Zhou Dynasty Research Articles

중산국(中山國) 고찰

Jungshan Kingdom is Sun-woo's successor. The reason for this is that you can see this by looking at the names given to them in the records of historical books. In other words, it was mixed with Baekjeok and Seonwoo in the early days of Chunchu, and Seonwoo and Jungsan in the late Chunchu, and Jungshan was called Jungshan in the Jeonguk Dynasty, and it is said that Jungshan was named because there was a mountain in Junginseong Fortress where Seonwoo moved to the capital.
 Seonwoo and Jungshan first appear in Jwagumyeong's “Jwajeon” in the librarian's record. This period corresponds to the beginning of Choonchoo in 774 BC. It continued for nearly 500 years until the fall of the Jungshan Kingdom by the Zhao Dynasty in 296 BC. And in the Warring States Period, Jungshan had strong national taxes enough to be called Jeongook8ung in an era. Nevertheless, historical records such as “Jwajeon”, “Gookeo” and “Jeonrookchaek”, “Sagee” were recorded in fragments, Therefore, research on this was insufficient, and even the research relied on estimation, but there were many irrational tendencies.
 However, in the 1970s, the excavation of relics in Seokgajang area allowed us to confirm the reality of Jungshan Kingdom, and scholars' interest increased, and since then, research has been conducted from various angles. The paper also described the background of the formation of Seonwoo and Jungshan Kingdom, the reality of the people, the location of Junghsan Kingdom, the rise and fall of Jungshan Kingdom, and until the Jungshan after the fall, I tried to approach and understand the reality of the middle mountain country with universality and rational description. A summary of the contents of this paper is as follows.
 The first is to find out who they are. In this regard, Yang Ok-seung, who denied the theory of being a descendant of the Zhou Dynasty, but insisted on the theory of Baekjeok, agreed and followed it. Regarding the reality of Hanjok and Dongijok, it helped to understand by publishing “Oje and Ha, Eun, Ju's Sijo Genealogy” by the Sagi Research Institute of the Hangaram Historical and Cultural Institute, which identified this.
 Second, where did you live? It is believed that Baekjeok established power in the current Seomseo and Naemongo areas north of Sanseo and entered the Sanseo and Habuk areas beyond the current Sakju and Anmungwan, and the period of movement was before 774 BC.
 Third, it is 'the varied fortunes of races.' of Jungshan Kingdom. From the study of Jungshanmungong to the time when the last monarch 'Sang' was conquered by King Muryeong of the Zhao Dynasty, Mugong settled in Go, and the twists and turns of Buchim continued, but at one time, the national tax was strong enough to win the title of the king.
 Fourth, after the fall of the Jungshan Kingdom, we looked at the path of the name Jungshan from the Qin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty. The name Jungshan was maintained as an administrative unit of Hangsan or Sangshan, but the name Jungshan was generally used.

The Art Form of Dragon Patterns on Jade Wares from the Tomb of the Marquis of Jin in Shanxi

The dragon patterns carved on the jade wares of the Marquis of Jin Dynasty are all extremely ingenious, with vivid shapes and exquisite patterns. It presents the magnificent jade culture of the Jin Dynasty in the Western Zhou Dynasty to the world, and provides valuable information for future generations to study the dragon patterns on the jade articles of the Zhou Dynasty.

Analysis of the Cultural Duality in Eastern Asia

For a long time, Confucian culture has been synonymous with Chinese culture and Eastern Asian culture. From a historical standpoint, most cultural heritages of Eastern Asia originated in China as one of the oldest civilizations on earth, so the two terms were often used interchangeably to reflect the dominant influences of Chinese cultures on the rest of Eastern Asia. While Confucian philosophy has made itself a single most iconic cultural symbol of Eastern Asia with its emphasis on etiquette and morality, the discussion of whether Confucianism closely represents the substance of Eastern Asian culture has rarely been evaluated with a particular historical context. Under the fundamental social transitions from aristocracy in the Zhou dynasty to a unified dictatorship in Qin Dynasty, Confucian thoughts themselves were challenged by other anti-Confucian ideologies that seek compatibility with the changing regimes. The most notable of them is a school of thought known as Legalism. As two completely split views, both Confucianism and Legalism have been deeply intertwined in the history of China and eventually integrated into the complex cultural identities of Eastern Asians. The causes and implications of the existence of such contrary duality in the cultures of early China and later Eastern Asia will be the topics of interest in the paper.

New insights into the subsistence strategies of the northwest frontier of the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BCE) through pottery lipid analysis

New insights into the subsistence strategies of the northwest frontier of the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BCE) through pottery lipid analysis

『叔夷鐘·鎛』 人稱代詞 用法에 대한 再考察

“Shuyi Zhong” unearthed in 1123 at Linzi, Shandong Province. It is one of the important instrument for Qi culture research. Although the significant progress on the study of the preserved inscription, 'liding' and 'tongjia' of the content still need further study. This paper organizes personal pronouns, conducts historical research on them and reinterprets the content of the inscription by judging the positions in the sentences. There is a high possibility that the character of “Nai(乃)”was used as “Shi(尸)”by mistake, The five uses of the word “Nai(乃)” in the Jinwen of the Western Zhou Dynasty need to be further studied, as well as those in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The use of Jinwen in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty also needs to be re-examined.
 According to previous literature, the character of ‘nai’ appeared in Jinwen of Easten Zhou more than 130 times as adjective, and 5 times as the subject in sentences. This study revealed that ‘nai’ was not used as the subject in a sentence in Jinwen of Westen zhou.

A Study of The Chemical Composition of Glass Based on Regression Analysis

With the continuous archaeological excavations, ancient glass objects have been unearthed in various parts of China, ranging from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, providing a wealth of physical objects for the study of ancient Chinese glass, which has attracted the general attention of scholars at home and abroad. The study of the chemical composition of ancient glass is one of the most important aspects of ancient glass research. In this paper, a suitable classification model is established from the cluster analysis model to provide the correct classification of glass weathering caused by the external environment. This paper will analyze the relationship between weathering and glass type, decoration, and color. Combined with the type of glass, the statistical law of chemical composition content on the surface of cultural relics is analyzed and described, and the change law between the content of each component and the weathering degree is quantitatively reflected through regression. Based on the data of weathering point detection, inference will be made to predict the chemical composition content before weathering.

The dissemination of Chinese potash-rich faience: investigation of faience beads from the Wupu cemetery, Xinjiang

The Wupu cemetery, located in the Yizhou District, Hami City, Xinjiang Province, and in the eastern part of the southern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains, is remains from the late Bronze Age. In this study, four faience beads excavated from the Wupu cemetery were examined by stereomicroscopy, synchrotron radiation micro-CT, and electron microprobe analysis. The appearance and compositions of these faience beads are presented and discussed. The results show that these tubular faience beads, glazed by the application glazing method, are all potash-rich faience, consistent with the faience produced locally in China. The faience products from the Central Plains were disseminated to the Hami region of Xinjiang Province during the Western Zhou dynasty (1046 BC–771 BC), reflecting the spread of such faience to the west with the Zhou people mastering the technique of making potash-rich faience.

Preliminary Scientific Study of Some Copper Objects Excavated from the Xiao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty

Preliminary Scientific Study of Some Copper Objects Excavated from the Xiao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty

The impacts of bronze age in the gene pool of Chinese: Insights from phylogeographics of Y-chromosomal haplogroup N1a2a-F1101.

Objectives: Previous studies of archaeology and history suggested that the rise and prosperity of Bronze Age culture in East Asia had made essential contribution to the formation of early state and civilization in this region. However, the impacts in perspective of genetics remain ambiguous. Previous genetic researches indicated the Y-chromosome Q1a1a-M120 and N1a2a-F1101 may be the two most important paternal lineages among the Bronze Age people in ancient northwest China. Here, we investigated the 9,000-years history of haplogroup N1a2a-F1101 with revised phylogenetic tree and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, 229 sequences of N1a2a-F1101 were analyzed. We developed a highly-revised phylogenetic tree with age estimates for N1a2a-F1101. In addition, we also explored the geographical distribution of sub-lineages of N1a2a-F1101, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted for each sub-branch. Results: The initial differentiation location of N1a2a-F1101 and its most closely related branch, N1a2b-P43, a major lineage of Uralic-speaking populations in northern Eurasia, is likely the west part of northeast China. After ~4 thousand years of bottleneck effect period, haplgroup N1a2a-F1101 experienced continuous expansion during the Chalcolithic age (~ 4.5 kya to 4 kya) and Bronze age (~ 4 kya to 2.5 kya) in northern China. Ancient DNA evidence supported that this haplogroup is the lineage of ruling family of Zhou Dynasty (~ 3 kya-2.2 kya) of ancient China. Discussion: In general, we proposed that the Bronze Age people in the border area between the eastern Eurasian steppe and northern China not only played a key role in promoting the early state and civilization of China, but also left significant traces in the gene pool of Chinese people.

Преемственность поколений, магия и институт власти в истории раннего Китая

It is foreseen that the emergence of culture has been a key factor in human evo­lutionary success. However, the richness of cultural forms and significant differ­ences between national cultures complicates the demarcation of cultural prac­tices and natural behavior. This leads to a blurring of the concept of culture and makes possible speculations on the concept of human nature under the slogans of returning to the natural state of human beings and canceling artificial restric­tions. Therefore, a clear understanding of the evolutionary continuity of the hu­man species along with the demarcation of human consciousness and self-iden­tity from their evolutionary predecessors is needed. The authors of this article continue the interdisciplinary study of consciousness and combine it with data from anthropology, history, and philosophy of the Chinese culture, which has been able to maintain uninterrupted continuity for more than three millennia. The most ancient magical practices of the Shang dynasty demonstrate a direct connection with some forms of prehistoric behavior, in which one should look for the foundations of the culture. Merging magic and state institutions under the leadership of the Shang clan caused the transformation of a mystical worldview into a system of more abstract philosophical concepts. The consequent develop­ment of this system in classical canons of the Zhou dynasty became the basis for the formation of the philosophy of the Changes, which reflects the most fun­damental principles of the Chinese culture. This research allows us to con­sider the historical development of culture on a concrete example and question the essence and future of human development.

Tipologiya form nadpisej na drevnih bronzovyh predmetah

This article provides relevant evidence for the dating of bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty through typological analysis of the form of inscriptions on ancient bronze objects using the method of archaeological typology.

British Formalist Aesthetics and Its Literary Writing Practice

British Formalist Aesthetics and Its Literary Writing Practice

Artistic Characteristics of Moire in Qin ind Han Tiles: A Review

This topic from the eaves tiles in China, building tile, floor tile and pantile two kinds, its production method is to use mud first article against similar ceramic pipe cylindrical billet plate, and then cut in half, as two and a half round Jane watts, if cut into three parts, namely become floor tile after they were made, on Jane watts front end then modelled or half-round eaves tiles .This kind of firing of simple tiles and slat tiles originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and was unearthed in large number in the ruins of the Western Zhou Palace in Fufeng Qishan, Shaanxi Province. The issue here is that is it reflects the great creation of the ancient Chinese labouring people in building pottery, and created the first building with tile roof. The objective is to understand the phenomenon underlaying with regard to this topic. For methodology part, we have made a case example based on Moire in Qin and Han Tiles and carried out comprehensive reviews from the existing reading materials. In conclusion, from the following relationship of the main line: art and science and technology, art is romantic, perceptual, moving, exciting technology is rational, rigid and meticulous combination of the two research, the result is bound to be greater than or equal to the sum of the two Secondly, the classical traditional patterns and modern fashion patterns of the comparative study, the use of predecessors' artistic achievements, for our today's design inspiration to increase the creation of elements.

Case study of a special burial resulting from obstetric death at the Sanbulijia site, Shandong Province, China

AbstractMany young women were believed to die due to pregnancy and childbirth in the past, yet few cases of pregnant female burials have been reported in bioarcheological literature. Therefore, this paper reports the burial of an adult female (H49‐1) and her infant (H49‐2), who were buried together in an early Western Zhou pit at the Sanbulijia site, Jiaodong Peninsula, Shandong Province, China. It is the first reported case of obstetric death in thePre‐Qin Period in Shandong Province. The mother–child relationship was proved by ancient DNA evidence and archeological context. The infant's remains were placed between the adult's lower legs. Skeletal histological evidence suggests that the infant died during or shortly after childbirth. Sacroiliac fusion of individual H49‐1 may have resulted in dystocia. Furthermore, a special postmortem burial ritual—pit burial, was carried out for both the infant and the mother. H49 is the first Zhou Dynasty pit burial (multiple burial) with an exact radiocarbon date in the Shandong Peninsula. The case under review suggests that both the adult and the infant may have died due to special events, which may be related to obstetric death.

Study on the yellow beads in the jade pendant set (组玉佩) of the Western Zhou Dynasty: Fluorite beads from M2 in Dahekou cemetery, Yicheng County, Southern Shanxi

The use of jade ritual objects had been an important component of the ‘ritual reform’ throughout the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771BC), featuring stringed jade ornaments made of beads of various colors. The colors of these ornaments include white, black, red, yellow, green and blue, among which both of red and yellow materials are previously considered agate or carnelian. However, in this study, various analytical techniques were applied to the stringed ornaments unearthed from M2 in Dahekou cemetery, Yicheng County, Shanxi Province. The results show that 67 yellow beads that form necklaces, stringed ornaments with arc-shaped pendants (huang)(多璜联珠组玉佩) and stringed ornaments with a trapezoidal plaque (梯形牌联珠组玉佩) are in fact fluorite. Furthermore, published researches show that fluorite beads are commonly used in Wangji (王畿), the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty and adjacent area in modern central Shaanxi and southern Shanxi. However, the lack of evidence of fluorite ornaments in other parts of area influenced by Western Zhou Culture reflects a limited use of this material during Western Zhou Dynasty. It’s worth noting that in area where yellow agate, carnelian and faience were prevalent, fluorite beads were rarely found. Therefore, this paper suggests that the use of yellow fluorite may be related to substituting yellow material in response to the shortage of yellow agate.

The Rise of Zhou and Qin Dynasties and the Change of the Position of the Qian Diagram in the Eight Diagrams

Compared Wen Wang eight diagrams with Fuxi eight diagrams, the position of the Qian (heaven) hexagrams shifted from due south to northwest, which was closely related to the early geographical environment and climate change in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent. In the pre-Qin period, the migration and conflict of ethnic groups were mostly caused from the northwest region. The western Zhou dynasty and the Qin empire both rose from the northwest region of China and became the decisive force influencing the historical process of China. People summarize the history and refine historical events into eight diagrams. The thought of “heaven’s way in the northwest” is the main reason for the change of the position of the hexagrams.

A commoner with advanced surgery: A bioarcheological study of a trepanation case with special reference to the medical care system during the Western Zhou Dynasty of China (1045 – 771 BCE)

Therapeutic craniotomy is a kind of artificial trepanation used for treating head injuries. In this study, a skull with signs of trauma and trepanation from a young adult female who lived 3000 years ago was analyzed in the context of medical care systems during the time. In the Western Zhou Dynasty (1045–771 BCE), a policy of benevolence and a healthcare system for commoners was practiced. In the skull, there were signs of blunt force trauma on the left temporal bone that induced a depression fracture and possibly an intracranial hematoma. It is believed that an artificial craniotomy was applied as a post-trauma procedure; the trepanation was a therapeutic method to treat the head injury. Signs of healing at the fracture area and the trepanation site suggest that the patient survived both the assault and the craniotomy. This successful case of advanced neurosurgery goes beyond confirming the antiquity of artificial craniotomy as a therapeutic procedure for head injuries. It also provides bioarcheological evidence of medical systems within ancient China; this study corroborates with written records of institutional efforts to have assigned medical resources for common citizens during the Zhou Dynasty of China.

Opere pittoriche dei contadini di ansai: eredità della cultura primitiva cinese e della filosofia primitiva

Abstract: Chinese primitive philosophy, as the unity of cosmological ontology, epistemology and methodology of the Chinese philosophical system, is a complete and mature philosophical system formed in the late primitive society as early as before the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It is also the unity of the concept of Yin and Yang and constant life that is sublimated from the human-beings’ basic cultural consciousness: life consciousness and reproduction consciousness. The Chinese primitive culture, from the painted pottery culture 7,000 years ago to today, from the underground archaeological culture to the group culture on the ground, is a plastic art based on the concept of viewing objects and taking images. It is a broad concept of fine arts that determines the philosophical view, artistic view, emotional temperament, psychological quality and national spirit of the Chinese nation. The most primitive culture and primitive philosophy in China have been preserved with extremely rich and complete historical remains in the group’s cultural and social life. It is for this reason that China is the only country with an ancient history of civilization that has not experienced a cultural break. The primitive culture and philosophical system of China, as the philosophical basis and main connotation of ethnic group culture, are completely accumulated in the ethnic groups’ social life. Folk art, which has accumulated the hundreds of millions of working masses’ wisdom in China, is the mother of the Chinese national culture and art that has been inherited from primitive society until today with distinct national and regional characteristics. It is a long-standing cultural form with the longest history, the widest mass participation, the most distinct regional characteristics and the richest cultural connotation in the Chinese national cultural form. The rapid development of the times makes the traditional folk customs and folk arts, which are generally deposited in the rural areas of China, become precarious. As a result, the research advantages of the unique human culture and the original culture of China will cease to exist. Therefore, it is an urgent historical task to make use of this advantage to study the original culture of China and the philosophical genes of the Chinese nation. Protection is imminent, and inheritance is the historical mission, which highlights the deeper significance of studying primitive culture and primitive philosophy in modern society.

Historical evolution and characteristics analysis of the judicial officer responsibility system in ancient China

China’s history has been developed for five thousand years, although it is not the exact development time, but the profound cultural deposits and historical process, explain the cultural connotation of China. The judicial responsibility system in ancient China is a part of the development of Chinese history, and can be traced back to the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. After the change of dynasties, the judicial responsibility system has been constantly improved, and a more comprehensive judicial responsibility system in line with socialism with Chinese characteristics has been formed. Therefore, this paper summarizes the meaning of the judicial responsibility system in ancient China, focuses on the development of the judicial responsibility system in various dynasties, and summarizes the characteristics of the judicial responsibility system in ancient China.

The Representation of Mountains in Han Portraits

The patterns and characteristics of mountains have appeared in portraits since the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The patterns of mountains in the Han dynasty depicted the real world, expressed reverence and belief in the immortal realm and were in a transitional stage of aesthetic consciousness in the metaphysics of mountains and forests. The mountains in the realistic landscape reflect life and aesthetically reflect the ideal schema of heaven and earth. Ritual symbols use fixed patterns of mountains, hunting, and war to depict the rituals of offering sacrifices to the heavens and mountains, as well as the bestowal of divine orders and mountain sacrifices. Famous mountains and rivers were the places where immortals lived in the popular imagination of the Han Dynasty. The belief in “immortality” formed two major mythological systems in the east and west, represented by the “Kunlun Mountains” and the “Three Mountains on the Sea,” which gave rise to a series of mountain patterns associated with each mythological system. In the context of etiquette and symbolism, the Han Dynasty depiction of mountain patterns developed into diversified forms, reflecting the traditional Chinese natural aesthetic approach in which “landscape painting expresses the artistic conception of the Tao through formal beauty.”