ZigBee-based Wireless Sensor Network Research Articles

Extended shortcut tree routing for ZigBee based wireless sensor network

Energy efficiency and network lifetime are main concerns in WSN. In order to improve these factors ZigBee plays an important role. Low cost, low data rate features of ZigBee results in low power consumption and makes it useful in wireless sensor networks, increasing life of small batteries of nodes in the network. Since tree routing in ZigBee does not require any routing tables to send the packet to the destination, it can be used in ZigBee end devices that have limited resources. Routing protocols such as AODV (Ad-hoc on demand distance vector routing), ZTR (ZigBee tree routing), and STR (Shortcut tree routing) are compared on the basis of different performance metrics (End to end delay, routing overload, throughput, packet delivery ratio). An extensive simulation in NS2 is carried out. The performance evaluation shows that STR achieves better performance as compared to other two routing protocols. But there are some limitations of the STR method. Performance of packet delivery ratio of STR is less as compared to AODV. Performance of end to end delay of STR is poor as compared to AODV. Hence ESTR is proposed. The main aim of proposed ESTR [Extended STR] is to present new ZigBee network routing protocol with goal of improving the performance of ESTR in terms of PDR and delay against STR and AODV.

Evaluating Quasi Random Deployment in Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Among the various parameters and constraints considered that are affected by optimal deployments, performance as per the mac layer has attained limited attention. This article is aimed at two things. Firstly, it aims to understand the packet delivery parameters for convergecast communication pattern ideal for Zigbee based wireless sensor networks. Secondly, it aims to suggest enhancements through proposing a quasi based deployment pattern, that may help boost the performance to acceptable levels. We simulate and observe the packet based statistics at the mac layers employing different protocols like AODV, DSR. This paper is also an effort to suggest the use of Quasi based deployment strategy comparable to the existing random and deterministic methods. The inferences obtained are for zigbee networks encorporating both peer to peer (using a tree based topology) and star (using a graph based topology) WSN architectures. A quasi based deployment pattern offers scope for improvement of the reliability metrics which is the sole accountability of the mac layer, irrespective to the protocol employed at the higher levels or the backbone structure for communication. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v15i1.8074

English

Wireless sensor network is an emerging technology which consists of activities like sensing, computing, instrumenting and observing low power sensor nodes. In wireless sensor networks, maintaining the higher throughput is the main concern. Throughput of the network which is obtained from the wireless sensor network is vital issue which must be high which is measured in data packets per second in this context. The network of wireless sensors which is to be considered in this research mainly based on zigbee protocol and IEEE 802.15.4 standard and treated with cluster tree topology which is considered as a most suitable zigbee topology. The problem that sensors usually face in wireless sensor network is that when data packets are transferred from one node to another node, the throughput of the wireless sensor network decreases because of packet collisions and high network traffic. So we have proposed improved ABE mechanism which uses IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA to obtain the better throughput of zigbee based wireless sensor network.

Implementation of envelope analysis on a wireless condition monitoring system for bearing fault diagnosis

Envelope analysis is an effective method for characterizing impulsive vibrations in wired condition monitoring (CM) systems. This paper depicts the implementation of envelope analysis on a wireless sensor node for obtaining a more convenient and reliable CM system. To maintain CM performances under the constraints of resources available in the cost effective Zigbee based wireless sensor network (WSN), a low cost cortex-M4F microcontroller is employed as the core processor to implement the envelope analysis algorithm on the sensor node. The on-chip 12 bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) working at 10 kHz sampling rate is adopted to acquire vibration signals measured by a wide frequency band piezoelectric accelerometer. The data processing flow inside the processor is optimized to satisfy the large memory usage in implementing fast Fourier transform (FFT) and Hilbert transform (HT). Thus, the envelope spectrum can be computed from a data frame of 2048 points to achieve a frequency resolution acceptable for identifying the characteristic frequencies of different bearing faults. Experimental evaluation results show that the embedded envelope analysis algorithm can successfully diagnose the simulated bearing faults and the data transmission throughput can be reduced by at least 95% per frame compared with that of the raw data, allowing a large number of sensor nodes to be deployed in the network for real time monitoring.

M2M/IoT 서비스를 위한 지그비 기반의 Publish/Subscr ibe 시스템 구현

Recently, smart devices has been spreaded and the definition of RFID/USN(Radio Frequency Identification/Ubiquitous Sensor Network) technology has also extended. So, originally, human is an agent of communications but now, 'the things' are also an agent of communication. That is, Internet of Things(IoT). IoT is very big IT infra technology that is based on wire-wireless network technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. However, in reality, IoT service that can provide various meaning and integrate smoothly is not appear yet. To solve these problems of IoT, we implemented Publish/Subscribe system, which operate in Zigbee based wireless sensor network by using MQTT-SN protocol. Moreover, this system can operate with combining MQTT system that is already existed in external Internet network so, extensibility and flexibility aspect is excellent. We show that possibility of IoT services that is combined between different heterogeneous network through the MQTT-SN.

Large-Scale Structural Health Monitoring Based on Wireless Sensor Networks

For large-scale structural damage in various forms, a single regional monitoring is difficult to finish. The paper introduces a design method of a large-scale structural health monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks. ZigBee wireless communication technology is used for the system. The ZigBee-based double wireless sensor network architecture is designed. The wireless sensor node, sink node, a gateway node of this system is designed by using the CC2530 chip as core of data processing and wireless transceiver. In the IAR development platform, the lower position machine software is designed by using C language and the LabVIEW is used to finish the remote display in the host computer. The results show that the monitoring system meets the design requirements, has the advantage of good on-line and real-time monitoring etc.

Induction Motor Conditional Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Network

This system is used for monitoring the speed, torque, efficiency, voltage & current by employing ZigBee based wireless sensor network. Embedded system is used for acquiring electrical signals from the motors in a non-invasive way. The speed and torque estimation is done locally. An embedded system is used to control the speed of the motor the values calculated by the embedded system are transmitted to the monitoring unit through ZigBee based wireless sensor network and it can be monitored locally in PC. The main advantages of using ZigBee are low maintenance cost, security, reliability and through output. Using simulation, the characteristic graph for speed, torque, output voltage and output current can be obtained.

선박 및 해양구조물의 안전 모니터링 정보 획득을 위한 ZigBee Sensor node 적용에 관한 연구

Recently ships and ocean platforms are becoming increasingly technological, unmanned, and huge. Maintenance and safety monitoring of these products is very important for safety reasons. Therefore, real-time monitoring of safety regions, such as the engine room, and hull structure, and environmental states, like fire and pressure of LNG tanks, is required for the sustainable ships. In this paper, a ZigBee-based wireless sensor network is suggested to monitor ships and ocean platforms effectively. However, this causes some telecommunication problems because these products are made of steel. To resolve this problem, we use the mesh networking of Zig-Bee that can monitor the regions and environmental states consistently. The telecommunication of such a monitoring system is tested on a real container ship and its performance is verified. The real-time monitoring results are displayed on the users" smart devices.

Energy Analysis in Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Node Powered by Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

Recently, an integration of wireless sensor network with energy harvesters is getting more interested because it can extend the life time of battery in a sensor node, which is very important in many applications. This paper presents the concept of energy analysis in Zigbee based wireless sensor network, which is powered by a piezoelectric energy harvester to optimize the algorithms used in wireless sensor network. In this work, difference aspects related to piezoelectric energy harvester, characteristic of power consumption in Zigbee based wireless sensor node and concept of optimizing algorithms to balance input and output power in the integrated system are proposed. Keywords: energy harvesting, piezoelectric transducer, Zigbee based wireless sensor network

Hardware Design of Low-Power ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network Node

ZigBee technology is widely used in wireless sensor networks with the advantages of low power, low cost, convenient networking, etc. Design of ZigBee-based wireless sensor network nodes have become a demand. The nodes are generally placed in some occasions where the power supply inconvenient and require battery-powered, so the low-power of the nodes is an important indicator. The node chose CC2530 as the hardware core and transplanted Z-Stack protocol stack. It collected different data through different sensors and used ZigBee technology for wireless communication. This article describes the process of node hardware design, and reduces the power consumption of the node with choosing low-power devices, reducing the operating frequency and other methods. Low-power node saves the cost and increases the life of the nodes and the network. So it is good for increasing the continuity and stability of the network.

Evaluation of ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks Under High Power Disturbances

The goal of the research presented in this paper is to investigate the reliability of ZigBee-based wireless sensor networks in transforming existing power systems into future smart grids. The performance of the communication network for a specific propagation environment, channel modulation, and frequency band is investigated. The high-power interrupting disturbances generated from harsh normal and abnormal operating conditions in a power system environment are investigated. Laboratory-simulated switching transient events have been generated under different conditions. The interruption limits due to the radio-frequency signals generated during high-power switching transients are defined for ZigBee coordinator and device units.

Sensor-Based Real-Time Monitoring Hazardous Chemical Cargo

Monitoring and tracking dangerous goods can represent a great improvement in security and safety when transporting hazardous goods by water road. In this paper we propose a complete monitoring and tracking system, which is able to check at the same time the position and real-time status of dangerous goods of the ship, as well as the conditions in the cargo bay. The system exploits battery-powered environmental sensors (temperature, humidity, pressure, gas concentration and liquid level), connected by a ZigBee-based Wireless Sensor Network, This approach guarantees flexibility, ease of deployment and low power consumption. Collected data is then sent from the ship to a fixed server via a GPRS link. The GPS positioning system is integrated by the use of Navigation System, which also guarantees a precise estimate of the position when the GPS signal is weak or temporarily lost. When dangerous goods of the ship start leaking, the system can develop a plan to solve the accident, according to the situation at that time. The proposed solution has been deployed in a real environment, and some performance evaluation tests have been carried out.

Zig Bee-Based Wireless Sensor Network Design of Irrigation Systems

For irrigated areas still follow the traditional irrigation, causing serious water wastage. In this paper, chip CC2530 Zig Bee wireless network as the core, development and design coordinator nodes, routing nodes and devices terminal node, complete the irrigated areas of intelligent water-saving irrigation control system for wireless sensor networks networking structures. Equipment terminal node is responsible for collecting soil moisture data, the data is sent directly through the route or to the coordinator node, the coordinator node for data aggregation and passed to the intelligent controller, through the intelligent controller to make an accurate judgment, the implementation of efficient water-saving intelligent irrigation.

Modeling Latency and Reliability of Hybrid Technology Networking

Operational safety and security are the key concerns of the North American railroad industry. Of growing importance is the ability for real-time identification, monitoring, and fault alerting of freight railcars and their myriad components. This vision of an Internet of Things applied to the transportation industry has widespread benefits and applications. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been extensively used for addressing such challenges. However, the nature of a train's arrangement requires the sensors to be placed in a long linear network topology. Given the limitations in radio transmission range and network depth of common WSN solutions like ZigBee, it is infeasible to use them for such applications. Furthermore, due to its low throughput, severe packet loss and high latency may occur, which is unacceptable, especially for failure alert messages. Therefore, we have proposed a heterogeneous multihop network approach called hybrid technology networking (HTN) that employs WiFi together with ZigBee. In this paper, we derive a mathematical model to illustrate HTNs superior performance compared with conventional ZigBee-based WSNs. Specifically, we analyze the delay and reliability of HTN and ZigBee and verify the analytical results against our simulations.

Research on Networking with ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network Technology Following the Energy Strategy

ZigBee is a kind of new wireless sensor technology, this paper introduces wireless network equipments and network topology based on the ZigBee protocol, and then in the perspective of energy management explores the different time interval of different number of nodes to join the network through a coordinator. Proved by NS2 simulation, to set the best time interval at 0.3s can make the network conflicts least in the process of networking and the total time for all devices to complete networking can be reduced by 61.66% at most, thereby reduce the energy consumption in the process of networking and extend lifecycle of the whole network. This has important practical significance to ZigBee-based wireless sensor network application to extend the network life.

Study on an Energy-aware Routing Algorithm for Agriculture WSN

As precision farming requires real-time, accurate and sustainable monitoring of the biotope of the field, energy consumption and network delay constitute the major factors affecting the performance of ZigBee-based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applied in agricultural production. Based on the AODVjr algorithm, this paper presents a new algorithm, namely NS-AODVjr. Featuring emphasis on energy control and dynamic routing, as well as balance between energy consumption and shortest path routing, this algorithm realizes maximum service time of the WSN while ensuring timely and effective transmission of the data in the monitoring process. After a simulation experiment with the Network Simulator tool, results show that, compared to the original algorithm, although the packet delivery rate and network delay witness no improvement, the new algorithm not only significantly reduces the device energy consumption, but also effectively expand the service time of the network. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i7.2799 Full Text: PDF

Combining Kalman Filtering with ZigBee Protocol to Improve Localization in Wireless Sensor Network

We propose a low-cost and low-power-consumption localization scheme for ZigBee-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Our design is based on the link quality indicator (LQI)—a standard feature of the ZigBee protocol—for ranging and the ratiometric vector iteration (RVI)—a light-weight distributed algorithm—modified to work with LQI measurements. To improve performance and quality of this system, we propose three main ideas: a cooperative approach, a coefficient delta () to regulate the speed of convergence of the algorithm, and finally the filtering process with the extended Kalman filter. The results of experiment simulations show acceptable localization performance and illustrate the accuracy of this method.

Performance Analysis of Backoff Exponent Behaviour at MAC Layer In ZigBee Sensor Networks

Topology is one of the major new paradigms and is the premier research topic in ZigBee based Wireless Sensor Network and has opened up new challenges for researchers throughout the World due to its wide range of applications ranging from medical research to military. IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee is a worldwide open standard for wireless radio networks which provides network, security, and application support services operating on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) wireless standard and is considered as “technology of choice” due to low-power consumption, cost-effective communication and the reliability they provide. In this paper, we perform extensive network evaluation by creating nine different scenarios, to observe the effect of backoff exponent parameter at MAC layer with three promising topologies in ZigBee sensor network using the OPNET 14.5 network simulation tool.

A framework for indoor construction resources tracking by applying wireless sensor networks1This paper is one of a selection of papers in this Special Issue on Construction Engineering and Management.

The state-of-the-art tracking technologies, such as the global positioning system (GPS) and the radio frequency identification (RFID), lend themselves well to applications in relatively open areas, while falling short of accuracy and reliability in indoor or partially covered application settings due to signal blockage, distortion or deterioration. This research aims to address this challenge in construction engineering by exploring a cost-effective positioning methodology to realize automated and continuous tracking of construction resources. The emerging ZigBee-based wireless sensor networks (WSN) technology is introduced. A framework of WSN application is proposed for indoor construction resources tracking, which consists of a group of stationary and mobile sensor nodes that can communicate with one another. Real-time locations of the mobile nodes can be determined by applying the localization method based on received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and geometric trilateration.

Cellular Automata-Based WSN Energy Saving Technology

Wireless sensor network is a new type of wireless network. IEEE 802.15.4 / Zigbee standards with low energy consumption, low speed characteristics has been widely used in wireless sensor network. As the wireless sensor nodes are often set in complex geographical environment and had not continuous power supply, thus saving energy has been one of the main directions of research at home and abroad. Cellular automata are a mimic biological cell reproduction form of dynamical system, with a simple rule to reveal the complex global characteristics. This paper presents a kind of cellular automata and Zigbee based wireless sensor network binding mechanism, so that the wireless node according to the communication state during hibernation and job switching between states in order to achieve the purpose of energy saving. Simulations show that the mechanism can reduce the network energy consumption, improve energy utilization rate, and prolong the survival time of the node.