodes in various environments. The proposed algorithm has been verified in several typical environments and experiments show that the method outperforms existing algorithms. The location aware system has been integrated with an autonomous mobile robot to demonstrate the proposed on-demand robotic intruder detection system. In the experiments, three alarm sensors were employed to monitor abnormal conditions. If an intrusion was detected, the robot immediately moves to the location and transmits scene images to the user, allowing the user to respond to the situation in real time.

Simultaneously Failure of Full Functional Devices and Reduced Functional Devices in Zigbee Sensor Network

This work is based on the characteristics of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack. A hybrid topology has been design by using three possible combinations of Zigbee network topologies considered in different scenarios to verify the consistency of this communication network. The scenario has been design under the consideration of device failure in hybrid topologies. There are various parameters like throughput, delay, network load and number hops are measured during these scenarios. The result concludes that Star-Tree hybrid topology is better to make an effective network in case of device malfunctioning. The simulation has been done using OPNET Modeler 14.5. Simulation results enumerate the affect of Zigbee network hybrid topologies on the basis of performance factors.

Examine the Behavior of Node Mobility in ZigBee Sensor Network

This paper is mainly based upon mobility. In this paper three topologies are used i.e. mesh, tree and hybrid topology. The hybrid topology is implemented by using the combination of mesh and tree topology. The data-based setup is done by changingmobile percentageof nodes. The performance of these topologies is measured using parameters throughput, MAC delay, MTR and MTS.The result show better performances of hybrid topology, which provides low MAC delay and effective throughput in the mobile network. The simulation is done by OPNET modeler 14.5.

The Design and Implementation of Substation Monitoring System Based on ZigBee Network

ZigBee wireless network technology was introduced in traditional on-line monitoring system, and the wireless online monitoring function was realized in this paper. The system is mainly composed by ZigBee coordinator node and ZigBee sensor network. The network coordinator node is the control center, and its responsibilities are network maintenance and the data processing. The sensor terminal nodes are composed by a variety of sensors and ZigBee wireless module which distributed in monitoring area, and its responsibilities are the data acquisition and transmission. The innovations of this paper are the power supply mode and improving the efficiency. In this paper, the battery power and small CT power was combined for power supply, and the data fusion and the clustering routing algorithm was used to improve the efficiency.

Family Health Telemonitoring System Based on WSN

A family healthcare monitoring system based on ZigBee sensor network was researched and designed. The article described the architecture of the system, discussed the framework of the detector nodes using CC2530 as main chip and the family gateway based on MSP430F2419. Physiological parameters and the corresponding sensors were introduced in the article. With advantages of low cost, strong flexibility and always online, the system can be widely used in community healthcare and personal family healthcare.

A Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Based on ZigBee for Data Acquisition

This paper presents a low power ZigBee sensor network for use in data acquisition fields. The network consists of end devices with sensors, routers that propagate the network over larger distances, and a coordinator that communicates with the computer, which in turns illustrates the data and controls the entire system. The end devices provide data from the sensors to the personal computer, at variable time points determined by the central node. As part of the investigation, extensive studies were performed to reduce the data packets loss. The algorithm developed at the end devices and the coordinator for this purpose is described in detail. Finally, the circuit that drives the humidity sensor, which contributes reducing power consumption and increasing the systems life time, is presented.

Software agent reasoning supporting non-intrusive building space usage monitoring

Conventional facility management (FM) software tools, lacking automatic synchronisation with the domain and rich semantic modelling, are limited to the simpler querying of manually maintained models. A software system that monitors and interprets temporally changing (internal) building environments and generates related knowledge can better assist in facility management decision making. This paper introduces a non-intrusive building monitoring framework that includes ZigBee sensor network and supporting software agents to provide better building space usage monitoring through software agents based on the belief-desire-intention (BDI) abstraction, exploiting ontology based reasoning to direct behaviour. The non-intrusive method is particularly useful and more amenable than the use of cameras for example when building monitoring involves human behaviours. The use of the multi agent paradigm renders a system that delivers demonstrable rationality and is robust within the dynamic environment that it operates. Agent behaviour directed at working towards goals is rendered intelligent with semantic web technologies. The capture of semantics through formal expression to model the environment adds a richness that the agents exploit to intelligently determine behaviours to satisfy goals that are flexible and adaptable. The agent goals are currently used to generate knowledge about building space usage as well as environmental conditions by elaborating and combining near real time sensor data and information from conventional building models. The deployed and tested sensor based monitoring framework exhibits intelligence that will find application in the better support of decision making by integration with existing FM tools.

Remote Access the ZigBee Sensor Network through the IP Network

With the wireless communication technology and world-wide Internet, living styles have become more and more convenient and smart, especially, for the application of context-aware systems based in wireless sensor networks. Furthermore, mobile devices provide users timely information browsing and mobile data access. In this study, the ZigBee wireless sensor network combined with sensor data observed Services (Sensor data Observation Service), and PostgreSQL database systems is developed to implement a remote access ZigBee wireless sensor network through an IP Internet browser. This system includes: (a) the integration of ZigBee CC2430 sensor sensing light, humidity and temperature; (b) PostgreSQL database tools accessing data; (c) via the sensor data Observation Service (SOS ) technologies; (d) through mobile devices to master the relevant environmental information.

TABOA: terrain-aware beacon order adaptation scheme in 3D zigbee sensor networks

This article proposes a novel simulation model, terrain-aware beacon order adaptation (TABOA), used in 3D Zigbee sensor networks. The TABOA scheme adapts the beacon interval and superframe duration to change the active period in the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC structure according to the intrinsic characteristics of different terrains and traffic loads. Our contribution is to evaluate the performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 network in different terrains via simulation setups that closely model reality and figure out the optimal beacon interval and superframe duration in the different 3D terrains.

Toward green sensor field by optimizing power efficiency using D-policy M/G/1 queuing systems

Power efficiency is a crucially important issue in the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee sensor networks ZSNs for majority of sensor nodes equipped with non-rechargeable batteries. To increase the lifetime of sensor networks, each node must optimize power consumption as possible. Among open literatures, much research works have focused on how to optimally increase the probability of sleeping states using multifarious wake-up strategies. Making things different, in this article, we propose a novel optimization framework for alleviating power consumption of sensor node with the D-policy M/G/1 queuing approach. Toward green sensor field, the proposed power-saving technique can be applied to prolong the lifetime of ZSN economically and effectively. For the proposed data aggregation model, mathematical framework on performance measures has been formulated. Data simulation using MATLAB tool has been conducted for exploring the feasibility of the proposed approach. And also we analyze the average traffic load per node for tree-based ZSN. Focusing on ZigBee routers deployed at the innermost shell of ZSN, network simulation results validate that the proposed approach indeed provides a feasibly cost-effective approach for prolonging lifetime of ZSNs.

Performance Analysis of Backoff Exponent Behaviour at MAC Layer In ZigBee Sensor Networks

Topology is one of the major new paradigms and is the premier research topic in ZigBee based Wireless Sensor Network and has opened up new challenges for researchers throughout the World due to its wide range of applications ranging from medical research to military. IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee is a worldwide open standard for wireless radio networks which provides network, security, and application support services operating on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) wireless standard and is considered as “technology of choice” due to low-power consumption, cost-effective communication and the reliability they provide. In this paper, we perform extensive network evaluation by creating nine different scenarios, to observe the effect of backoff exponent parameter at MAC layer with three promising topologies in ZigBee sensor network using the OPNET 14.5 network simulation tool.

Luminous Intensity Control System Based on ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper introduces an energy conservation luminous intensity control system based on ZigBee sensor networks for smart home. The study is conducted to reduce unnecessary energy consumption by changing the luminous intensity of white LED according to the light coming into the room. A detecting circuit connected to the pin of CC2430 is set on the working face to collect the real-time luminous intensity signal. Then the ZigBee module adjusts the PWM signal to drive the white LEDs aiming at keeping a fixed and appropriate luminous intensity (e.g. 500Lux). Meanwhile, it transmits the data to the ZigBee coordinator through ZigBee wireless network. The monitoring PC get the data through the serial communication interface and display the states of the lights. Administrators can turn on or off the lights by clicking on the screen. This system can realize monitoring and controlling all the lights wirelessly so that users can save a lot energy and staff members. The system has been proved to be effective and convenient.

A Study on Humanoid Robot Control Method Using Zigbee Wireless Servo Motor with Sensor Network

In this study, we developed two legged multi-joint robot by using wireless servo motor that was applied by wireless sensor network technology, which is widely used recently, and performed an experiment of walking method of two legged multi-joint robot. We constructed the star network with servo motors which were used at each joint of two-legged robot. And we designed the robot for operation by transmission of joint control signal from main control system or by transmission of the status of each joint to the main control system, so it operates with continuously checking the status of joints at same time. We developed the humanoid robot by using wireless digital servo motor which is different from existing servo motor control system, and controlled it by transmitting the information of angles and speeds of robot joints to the motor(node) as a feedback through main control system after connecting power and setting up the IDs to each joint. We solved noisy problem generated from wire and wire length to connection point of the control device by construction of the wireless network instead of using existing control method of wiring, and also solved problem of poor real time response to gait motion by controlling the position with continuous transmission of control signals to each joint. And we found that the effective control of robot is able by performing the simulation on walking motion in advance with the developed control algorithm which was downloaded into installed memory. Also we performed the stable walking with two-legged robot by attaching pressure sensor to robot sole. And we examined the robot gait operated by application of calculated algorithm on robot movement to each joint. In this study, we studied the method of controlling robot gait motion by using wireless servo motors and measured the torque applied to each joint, and found that the developed wireless servo motor by ZigBee sensor network offers easier control of two legged robot gait and better circuit configuration of it than the existing wired control system could do.

Localization of Mobile Sensors and Actuators for Intervention in Low-Visibility Conditions: The ZigBee Fingerprinting Approach

Indoor localization in smoke conditions is one of the EU GUARDIANS project goals. When smoke density grows, optical sensors such as laser range finders and cameras cease to be efficient. Zigbee sensor networks provide an interesting approach due to the fact that radiofrequency signals are propagated easily in such conditions. Moreover, they permit having an alternative communication infrastructure to the emergency brigades, allowing also the implementation of localization algorithms for the mobile sensors, actuators, and firefighters. The overall localization method (i.e., ARIEL) aims to acquire the nodes position in real time during an intervention, using different sensor inputs such as laser, sonar, Zigbee, and Wifi signals. Moreover, a fine grained localization algorithm has been implemented to localize special points of interest such as emergency doors and fire extinguishers, using a Zigbee programmable high-intensity LED panel. This paper focuses on the Zigbee fingerprinting localization method used to obtain the position of the mobile sensors and actuators by training a database of radio signals for each scenario. Once this is done the proposed recognition method runs in a quite stable and accurate manner without needing any sophisticated hardware. Results compare the procedure with others such as KNN, and neural networks, demonstrating the feasibility of the method for a real emergency intervention.

Research and Design of Forest Environment Monitoring System

A forest environmental monitoring system based on GPRS communication network and ZigBee sensor network was researched and designed. The article described the architecture of the system, also discussed the framework of the sensor nodes using CC2430 as main chip and the gateway node based on MC35i.The data collection of sensor nodes, the protocol conversion of gateway node, and the implementation process of the monitoring center software were introduced in the article. With advantages of low cost, strong robustness and always online, the system can be widely used in a wide range for forest environmental parameters monitoring.

Traffic load analysis and its application to enhancing longevity on IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee Sensor Network

Power consumption is an interesting challenge to prolong the operational lifetime on IEEE 802.15/ZigBee Sensor Network (ZSN). ZigBee routers closer to the ZigBee coordinator (ZC) have a larger forwarding traffic burden and consume more energy than devices further away from the ZC. The whole operational lifetime of ZSN is deteriorated because of such an uneven node power consumption patterns, leading to what is known as an energy hole problem (EHP) around the ZC. In this article the average load traffic pattern for the ZSN has been explored and derived in terms of closed-form mathematical expressions. Also we propose a novel power-saving scheme to alleviate the EHP based on the N-policy M/G/1 queuing model. Having a counter (N) that controls the triggering radio server can reduce power consumption of a generic node. With little management cost, the proposed queue-based power-saving technique can be applied to prolong the lifetime of sensor network economically and effectively. For the proposed queue-based model, mathematical framework on performance measures has been formulated. Focusing on ZigBee routers deployed at the innermost shell of ZSN, numerical and network simulation results validate that the proposed approach indeed provides a feasibly cost-effective approach for lifetime elongation of wireless sensor networks.

A novel elliptical curve ID cryptography protocol for multi‐hop ZigBee sensor networks

AbstractZigBee uses the network security and application profile layers of the IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Alliance standards for reliable, low‐powered, wireless data communications. However, the ZigBee protocol has some security weaknesses for newly joining devices. In this paper, these weaknesses are analyzed and a novel elliptical curve identity‐based cryptography (ECIC) protocol is presented to improve the security level of ZigBee networks. The proposed method provides perfect forward secrecy and enables network key transmission between nodes. Therefore, the traffic concentrated on the trustcenter is diminished, and the network efficiency is improved by reducing the key establishment time and processing burden on each sensor node, thereby reducing the overall energy consumption of the sensor network. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.