Zigzag Manner Research Articles

IMPLEMENTASIPERMAINAN EDUKATIF BARANG BEKAS DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN MOTORIK KASAR ANAK USIA DINI DI PAUDAR-ROHIM DESA SUMBERBENING KECAMATAN BRINGIN KABUPATEN NGAWI

ABSTRACT Utilization and management of used goods is a mindset of advanced and modern society, because an advanced civilization is a civilization that has an awareness of simplicity, thrift, effectiveness, convenience for sustainable survival. The approach taken in this research is qualitative. A qualitative approach is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people whose behavior can be observed.
 Efforts to develop gross motor skills in early childhood using used media in a lesson can improve gross motor skills in children. The development experienced by children is indicated by several things that can be seen, including increasingly flexible movements, being able to make works from used goods that will be used for playing and moving quickly when collecting used goods to be used in games. Teaching and learning activities for children at PAUD Ar-Rohim Sumberbening, Bringin Ngawi which were carried out with a traditional game of engkleng and jumping rope and playing by avoiding used bottles in a zigzag and continuous manner in an effort to improve and develop children's gross motor skills were successful. These indications can be seen clearly from the movements of children who are increasingly flexible and enthusiastic in doing so and their movements are appropriate and correct according to the instructions given.
 Key Words: Educational Games, Secondhand,

Convenient Tuning of the Elasticity of Self-Assembled Nano-Sized Triterpenoids to Regulate Their Biological Activities

The impact of the mechanical properties of nanomedicines on their biological functions remains elusive due to the difficulty in tuning the elasticity of the vehicles without changing chemistry. Herein, we report the fabrication of elasticity-tunable self-assembled oleanolic acid (OA) nanoconstructs in an antiparallel zigzag manner and develop rigid nanoparticles (OA-NP) and flexible nanogels (OA-NG) as model systems to decipher the elasticity-biofunction relationship. OA-NG demonstrate less endocytosis and enhanced lysosome escape with deformation compared to OA-NP. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments show the active permeation of OA-NG into the interior of tumor with enhanced antitumor efficacy accompanied by decreased collagen production and eight- to tenfold immune cell infiltration. This study not only presents a facile and green strategy to develop flexible OA-NG for effective cancer treatment but also uncovers the crucial role of elasticity in regulating biological activity, which may provide reference for precise design of efficient nanomedicines.

A study of ladder-like silk foothold for the locomotion of bagworms

While walking on horizontal substrates, caterpillars skilfully engage all their legs, including three pairs of thoracic legs and a maximum of five pairs of prolegs, to move in a flexible wave-like motion. Such locomotory behaviours, represented by ‘crawling’ and ‘inching’ motions, have widely inspired the development of locomotion systems in soft robotics. However, bagworms are unable to use their prolegs for walking because these are always accommodated in a portable bag; thus, they are unable to walk using such general locomotory behaviours. Indeed, how they walk with only three pairs of thoracic legs is unknown at present. In this study, we show that bagworms construct a ladder-like foothold using their silk to walk without using prolegs. This enables them to walk not only on horizontal floor surfaces but also on wall and ceiling surfaces, even those with slippery or smooth surfaces. They construct the foothold by spinning a continuous silk thread in a zigzag manner and controlling the discharge of adhesive to attach the folded parts of the silk to a substrate. Discovery of this elaborate silk utilisation technique offers fresh insights into the diversity of silk use in lepidopteran larvae and provides potential designs for robot locomotion systems.

Evaluation of Radiation Exposure in Open Dental Clinics Using Thermoluminescence Dosimeters and Questionnaires.

Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate radiation exposure in dental open clinics in King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS) using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) to check if it exceeds the annual assigned exposure limit and to assess students' practices regarding radiation protection measures and their knowledge regarding the application of digital remote-control settings and TLDs.Materials and Methods:This pilot institutional-based observational study was conducted among the clinical year students and interns at KSAU-HS College of Dentistry open clinical areas using TLDs and questionnaires. Sixteen lithium fluoride TLDs (TLD-100) were distributed evenly in the clinical areas occupied by clinical year dental students and interns for 24 working days from September 15 to October 20, 2019. Each TLD was labeled with a serial number and fixed at the assigned clinic of each specialty. The TLDs were placed in a zigzag manner at the right corner of the selected clinic to prevent overlapping of the area coverage by each dosimeter.Results:The mean monthly TLD readings were found to be 69.265 uSv with a higher mean value in the female clinical area (74.2975 uSv) than the male clinical area (64.234 uSv). Taking into account the 8 months of clinical exposure during the academic year, the expected annual radiation exposure would be 0.554 mSv which is significantly lower than the annual limit of radiation exposure recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, i.e., 1 mSv.Conclusion:TLD readings concluded that radiation exposure was within safe limits with an estimation of 0.544 mSv per year. However, students require further education regarding protective and safety measures and the utilization of radiation equipment.Clinical Significance:The lack of studies regarding the amount of radiation exposure from dental imaging and the safety of intraoral radiographic machines present in open clinics in any educational institute necessitates conducting this kind of study.

Condition of Mangrove Forest in the Village of Apar Pariaman Utara District Pariaman City West Sumatra Province

Pariaman Utara District has the most extensive mangrove forest, which is 16.5 ha, in Apar Village the amount (6.0 ha). The purpose of this study was to determine the type and density of mangrove forests and to determine the condition of mangrove forests by determining the percentage of canopy cover in Apar Village. The method used in this research is a survey method, where the data collected is data obtained directly from the field which is then analyzed the data. The research procedure consisted of several stages, namely, collecting density data at 3 stations. Each station consisted of 3 straight line transects along 50 meters from the sea and estuary to land with a position perpendicular to the coast and having a distance between transect lines of 50 meters. In each transect line there are 3 plots arranged in a zigzag manner with a size of 10 m x 10 m for the tree category mangrove community structure. Retrieval of canopy cover photo data which was then analyzed by hemispherical photography. The results of measurements of water quality from the research location were temperature 29 - 30 ° C, salinity 4 - 5 ‰ and pH of the waters were 6-7. The composition of mangroves in the research locations were Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Nypa fructicans. Density at station I, 1700.00 trees/ha, station II 1311.11 trees/ha and station III 1888.89 trees/ha. Canopy cover at station I, 80.65%, station II, 58.46% and station III, 83.21%.

PENGARUH LATIHAN PLYOMETRIK MELOMPATI KUN DENGAN DUA KAKI KE SAMPING, SECARA ZIG-ZAG PADA SISWA PUTRA KELAS VIII A

This study aims to determine whether there is 1) The effect of plyometric training jumping over a kun with two legs to the side, 2) The effect of the plyometric training jumping over a kun with two legs in a zig-zag manner, 3) Comparison of the plyometric exercise jumping over a kun with two legs sideways and in a zig-zag manner on leg muscle power for male students of class VIII A SMP Negeri 1 Rambah, Rokan Hulu Regency. This type of research is a quasi experiment. The population was all male students of class VIII A SMP Negeri 1 Rambah, Rokan Hulu Regency, totaling 12 people. The sampling technique used in this study was total sampling, namely the entire population of male students of class VIII A SMP Negeri 1 Rambah, Rokan Hulu Regency. The instrument used in collecting data was the Standing Broad Jump test. The data analysis technique used was the t-test, where 1) The effect of the plyometric training jumping over a kun with two legs to the side is 4.27, 2) The effect of the plyometric training jumping over a kun with two legs in a zigzag manner is 5.97, 3) Comparison plyometric exercise jumping kun with two legs to the side and zigzag the leg muscle power of male students class VIII A SMP Negeri 1 Rambah, Rokan Hulu Regency is 2.36 with t table is 1.81. So from the two exercises given there are significant differences.

Two novel color local descriptors for face recognition

This research paper introduces two novel color descriptors for Face Recognition (FR) called as Color ZigZag Binary Pattern (CZZBP) and Color Median Block ZigZag Binary Pattern (CMBZZBP). The pixels aligned in ZigZag manner are utilized for producing the feature size of both the proposed descriptors. For first proposed descriptor, the ZigZag features are extracted from 3 color components of the RGB color space format, which are concatenated to produce the entire feature size of the CZZBP descriptor. Specifically, on 3 color components i.e. R, G and B, the features are extracted by utilizing three different type of ZigZag binary patterns called as ZZBP1, ZZBP2 and ZZBP3. The ZZBP1 is applied on the R component, ZZBP2 is applied on the G component and ZZBP3 is applied on the B component. In the second proposed descriptor, the same concept is employed on medians computed from 9 different blocks of 9 × 9 pixel window, where each block size is 3 × 3. To produce compact feature size, PCA is employed and classification is performed by SVMs and NN. The 2 databases used for performance evaluation are GT and Faces94. Experiments reveals effectiveness of the proposed descriptors than compared descriptors. Among all descriptors, CMBZZBP is most impressive.

Copyright protection using KELM-PSO based multi-spectral image watermarking in DCT domain with local texture information based selection

Since many years, researchers have been developing techniques for copyright protection. This paper presents a novel approach for copyright protection of multi-spectral images using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) based watermarking technique. It begins with the selection of non-overlapping blocks of host image based on local texture information. Next, discrete cosine transform (DCT) is performed on these selected blocks, after which coefficients scanned in zig-zag manner are used to form the dataset for training and testing of KELM. KELM is applied as a regression model and predicts the output for given input vector. The watermark bits are then embedded into the output vector. PSO is a nature- inspired meta- heuristic technique used for optimization of scaling factors that control the strength of copyright logo bits being inserted into the original image. The promising results obtained by using this technique have been compared with other state-of-art approaches.

Carbon sequestration in the bio-edaphic ecosystem of National Highway-27 in Guwahati, Assam, India

Vehicular pollution in cities is engendering the need to enhance the sequestration of CO2 through bio-edaphic factors, such as trees and soil. Hence, this pioneering study aimed to analyze the interdependencies of the bio-edaphic ecosystem during carbon sequestration on a national highway in Guwahati, Assam, India. To quantify the tree carbon stock, soil physicochemical properties, soil nutrients, bulk density, organic carbon, and soil carbon stock, trees with diameters at breast height (dbh) ≥ 2 cm and soil samples from different depths (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–45 cm) were taken from six areas spread over 36 plots of equal size (2 × 10 m) arranged in a zig-zag manner. The studied parameters were compared among the different areas. It was found that the tree and soil carbon stock, along with soil nutrients, were greater in the Garchuk-Lokhra area (sample area-4). A significantly strong correlation was observed between the soil carbon stock and the above and below-ground biomass of trees (AGB, r = 0.865; BGB, r = 0.847), which indicated the co-dependencies of the bio-edaphic ecosystem in accumulating carbon. Peltophorum ferrugineum (Decne.) Benth is recommended for planting because it has emerged as a tolerant species and has the greatest carbon storage potential. The bio-edaphic ecosystem of the national highway is now on a carbon-friendly trajectory that follows the UNFCCC guidelines and the REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) strategy. However further research on carbon budgeting is required.

Sparse recovery based compressive sensing algorithms for diffuse optical tomography

The optical parameters of a tissue such as a highly turbid medium can be reconstructed by the diffuse optical tomography. It is well known that the inverse problem of DOT is nonlinear, unstable and ill posed due to the propagation of photons through the tissue in a zig-zag manner. Though conventional iterative methods have been employed to solve this problem, they seem to be unsuccessful, considering the complex geometries for study. Recently, the compressive sensing (CS) technique has emerged as recent trend in DOT because of its sparse reconstructions for biomedical applications. The main goal of this paper is to formulate the inverse problem as a single measurement vector (SMV) problem by employing the given CS framework. The greedy algorithms such as compressive sampling matching pursuit (CoSaMP), regularized orthogonal matching pursuit (ROMP), stagewise orthogonal matching pursuit (StOMP), and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) are extensively studied to reconstruct the 2D map of the absorption parameter change from the tissue boundary data. The conventional method such as least square technique is studied for comparison. The experimental validation of the greedy algorithms is done on a wax circular phantom through a DOT experimental setup. The performance metrics such as mean square error (MSE), structural similarity index (SSIM), and normalized mean square error (NMSE), are used to assess the performance of the DOT imaging in this paper. The extensive study of the simulation results confirm that the greedy algorithms specially, CoSaMP outperform the conventional methods in DOT.

Mechanism of Low Cycle Fatigue Damage for Nickel-Based Powder Superalloy

In this paper, the in-situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study crack initiation and propagation during the fatigue process of nickel-based superalloys prepared by powder metallurgy at room temperature(RT) and high temperature(HT). It could be found that the crack initiation of alloy is mainly along the <111> direction of crystallographic orientation at room temperature, cracks are parallel, perpendicular, at an angle of 53° and 60°. Cracks initiated in the crystal propagate in zigzag manner at an angle to each other, the direction of growth is perpendicular to the direction of stress. The fatigue cycle required for crack initiation at the grain boundary is much lower than that in the crystal, and the crack propagation is much faster. At initial stage, cracks expand along the grain boundary to a certain extent and then propagate in a transgranular manner, the direction of which is approximately perpendicular to the stress direction. At high temperature, the fatigue crack initiation time is much longer than the room temperature, and the cycle times required for crack initiation at the same stress ratio are 15 times higher than that at room temperature. The time and length of fatigue crack propagation along the grain boundary are larger than those at room temperature, but the length of the transgranular expansion is slightly smaller.

Watching helical membrane proteins fold reveals a common N-to-C-terminal folding pathway.

To understand membrane protein biogenesis, we need to explore folding within a bilayer context. Here, we describe a single-molecule force microscopy technique that monitors the folding of helical membrane proteins in vesicle and bicelle environments. After completely unfolding the protein at high force, we lower the force to initiate folding while transmembrane helices are aligned in a zigzag manner within the bilayer, thereby imposing minimal constraints on folding. We used the approach to characterize the folding pathways of the Escherichia coli rhomboid protease GlpG and the human β2-adrenergic receptor. Despite their evolutionary distance, both proteins fold in a strict N-to-C-terminal fashion, accruing structures in units of helical hairpins. These common features suggest that integral helical membrane proteins have evolved to maximize their fitness with cotranslational folding.

Grid Partitioning For Anomaly Detection (Gpad) In High Density Distributed Environment For Mining Techniques

Anomaly detection is the most important task in data mining techniques. This helps to increase the scalability, accuracy and efficiency. During the extraction process, the outsource may damage their original data set and that will be defined as the intrusion. To avoid the intrusion and maintain the anomaly detection in a high densely populated environment is another difficult task. For that purpose, Grid Partitioning for Anomaly Detection (GPAD) has been proposed for high density environment. This technique will detect the outlier using the grid partitioning approach and density based outlier detection scheme. Initially, all the data sets will be split in the grid format. Allocate the equal amount of data points to each grid. Compare the density of each grid to their neighbor grid in a zigzag manner. Based on the response, lesser density grid will be detected as outlier function as well as that grid will be eliminated. This proposed Grid Partitioning for Anomaly Detection (GPAD) has reduced the complexity and increases the accuracy and these will be proven in simulation part.

The softwood fracture mechanisms at the scales of the growth ring and cell wall under bend loading

The mechanism of wood fracture under bend loading is significant both for understanding wooden structural member failure and for predicting the strength of wooden structural members. This paper uses an in situ three-point bending test and atomic force microscopy to understand softwood bend fracture initiation and crack propagation at the scales of the growth ring and individual cells. The results revealed that the initial fracture crack occurred in the outermost layer of the tensile portion, which was related to the orientation of the wood rays, and then, the crack propagated in a zigzag manner. For the tangential loading fracture specimens, the latewood (LW) fracture types from the tensile part to the neutral layer were primarily intrawall in the S1/S2 interface, transverse transwall and longitudinal transwall, and the earlywood (EW) fracture type was longitudinal transwall. For the radially loaded specimens, the fracture types of LW tracheids of the tensile part were mainly transverse and longitudinal transwall. Additionally, the fracture type of the EW tracheids from the tensile part to the neutral layer was transverse transwall breakage.

Wave interaction with multiple slotted barriers inside harbour: Physical and numerical modelling

Effective design of ports, harbours, and marinas is a major challenge due to the utilization of available space, material involvement, and capital investment. One of the major aspects of the design is the construction of cost-effective breakwater for the creation of a tranquillity zone and an increase in the usable area within the harbour. In the present study, the interaction of regular waves with such barriers with the impermeable back wall is investigated experimentally and a numerical model based on the direct iterative boundary element method is validated. In numerical modelling, a quadratic pressure drop is considered for the slotted walls for wave past the porous barriers to account for the effect of wave height on energy dissipation. Effects of wave height, wave period, porosity and the number of walls on the reflection coefficient are investigated. The study reveals that a number of optima are one less than the number of slotted barriers which occurs alternately and the number of minima is always one more than the number of maxima. It is found that the reflection from the slotted wall barrier reduces with an increase in the number of slotted walls, especially for longwave conditions and for porosity greater than 30%. Whilst for porosity less than 30%, adding more number of slotted walls do not contribute to a reduction in wave reflections. An array of slotted vertical barrier arranged in a zigzag manner is found to be an effective mechanism for enhancing the wave energy dissipation, more space creation and a significant reduction in material requirement and easy installation procedure.

High Capacity Steganography Protected using Shamir’s Threshold Scheme and Permutation Framework

This paper presents a framework that conceal large volume of secret information using distributed file system that permit implantation of decomposed secret images across multiple-cover images. The strong security is imposed utilizing Shamir’s threshold scheme and permutation generator framework. Three layers of security is being applied to protect the secret information, in first, secret image is decomposed into equal size of smaller sub-images and generate a framework of permutations from an integer for distributing and reassembling the circulated broken secret sub images among the intended participants. At the time of embedding purpose of permutation generator is to arrange the sub-images in unknown order for outsider. During the discloser stage only inverse of permutation can rearrange the distributed sub-images to reassemble into original image by authorized contributors. In second, Shamir’s threshold scheme is designed for authentication of shared associated stego-cover images before starting the extraction process. This process provides an extremely secured construction of shared secret information. In third, image is divided in 2x2 blocks of pixels and traverses it in zig-zag manner; the pixel value difference is computed for all Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) components between non-overlapping pixels of selected diagonal path with in targeted block. Secret bits are concealed inside RGB color pixels of cover image by utilizing proposed novel pixel-value differencing (PVD) scheme, furthermore varying embedding capacity may be obtained by controlling the selection of number of 2x2 block. Exploratory result displays that the proposed approach provides productive algorithms in term multilayer unbreakable security and higher payload of embedded information.

Management and population fluctuation of cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Cassava is one of the main foods in Brazil, playing a key role in the diet of several communities. In the Central-Southern region of Brazil, several pests are associated with cassava, among which the cassava mealybug stands out due to its high potential for damage. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the population dynamics and the effect of pruning and different cassava management on the developmental stages of mealybug, Phenacoccus. manihoti. The experiment was conducted in Santa Monica, PR, with ‘Cauiá’ cultivar, involving a randomized complete block design with four replications and six treatments: 1) No pruning: intact plants, 2) Pruning soil: pruned close to the soil without plant material, 3) Pruning at 15 cm: conventional pruning at 15 cm of the soil with vegetative material, 4) Pruning + branches: conventional pruning, with the middle portion of the plant in the plot and removal of the apical region of the plant, 5) Pruning + apical: conventional pruning, with the removal of the middle portion of the plant and retaining the apical parts of the plant, and 6) Pruning - branches - apical: conventional pruning, with the removal of the middle and apical portions of the plant. After 7-days of pruning, the number of eggs, nymphs, and adults were counted, and the population variation was monitored at weekly interval for a month. For the insect count, four sites were randomly chosen in a zigzag manner within each plot and four plants were evaluated, totaling 16 plants per plot. Based on the counts, the percentage of plants with eggs, nymphs, and adults was calculated. The data of the variables were transformed by ?(x+5), subjected to analysis of variance and Scott Knot test (5%). The percentage of plants with egg mass and adults of P. manihoti was highest in plots that had no pruning. The pruning close to the soil combined with the removal of vegetative material resulted in plants with fewest eggs of P. manihoti. Removal of the apical region portion of the cassava plant reduced the number of P. manihoti nymphs and adults.

Microstructural evolution of single-crystal magnesium under elevated temperature and ultra-high strain rate

Despite numerous studies of the deformation behavior of magnesium (Mg), its microstructural evolution at different temperatures and strain rates remains largely unexplored. In this paper, the evolution of dislocations and amorphous regions in single-crystal Mg under compressive loading along the c-axis is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations, and temperature and strain-rate dependence of the microstructural evolution is revealed. At a strain rate of 107 s−1, the dislocations are low in density, and they slip and evolve unevenly as the strain in the single crystal increases. Consequently, the stress in the single crystal varies in a zigzag manner with increasing strain. The dislocation density is higher at strain rates of 108 s−1 and 109 s−1, resulting in relatively smooth deformation and stress–strain curves. At a strain rate of 1010 s−1, the amorphous regions achieve a very high fraction during deformation, contributing to softening and smoother deformation of the single crystal. The fraction of amorphous regions also increases with increasing temperature, which is an important cause of the temperature softening effect. Furthermore, the initiation of dislocations and amorphous regions is also studied at different strain rates and temperatures.

Morphological Evolution of S-Phase in 2024 Aluminum under Tensile Creep at 448-463 K

The morphological evolution behavior of S-phase in 2024 aluminum alloy under uniaxial tensile creep test at 448 and 463 K under 175, 200 and 225 MPa was studied in detail by HRTEM. Results showed that the S-phase was arranged in the zigzag manner, similar to a zebra pattern, under tensile stress at 448-463 K. And it maintained cubic structure, remarkably grew along the tension direction under uniaxial tensile stress, but grew minimally perpendicular to the stress direction. Compared with applied stress, the temperature had a greater effect on the growth of S-phase. The length of S-phase reached 100 ± 20 nm after testing for 24 h at 448 K under 200 MPa and 200 ± 50 nm after testing for 18 h at 463 K under 175 MPa. The S-phase not only grew significantly in length but also coarsened at 463 K, the lamellar structure becoming fuzzy, which caused the alloy to enter the tertiary creep stage, unsuitable for creep-aging forming.

Expression pattern of CUC3 ortholog in Zeylanidium tailichenoides (Podostemaceae) infers organization of a unique distichous shoot in Podostemoideae.

Shoots of the aquatic eudicot family, Podostemaceae, exhibit unusual organogenesis with mixed leaf and stem identities. New shoots arise at the base of the older shoot with shoot apical meristem (SAM) identity but the entire SAM differentiates into a "leaf" as it develops in the Podostemoideae subfamily. The "leaves" are tightly arranged in a zigzag manner to form an apparent distichous shoot as a whole. Although previous studies have suggested that Podostemoideae shoots have evolved by modifying the ancestral sympodial branching system in the basal Tristichoideae subfamily, this evolutionary scenario requires elucidation at the molecular level. To confirm that the shoots arise as axillary shoots, in the present study, we examined gene expression patterns in plumular shoots of Zeylanidium tailichenoides using CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 3 (CUC3) and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) orthologs, which are involved in the determination of axils and meristem formation in model plants. Expression of the CUC3 ortholog was detected at the adaxial base of cotyledons and parental shoots where the new shoots are initiated, while STM ortholog was expressed at the initiation site and in the young shoot primordia throughout early shoot development. The results demonstrate that each Z. tailichenoides shoot arises as an axillary bud in a manner similar to axillary meristem formation in model plants involving CUC3 and STM genes. Considering that each of the two cotyledons produces an axillary bud that in turn continues to form its own axillary bud independently, the apparent distichous shoot in Z.tailichenoides is not a single shoot, but a composite of two sympodially branched shoots.