Zero Time Research Articles

Gas Exchanges and Dehydration in Different Intensities of Conditioning in Tifton 85 Bermudagrass: Nutritional Value during Hay Storage.

The present study aimed at evaluating the intensity of Tifton 85 conditioning using a mower conditioner with free-swinging flail fingers and storage times on dehydration curve, fungi presence, nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay dry matter (DM). The dehydration curve was determined in the whole plant for ten times until the baling. The zero time corresponded to the plant before cutting, which occurred at 11:00 and the other collections were carried out at 8:00, 10:00, 14:00, and 16:00. The experimental design was randomised blocks with two intensities of conditioning (high and low) and ten sampling times, with five replications. The high and low intensities related to adjusting the deflector plate of the free iron fingers (8 and 18 cm). In order to determine gas exchanges during Tifton 85 bermudagrass dehydration, there were evaluations of mature leaves, which were placed in the upper middle third of each branch before the cutting, at every hour for 4 hours. A portable gas analyser was used by an infrared IRGA (6400xt). The analysed variables were photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration (T), water use efficiency (WUE), and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi). In the second part of this study, the nutritional value of Tifton 85 hay was evaluated, so randomised blocks were designed in a split plot through time, with two treatments placed in the following plots: high and low intensity of cutting and five different time points as subplots: cutting (additional treatment), baling and after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. Subsequently, fungi that were in green plants as well as hay were determined and samples were collected from the grass at the cutting period, during baling, and after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. It was observed that Tifton 85 bermudagrass dehydration occurred within 49 hours, so this was considered the best time for drying hay. Gas exchanges were more intense before cutting, although after cutting they decreased until ceasing within 4 hours. The lowest values of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen were obtained with low conditioning intensity after 30 days of storage, 64.8 g/kg DM. The in vitro dry matter of Tifton 85 bermudagrass did not differ among the storage times or the conditioning intensities. There was no fungi present in the samples collected during the storage period up to 90 days after dehydration, with less than 30 colony forming units found on plate counting. The use of mower conditioners in different intensities of injury did not speed up the dehydration time of Tifton 85.

A jump-type SDE approach to real-valued self-similar Markov processes

In his 1972 paper, John Lamperti characterized all positive self-similar Markov processes as time-changes of exponentials of Lévy processes. In the past decade the problem of representing all non-negative self-similar Markov processes that do not necessarily have zero as a trap has been solved gradually via connections to ladder height processes and excursion theory. Motivated by a recent article of Chaumont, Panti, and Rivero, we represent via jump-type SDEs the symmetric real-valued self-similar Markov processes that only decrease the absolute value by jumps and leave zero continuously. Our construction of these self-similar processes involves a pseudo excursion construction and singular stochastic calculus arguments ensuring that solutions to the SDEs spend zero time at zero to avoid problems caused by a “bang-bang” drift.

THE TRANSITION REGION RESPONSE TO A CORONAL NANOFLARE: FORWARD MODELING AND OBSERVATIONS INSDO/AIA

The corona and transition region (TR) are fundamentally coupled through the processes of thermal conduction and mass exchange. It is not possible to understand one without the other. Yet the temperature-dependent emissions from the two locations behave quite differently in the aftermath of an impulsive heating event such as a nanoflare. Whereas the corona cools sequentially, emitting first at higher temperatures and then at lower temperatures, the TR is multithermal and the emission at all temperatures responds in unison. We have previously applied the automated time lag technique of Viall & Klimchuk to disk observations of an active region (AR) made by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Lines of sight passing through plasma show clear evidence for post-nanoflare cooling, while lines of sight intersecting the TR footpoints of strands show zero time lag. In this paper, we use the EBTEL hydrodynamics code to demonstrate that this is precisely the expected behavior when the corona is heated by nanoflares. We also apply the time lag technique for the first time to off-limb observations of an AR. Since TR emission is not present above the limb, the occurrence of zero time lags is greatly diminished, supporting the conclusion that zero time lags measured on the disk are due to TR plasma. Lastly, we show that the coronal channels in AIA can be dominated by bright TR emission. When defined in a physically meaningful way, the TR reaches a temperature of roughly 60% the peak temperature in a flux tube. The TR resulting from impulsive heating can extend to 3 MK and higher, well within the range of the coronal AIA channels.

The Binding of S1A1-ADP to Skeletal Thin Filaments is Insensitive to the Presence of Covalently Bound Phosphate in Tropomyosin

Striated muscle tropomyosin is phosphorylated at a single site. Effects of this covalent modification include an increase in myosin activation by thin filaments (+Ca(II)) under steady state conditions (Vmax, 16 vs. 8 sec-1; ionic strength, ∼ 30 mM; T, 25 oC). Thin filaments were assembled using skeletal muscle troponin and alpha-tropomyosin (either unphosphorylated or phosphorylated). Each type of thin filament was mixed with varying concentrations of myosin-S1A1 (4uM F-actin; buffer, 5.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 10mM imidazole, 3mM MgADP, 1mM dithiothreitol, pH 7 plus 0.5mM EGTA or Ca(II)) and incubated at 4 oC for 1hr with 20uM myokinase inhibitor. The mixtures were then centrifuged for 30min at 150,000 x g at 25 oC. The unbound S1 was determined using a NH4/EDTA ATPase versus [myosin-S1A1] standard curve. The zero time samples showed no colour development, consistent with the absence of ATP. At a given pCa the isotherms obtained with each type of reconstituted thin filament are virtually superimposable (in terms of steepness and mid-point). The apparent binding constants range from 0.1 to 0.4 uM. Added Ca(II) strengthens affinity and EGTA weakens it. Pre-steady state experiments using double-mixing fluorescent stopped-flow are in progress to investigate further the effect of this modification.

Wavenumber spectra of oscillations of open star cluster models

A correlation and spectral analysis of the phase-space density oscillations and oscillations of absolute values of stellar velocities is performed for six open cluster models (for cluster model 1 different smoothing parameters e for force functions in equations of stellar motions is considered). The mutual correlation functions are computed for the fluctuations of phase-space density f and absolute values of stellar velocities v. The spatial Fourier transform of the correlation functions with zero time shift is used to compute the wavenumber spectra of the oscillations of f and v. The wavenumber spectrum of phase-space density oscillations has a more simple structure than the wavenumber spectrum of oscillations of absolute velocities v. The most powerful oscillations of f and v are located in the domain of small wavenumbers k (and large wavelengths λ > 0.91–1.25 pc) with homologous cluster oscillations contributing significantly to the mean power of oscillations of f and v. Recurrent oscillations of v at equally spaced k are found in five cluster models. The wavenumber spectra of oscillations of f and v for cluster model 1 are found to depend on e, and the corresponding dependences are analyzed. These wavenumber spectra are found to be appreciably less dependent on e than the frequency spectra of oscillations of f. An increase of e has a weaker effect on the wavenumber spectra of oscillations of f than on those of the oscillations of absolute velocity v. The slope of the wavenumber spectrum increases, on the average, with increasing e because of the change of the radial structure of the cluster model. Astrophysical applications of the results (the dissimilarity of our spectra from the Kolmogorov spectrum, discrete structure of the wavelength spectrum of oscillations of v in five cluster models, widths of the spectra of the most powerful oscillations of cluster models, estimates of cluster tidal radii, etc.) are discussed.

Dynamic Imbalance Analysis and Stability Control of Galloping Gait for a Passive Quadruped Robot.

Some imbalance and balance postures of a passive quadruped robot with a simplified mathematical model are studied. Through analyzing the influence of the touchdown angle of the rear leg on the posture of the trunk during the flight phase, the stability criterion is concluded: the closer are the two moments which are the zero time of the pitching angle and the peak time of the center of mass, the better is the stability of the trunk posture during the flight phase. Additionally, the validity of the stability criterion is verified for the cat, greyhound, lion, racehorse, basset hound, and giraffe. Furthermore, the stability criterion is also applicable when the center of the mass of body is shifted. Based on the stability criterion, the necessary and sufficient condition of the galloping stability for the quadruped robot is proposed to attain a controlled thrust. The control strategy is designed by an optimization dichotomy algorithm for seeking the zero point of the balance condition. Through the control results, it is demonstrated that the imbalance posture of the trunk could be stabilized by adjusting the stiffness of four legs.

EFFICACY OF AN EARLY INVASIVE STRATEGY FOLLOWING FIBRINOLYSIS IN ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN RELATION TO THE ANGIOGRAPHIC EXTENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

benefit as compared to mild therapeutic hypothermia by inhibiting multiple deleterious pathways. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the feasibility of cooling and maintaining comatose post-cardiac arrest patients with ROSC at a target temperature of 31 degrees Celsius over a 24 hour interval. The ability to achieve and maintain moderate therapeutic hypothermia (31 degrees Celsius) in a clinical setting has never been studied in post-cardiac arrest patients. METHODS: The University of Ottawa Heart Institute (UOHI) is currently conducting a randomized controlled therapeutic hypothermia trial, CAPITAL CHILL. Patients presenting with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, whose treatment includes therapeutic hypothermia, are randomly allocated to mild (34 degrees Celsius) or moderate (31 degrees Celsius) hypothermia through the use of an endovascular cooling device. We identified the first 20 patients who were randomized to 31 degrees Celsius. We examined the ability to achieve and maintain a target temperature of 31 degrees Celsius during a 24 hour interval. RESULTS: Between August 2013 and April 2014, we identified the first 20 consecutive patients randomized to 31 degrees Celsius: the mean age was 60 16 yr. A complete temperature dataset was available on 18 patients, however, out of these patients, 2 expired 12 and 16 hrs following randomization. The figure depicts the mean temperatures with standard deviations evaluated during a 24 hour period at the following time points; 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours. The zero time point was defined as the temperature at randomization.

Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil of Thymus dreatensis from Algeria

Thymus genus (Lamiaceae) has been found to possess significant biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, spasmolytic, antitussive, bronchiolitis, antifungal, sedative, and rubefaciant [1–16]. Twelve species are distributed in Algeria [7], nine of them endemic. In continuation of our works on Lamiaceae essential oils [8–11], we present here the essential oil composition and the antioxidant activity of the endemic species Thymus dreatensis Batt. Extraction. The hydrodistillation in a Clenvenger-type apparatus of the aerial parts of Thymus dreatensis yielded 2.1% of a pale yellowish oil. GC Analysis. GC analysis was performed on a Hewlett Packard 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with an FID and HP-5MS capillary column (bonded and cross-linked 5% phenylmethylpolysiloxane 30 m 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 m). Operating conditions were as follows: carrier gas He with a flow rate of 2 mL/min; column temperature 60–275 C at a rate of 4 C/min; injector temperature 280 C; injected volume 0.1 mL of the oil; split ratio 1:50. GC/MS Analysis. The oil was analyzed by GC/MS using a Hewlett Packard 6890 mass selective detector coupled with a Hewlett Packard 6890 gas chromatograph, equipped with a FID and HP-5MS capillary column (bonded and cross-linked 5% phenylmethylpolysiloxane 30 m 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 m), under the same conditions as GC (column, oven temperature, flow rate of carrier gas). The MS operating parameters were as follows: ionization potential 70 eV; ion source temperature 200 C; resolution 1000. Identification of Components. Essential oil components were identified based on their retention indices (determined with reference to a homologous series of normal alkanes) and by comparison of their mass spectral fragmentation patterns with those reported in the literature [12, 13] and with authentic compounds. Thirty-five components were identified, representing 97.4% of the total oil. The major constituents of the oil were thymol (28.1%), -terpinene (18.7%), thymyl methyl ether (10.9%), p-cymene (8.8%), and linalool (5.0%). Compared with our previously reported essential oils of T. ciliatus, T. fontanesii, and Thymus numidicus [1, 14–16] which were high-thymol chemotypes, it seems that the composition of the present essential oil is different. Nevertheless, -terpinene was also mainly found in T. fontanesii oil (15.9%) [14] (Table 1). Antioxidant Activity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the -carotene-linoleic acid test system [17, 18]. -Carotene (0.5 mg) in 1 mL chloroform was added to 25 L of linoleic acid and 200 mg of Tween 40 emulsifier mixture. After evaporation of chloroform under vacuum, 100 mL distilled water saturated with oxygen was added, followed by vigorous shaking. Then 4.0 mL of this mixture was transferred into different tubes containing different concentrations of the sample. As soon as the emulsion was added to each tube, the zero time absorbance was measured at 470 nm using a spectrophotometer. The emulsion system was incubated for 2 h at 50 C. A blank devoid of -carotene was prepared for background subtraction. Vitamin E was used as standard.

The Impact of Zero Time Biopsy On Graft Outcomes After Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation.

The Impact of Zero Time Biopsy On Graft Outcomes After Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation.

On the Traversal Time of Barriers

Fifty years ago Hartman studied the barrier transmission time of wave packets (J Appl Phys 33:3427–3433, 1962). He was inspired by the tunneling experiments across thin insulating layers at that time. For opaque barriers he calculated faster than light propagation and a transmission time independent of barrier length, which is called the Hartman effect. A faster than light (FTL or superluminal) wave packet velocity was deduced in analog tunneling experiments with microwaves and with infrared light thirty years later. Recently, the conjectured zero time of electron tunneling was claimed to have been observed in ionizing helium inside the barrier. The calculated and measured short tunneling time arises at the barrier front. This tunneling time was found to be universal for elastic fields as well as for electromagnetic fields. Remarkable is that the delay time is the same for the reflected and the transmitted waves in the case of symmetric barriers. Several theoretical physicists predicted this strange nature of the tunneling process. However, even with this background many members of the physics community do not accept a FTL signal velocity interpretation of the experimental tunneling results. Instead a luminal front velocity was calculated to explain the FTL experimental results frequently. However, Brillouin stated in his book on wave propagation and group velocity that the front velocity is given by the group velocity of wave packets in the case of physical signals, which have only finite frequency bandwidths. Some studies assumed barriers to be cavities and the observed tunneling time does represent the cavity lifetime. We are going to discus these continuing misleading interpretations, which are found in journals and in textbooks till today.

The role of some elicitors in inducing chilling stress resistance in apricot fruit

This study aimed to study the role of 2 mM salicylic acid and 0.2 mM methyl Jasmonic acid in reducing the chilling injuries on two different apricot varieties fruits (Bergarauge and Flavor cot). These treatments were applied for apricot fruit directly after harvest after measuring the zero time data. Then the fruit were stored at 1 oC for three weeks and were examined 7 day periodically, other group of fruit was stored at 1 oC for 15 days then transport to room temperature and examined after 4 and 8 days. The fruit samples were collected at each examination time, and the measurements containing the fruit firmness (Kg cm-2), chilling and decay index, membrane electrolyte leakage, total phenol content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase mechanism (PAL) activity. The results showed that there are no obvious differences between the tested varieties and the differences may back to genetic variations and they took the same trend for most of measurement after treated with SA and MJ. SA and/or MJ treated fruit achieved low percentage of fruit softening in comparison to water treated fruit. At the same time the chilling and decay index showed that the SA and/or MJ reduced the decay or breakdown symptoms in either tested varieties. The treated fruit with those elicitor help the fruit to keep about stable phenol content while water treated fruit lose the phenol content sharply at early storage and this stable level of phenol my because of the ability of those chemical to raise PAL activity in treated fruit.

웨이블릿 교차상관관계를 이용한 변형체 선박의 휘핑 응답 식별

Identification of the whipping response out of the combined wave-vibration response of a flexible sea going vessel is one of the most interesting research topic from ship designer's point of view. In order to achieve this goal, a novel methodology based on the wavelet cross-correlation technique was proposed in this paper. The cross-correlation of the wavelet power spectrum averaged across the frequency axis was introduced to check the similarity between the combined wave-vibration response and impulse response. The calculated cross-correlation of the wavelet power spectrum was normalized by the auto-correlation of the each spectrum with zero time lag, eventually providing the cross-correlation coefficient that stays between 0 and 1, precisely indicating the existence of the impulse response buried in the combined wave-vibration response. Additionally, the weight function was introduced while calculating the cross-correlation of the two spectrums in order to filter out the signal of lower frequency so that the accuracy of the similarity check becomes as high as possible. The validity of the proposed methodology was checked through the application to the artificially generated ideal combined wave-vibration signal, together with the more realistic signal obtained by running 3D hydroelasticity program WISH-Flex. The correspondence of the identified whipping instances between the results, one from the proposed method and the other from the calculated slamming modal force, was excellent.

Multi-mode resource availability cost problem with recruitment and release dates for resources

This paper investigates the multi-mode resource availability cost problem with recruitment and release dates for resources. This problem is a more realistic model and extended case of the resource availability cost problem. The project contains activities interrelated by finish–start precedence relations with zero time lags, which require a set of renewable resources. First, a mixed integer programming formulation is proposed for the problem. Then, simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is proposed to obtain a satisfying solution for this NP-hard problem. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through comprehensive experimentation based on 300 test problems. The results are analyzed and discussed.

A comparison of five hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for unrelated parallel-machine scheduling and inbound trucks sequencing in multi-door cross docking systems

The objective of this paper is to develop five hybrid metaheuristic algorithms, including three hybrid ant colony optimization (hACO) variants, and compare their performances in two related applications: unrelated parallel machine scheduling and inbound truck sequencing in a multi-door cross docking system in consideration of sequence dependent setup, and both zero and nonzero release time. The three hACO variants were modified and adapted from the existing literature and they differ mainly in how a solution is coded and decoded, how a pheromone matrix is represented, and the local search methods employed. The other two hybrids are newly constructed hybrid simulated annealing (hSA) algorithms, which are built based on the authors’ knowledge and experience. The evaluation criteria are computational time and the objective function value, i.e., makespan. Based on the results of computational experiments the simulated annealing-tabu search hybrid turns out to be the best if maximal CPU time is used as the stopping criterion and the 2-stage hACO variant is the best if maximal number of evaluations is the stopping criterion. The contributions of this paper are: (i) being the first to carry out a comparative study of hybrid metaheuristics for the two selected applications, (ii) being the first to consider nonzero truck arrival time in multi-door cross docking operations, (iii) identifying which hACO variant is the best among the three, and (iv) investigating the effect of release time on the makespan.

Comprehensive Cysteine-scanning Mutagenesis Reveals Claudin-2 Pore-lining Residues with Different Intrapore Locations

The first extracellular loop (ECL1) of claudins forms paracellular pores in the tight junction that determine ion permselectivity. We aimed to map the pore-lining residues of claudin-2 by comprehensive cysteine-scanning mutagenesis of ECL1. We screened 45 cysteine mutations within the ECL1 by expression in polyclonal Madin-Darby canine kidney II Tet-Off cells and found nine mutants that displayed a significant decrease of conductance after treatment with the thiol-reactive reagent 2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl methanethiosulfonate, indicating the location of candidate pore-lining residues. Next, we stably expressed these candidates in monoclonal Madin-Darby canine kidney I Tet-Off cells and exposed them to thiol-reactive reagents. The maximum degree of inhibition of conductance, size selectivity of degree of inhibition, and size dependence of the kinetics of reaction were used to deduce the location of residues within the pore. Our data support the following sequence of pore-lining residues located from the narrowest to the widest part of the pore: Ser(68), Ser(47), Thr(62)/Ile(66), Thr(56), Thr(32)/Gly(45), and Met(52). The paracellular pore appears to primarily be lined by polar side chains, as expected for a predominantly aqueous environment. Furthermore, our results strongly suggest the existence of a continuous sequence of residues in the ECL1 centered around Asp(65)-Ser(68) that form a major part of the lining of the pore.

Household and Personal Management. Being Part of the New Generation

Managing time and expenses is important for our rapidly-growing daily life. Paying utilities and service suppliers takes time and money. Managing personal expenses and incomes shows the balance generated by the property of active and passive objects. This paper presents an original solution for paying utilities with the help of a newly-conceived online method. This is a web–based method which may also be used on Android and IOS devices. Additionally, it is transparent to users and involves zero time used for payments and smaller commission costs when compared to other existing payment methods.Using recent statistics, the first part of this paper proves that lack of time, as well as stress on individuals is a real problem. There is also a lack of time in doing all kind of needed activities. The activities can be managed by an automated system presented in the last section of this paper. The system described allows individuals to handle non-urgent but important activities, which is the smarter alternative to manage time.

Decadal variations of Pacific North Equatorial Current bifurcation from multiple ocean products

AbstractIn this study, we examine the decadal variations of the Pacific North Equatorial Current (NEC) bifurcation latitude (NBL) averaged over upper 100 m and underlying dynamics over the past six decades using 11 ocean products, including seven kinds of ocean reanalyzes based on ocean data assimilation systems, two kinds of numerical simulations without assimilating observations and two kinds of objective analyzes based on in situ observations only. During the period of 1954–2007, the multiproduct mean of decadal NBL anomalies shows maxima around 1965/1966, 1980/1981, 1995/1996, and 2003/2004, and minima around 1958, 1971/1972, 1986/1987, and 2000/2001, respectively. The NBL decadal variations are related to the first Empirical Orthogonal Function mode of decadal anomalies of sea surface height (SSH) in the northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean, which shows spatially coherent variation over the whole region and explains most of the total variance. Further regression and composite analyzes indicate that northerly/southerly NBL corresponds to negative/positive SSH anomalies and cyclonic/anticyclonic gyre anomalies in the northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean. These decadal circulation variations and thus the decadal NBL variations are governed mostly by the first two vertical modes and attribute the most to the first baroclinic mode. The NBL decadal variation is highly positively correlated with the tropical Pacific decadal variability (TPDV) around the zero time lag. With a lead of about half the decadal cycle the NBL displays closer but negative relationship to TPDV in four ocean products, possibly manifesting the dynamical role of the circulation in the northwestern tropical Pacific in the phase‐shifting of TPDV.

Signatures of superconducting and pseudogap phases in ultrafast transient reflectivity of Ca(Fe0.927Co0.073)2As2

We present femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopic studies of a pseudogap (PG) along with the superconducting (SC) gap in an overdoped iron pnictide Ca(Fe0.927Co0.073)2As2. It is seen that the temperature evolution of the photo-excited quasiparticle (QP) relaxation dynamics, coherently excited A1g-symmetric optical phonon and two acoustic phonon dynamics behave anomalously in the vicinity of the superconducting transition temperature . A continuous change in the sign of the experimentally measured transient differential reflectivity signal at the zero time delay between the pump and probe pulses at a temperature of is inferred as an evidence of the emergence of the PG phase around that temperature. This behavior is independent of the pump photon energy and occurs for crystals without the spin density wave phase transition.

Protein Kinase C - Its Role in Protrusion Regulation

The PKCs comprise 12 isoforms, and their substrate-specificity is regulated in part by binding to receptors for C kinases (RACKs). Certain isoforms are activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which also affects shape and adhesion. Different cell types express different subsets of isoforms. In tracheal epithelial cells, the activation of beta and epsilon isoforms by PMA was followed by their degradation. We sought to determine whether such activation-degradation patterns affected protrusion formation or turnover. Cells were treated by transcriptional knockdown (KD) and the prevalence of each protrusion class was analyzed by computerized morphometry. Latent factors for filopodia (#4) and nascent neurites (#7) were calculated based on geometric variables determined for known populations. At zero time, factor #7 was elevated by alpha KD. Control samples, into which a random KD sequence had been introduced, showed an increase in neurites throughout the PMA exposure. During the time course, all KD samples differed from controls at one or more times. Epsilon KD followed by PMA drastically downregulated the isoform by 15 h and decreased #7 values relative to control. Alpha KD was similar suggesting that the early KD effect (increasing #7) was reversed later on. Beta KD cells resembled control at 15 h but alpha KD at the 5-h time. Filopodia were eliminated by a 2-h PMA exposure regardless of the KD agent introduced. Control samples remained depressed, but epsilon and alpha KD samples partially recovered by 5 h. Alpha KD declined again dramatically by 15 h. The time courses suggest that the main effects were exerted by the actin-binding PKC epsilon, but alpha, which is not actin-binding, could have similar effects. The data suggest that competitive binding on RACKs may be occurring, complicating the picture of kinase regulation of adhesion and protrusive activities.

Last zero time or maximum time of the winding number of Brownian motions

In this paper we consider the winding number, $\theta(s)$, of planar Brownian motion and study asymptotic behavior of the process of the maximum time, the time when $\theta(s)$ attains the maximum in the interval $0\le s \le t$. We find the limit law of its logarithm with a suitable normalization factor and the upper growth rate of the maximum time process itself. We also show that the process of the last zero time of $\theta(s)$ in $[0,t]$ has the same law as the maximum time process.