Zero Emission Research Articles

A Comparative Review of Post-Combustion Capture and Direct Air Capture of CO2

Mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions has been a subject of incredible urgency in recent years. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has emerged as a promising means of cutting emissions, with post-combustion capture and direct air capture (DAC) both gaining traction as methods of offsetting emissions from point sources and the ambient atmosphere. Each of these carbon capture methods rely on absorbent or adsorbent materials to function, whose properties can vastly impact capture performance. In this work, 14 materials are analyzed, with qualitative descriptions and performance data of each material based on existing review papers and representative case studies being presented. The review highlights limitations in the field in standardizing the reporting of experimental data, complicating the direct comparison of different materials’ efficacies. While no single CCS technology is found to be unequivocally superior, the promising performances of certain materials in earlier stages of development emphasize the importance of investing further in emerging post-combustion capture materials. This study concludes that CCS technologies are a necessary tool in ultimately reaching net zero emissions due to their role in neutralizing sectors resistant to decarbonization, but they should not be relied upon to substitute the transition to renewable energy, as the prevention of emissions should take priority over the abatement of emissions.

Perceptions of volume home builders and the transition to net zero emissions housing in Australia

ABSTRACT This study investigated the transition to net-zero emissions (NZE) homes within the Australian volume home-building sector. A group of 18 stakeholders, including volume builders, greenfield developers and industry experts, were engaged in research to identify key barriers and potential solutions for NZE home development and delivery. Initial findings, derived from a series of interviews, indicated strong support for government initiatives offering incentives and support for this transition to NZE homes. Interviewees expressed confidence in the ability of the volume home builder sector to meet the materials and skill requirements for the delivery of NZE homes. To validate these findings, a workshop involving an expanded group of 30 industry and government stakeholders, including the initial interviewees, was conducted. The outcomes from the workshop underscored the potential value of a government-led buyers’ group in assisting volume builders to transition towards NZE homes. The study identifies three critical factors (or requirements) for the success of government-supported industry intervention: customer appeal, commercial viability and alignment with policy objectives. The findings confirm that government intervention, such as forming buyers’ groups and implementing supporting policies, is essential in facilitating the shift to NZE homes in Australia.

Questioning Sustainable Environmental Policies and Practices in Indonesia: Would Durkheim’s Structural Functionalism Theory Have a Relevance?

Indonesia, as a signatory to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, is committed to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These commitments, outlined in Law Number 16 of 2016, include limiting global temperature rise, setting Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) targets, and developing a long-term strategy for net zero emissions by 2050. To meet these obligations, the Indonesian government has introduced Carbon Economic Value (CEV) policies through Presidential Regulation Number 98 of 2021. These policies aim to reduce GHG emissions by implementing carbon pricing mechanisms such as carbon trading, levies, and performance-based payments. However, the implementation of CEV policies has faced various reactions, including criticism and resistance. Despite these challenges, it's imperative not to hinder the policy's implementation, given its potential to drive significant societal and lifestyle changes towards a greener future. This study analyzes Indonesia's progress in reducing GHG emissions through CEV policies. Using normative legal research and qualitative analysis, it explores the positive impacts of these policies, including their alignment with structural functionalism theory. The study highlights that the implementation of CEV policies as an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia through carbon trading mechanisms, carbon taxes, and funding partnerships with developed countries aligns with structural functionalism theory according to Emile Durkheim. This is evidenced by the existence of a clear system (legal and governance) in implementing CEV policies, including regulators (Government), implementers (SOEs, private sector, and society), supervisors (UNFCCC), and program donors (World Bank, IMF), where each entity cooperates in an organized manner in accordance with the provisions of the Paris Agreement 2015 and Presidential Regulation 98 of 2021 continuously according to their respective tasks. This policy also brings about functional social change by promoting a harmonious balance to shift dependence away from fossil fuels towards more environmentally friendly Renewable Energy sources.

Carbon emission scenario analysis of data centers in China under the carbon neutrality target

The low-carbon transformation of data centers is of great significance to achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This study compared and analyzed the overall situation of data centers in China. Based on China's CO2 emission and intensity targets in key years, the four variables of energy efficiency improvement rate, nonfossil energy consumption proportion, negative emission technology intensity, and waste energy utilization rate were introduced, and a net zero emission path model of data centers was established. Using scenario analysis to predict the total CO2 emissions and emission intensity from 2021 to 2060, three emission reduction path scenarios were obtained. Results showed that the energy consumption of data centers increased gradually, the carbon emissions first increased and then decreased, and the power usage effectiveness (PUE) of the data centers decreased gradually. The carbon peak time of the three scenarios is 2030, and the time for carbon neutrality is 2055, 2053, and 2051 in three scenarios. The data center industry should further improve the energy efficiency utilization rate, increase the proportion of nonfossil energy consumption, strengthen the technological innovation of carbon capture and storage, enhance the level of carbon sink, and optimize the utilization rate of waste energy.

A Hybrid RANS/LES Model for Predicting the Aerodynamics of Small City Vehicles

Electric city vehicles are vital for reducing pollution in urban areas due to their zero emissions and high energy efficiency, significantly improving air quality and reducing the carbon footprint. This study investigates the aerodynamic behavior of simplified city vehicle models using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) turbulence model. The models are tested at speeds of 10 m/s, 15 m/s, and 20 m/s, with a grid independence study to ensure reliable results. ANSYS Fluent is used for the simulations, comparing the results from RANS and hybrid RANS/LES or DDES in terms of aerodynamic forces and flow patterns around the vehicle. Results show that the drag coefficient (Cd) decreases with increasing speed for both RANS and DDES models. At 10 m/s, the drag coefficients are 0.541 for RANS and 0.524 for DDES, a 3.14% reduction. At 15 m/s, the drag coefficients are 0.539 for RANS and 0.518 for DDES, a 3.89% reduction. At 20 m/s, the drag coefficients are 0.538 for RANS and 0.514 for DDES, a 4.46% reduction. Flow visualizations show that DDES simulations capture more detailed and complex flow structures, particularly in the wake region, compared to the smoother RANS patterns. These findings are essential guidelines for optimizing vehicle design to enhance aerodynamic performance and contribute to the development of more efficient, environmentally friendly urban transportation solutions.

Sustainable ocean development policies in Indonesia: paving the pathways towards a maritime destiny

Maritime countries, including Indonesia, have indicated their interest in developing a national ocean policy and blue economy plan to boost economic growth while promoting sustainability in and from oceanic activities. In 2017, the Government of Indonesia published the Indonesian Ocean Policy (IOP), the first of its kind since independence, and subsequently developed a series of blue economy documents as an integral part of its national development agenda whilst also indicating its support for the global sustainability objectives stipulated in the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, development obstacles such as: declining ocean health; climate crises; fragmented ocean management; inadequate infrastructure and technology; limited data support; low sustainable investment; and the blurred definition of the blue economy, pose risks to successful outcomes of sustainable ocean development in Indonesia. When unaddressed, these challenges can inhibit the policy’s effectiveness in delivering its intended outcomes. This qualitative study explores Indonesia’s interests in sustainable ocean development and how it pursues them while advancing economic objectives and commitments towards SDGs and net zero emission targets. The study finds that maintaining ocean health and ensuring sustainable use of ocean resources are Indonesia’s most vital interests for sustainable ocean development. The national ocean policy and the blue economy have been employed as two successive and simultaneous avenues to pursue Indonesia’s maritime interests. Unfortunately, to date, both approaches have yet to obtain maturity and ocean affairs are overshadowed by other national development priorities. By focusing on ocean governance and its development in the contemporary context, this article sheds light on the important role of policymaking in modern-day ocean governance. A cautious approach to policy design is crucial to avoid common pitfalls in sustainable ocean development, such as weak implementation strategies and the consequent failure to meet core sustainability objectives.

Research on a zero water consumption operation model and feasibility for office buildings

ABSTRACT According to Taiwan's government policy on net zero emissions by 2050, building designs are moving toward zero energy and zero water consumption to achieve these challenge goals. Among these goals, establishing an independent water cycle within building systems is a primary objective. The present study examined office buildings as the research subject due to their crucial water usage characteristics, which can serve as a reference for other building types. We developed a water-use estimation model by conducting a literature review and data collection from existing green office building cases in Taiwan. The methods involved calculating the median annual water consumption per unit building area and discussing the current water-saving design status and water-saving rate. The findings indicate a median water-saving rate of 53%, which is far short of the goal of achieving a zero water building. This finding is primarily attributed to the infrequent use of water compensation in building designs. The feasibility of a zero water building is validated and determines its crucial operation. Consequently, design engineers can employ this methodology to compute water conservation rates for their designs, aiming for the construction of a zero water consumption building.

Understanding the Effect of Climate Risk on Banking Business—A Panel Data Analysis of Indian Firms

The enormous phenomenon of climate change, which is affecting many organisations of different sectors today, has a special impact on the financial sector in terms of credit risk. Awareness and action on environmental, social and governance (ESG) goals and climate change impacts have been rapidly increasing worldwide. In this article, we present a firm-level panel data analysis to link ESG ratings and CO2 emissions with the default risk and solvency position of selected companies. We perform various univariate and multivariate analyses on selected top Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) top 200 companies that have disclosures in Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) reports over 5 years (2017–2021). We find strong empirical evidence that a firm’s risk of default is linked to its environmental performance along with the level of carbon emission. Our findings will enable banks to establish a linkage between credit risk and climate change risk. This will assist banks as well as policymakers to adjust borrower-level ratings and align their lending and investments with net zero emissions. JEL Codes: G32, G33, Q2, Q5

GIS-Based Optimal Siting of Offshore Wind Farms to Support Zero-Emission Ferry Routes

To achieve net zero emissions from ships by 2050 and align with the IMO 2023 GHG strategy, the maritime industry must significantly increase zero-emission vessels by 2030. Transitioning to fully electric ferry lines requires enhanced energy supply through renewable energy sources (RES) for complete GHG mitigation and net-zero emissions. This study presents a GIS-based framework for optimally selecting offshore wind farm locations to meet the energy demands of electric ferry operations along coastal routes. The framework involves two stages: designing feasible zero-emission ferry routes between islands or to the mainland and identifying optimal offshore wind farm sites by evaluating technical, spatial, economic, social, and environmental criteria based on national legislation and the academic literature. The aim is to create a flexible framework to support decision making for establishing sustainable electric ferry operations at a regional level, backed by strategically located offshore wind farms. The study applies this framework to the Greek Coastal Shipping Network, focusing on areas with potential for future electrification. The findings can aid policymakers in utilizing spatial decision support systems (SDSS) to enhance efficient transportation and develop sustainable island communities.

Identification of Factors Affecting Net Zero Emission Level in Indonesia

Amid the rising risks of fossil fuel prices and uncertainties about the global energy supply, countries worldwide have the opportunity to strengthen the development of clean energy investments. This study analyzes the impact of economic growth and other variables, such as fossil fuel consumption, renewable electricity generation, and low-carbon energy use, on carbon dioxide emissions in Indonesia over the past 58 years, from 1965 to 2022. The analysis compares the findings with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using quadratic equations and cubic equations through the stepwise application of ordinary least square (OLS) methods. Projections suggest that this relationship could follow the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis with an inverted U-shape as GDP per capita increases, CO2 emissions per capita rise until reaching a turning point at $12,440 GDP per capita, after which CO2 emissions per capita potentially decrease with further GDP growth. The EKC is a theoretical framework that suggests that environmental degradation initially increases with economic growth, but it starts to decrease beyond a certain point. The analysis also shows that projections could follow an N-curve when variables such as fossil fuel consumption and low-carbon energy influence the NZE level. This indicates that Indonesia still needs to consider energy security in the short and medium term while advancing sustainable energy initiatives. There is also a need for support in research and development of environmentally friendly technologies to reduce emissions alongside national economic growth.

On the Way to Net Zero Emissions. Can Environmental Tax be the Game Changer? The Vise Grad Group Evidence

Today, protecting the environment is a top issue for global policy. In essence, the literature has identified several macroeconomic problems as factors in environmental deterioration. The purpose of the investigation was to explore environmental deterioration (EVD) and energy consumption (ENC) by Vise grad regions. Environmental taxes (ENTX) and carbon taxes have been proving to be a significant factor in carbon mitigation. The analysis was carried out for the period 1994-2021, employing the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS). The empirical evaluation indicates that ENC had a positive while ENTX had a negative nexus with EVD for the Vise grad nations. Similarly, the moderating role of ENTX*ENC – EVD exhibited an inverse affiliation. In the long run, the dependence on non-renewable energy appreciates EVD. However, effective policy implementation of ENTX will lead to quality of the environment. The empirical results have shown that ENTX can be employed to control the demand and utilization of coal, gas, and nuclear in the Vise grad regions. This research offers policymakers and government organizations in these areas a reference point for their investments in more eco-friendly technology, human capital, urbanization, trade openness, and appropriate environmental levies to demonstrate the quality of the environment.

Optimization techniques for the design of crescent-shaped hard sails for wind-assisted ship propulsion

Wind-assisted ship propulsion is one of the most promising technologies to achieve net zero emission in ship operations by 2050 due to its reliance on a fully renewable energy source. Hard sails with crescent profiles have been shown to potentially provide a greater benefit than symmetric sails in recent studies. In order to justify their application, it is necessary to create and adopt a specific design that guarantees a reduction in the engine load over the whole operational range of encounter angles. The current study provides a systematic approach to obtain such a design based on two techniques, one aiming to maximum sail thrust, the other to minimize propeller power. Surrogate models based on validated CFD simulations are adopted for optimization, and the most efficient design is found as an average over all the possible encounter angles. It was shown that the thrust maximized approach increased the average thrust generated by sail up to 12.3%, and the propeller power minimized approach improved the effectiveness of the sails up to 22% in terms of percent power reduction. It was also confirmed that crescent-shaped airfoils generally outperform symmetric airfoils in the considered conditions.

Identifying Locations for Early Adoption of Zero Emission Fuels for Shipping—The UK as a Case Study

The United Kingdom (UK) shipping industry is facing calls to set out more robust decarbonisation plans. In light of the economic challenges facing the country, including the cost-of-living crisis and energy security considerations, the UK government has outlined plans to spearhead several ‘green’ developments. It is of paramount importance to understand how best to integrate the domestic maritime sector into this process by promoting the adoption of low-carbon marine fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia. However, there is a limited understanding of what are the most suitable locations for the early adoption of such fuels in the UK. The sustainability transitions literature offers interesting insights into how marine fuel transitions can unfold, by combining the study of market factors with various non-market socio-technical forces. Previous academic work has shown the importance of location and proximity in facilitating alternative marine fuel transitions. This paper builds onto that work by applying a socio-technical transitions framework to develop a set of indicators to ascertain the suitability of potential locations for the early adoption of hydrogen and ammonia as marine fuels in the UK. This paper explores these dynamics by combining evidence from documentary sources, a UK ship voyages database, and interviews with key stakeholders. Furthermore, three specific case studies are analysed in detail to outline key drivers for the adoption of hydrogen and ammonia. The findings show that there is a significant difference across the UK in regional viability for the early adoption of hydrogen and ammonia, with some of the best suited sites being in the north of Scotland (Orkney), south of England (the Solent-Isle of Wight), and east of England (Felixstowe-Harwich).

Comparative analysis of Indonesia’s energy system scenarios: Assessing emissions reduction strategies and cost-effectiveness

Abstract This research conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of energy system scenarios in Indonesia, examining their emissions reduction strategies and cost-effectiveness. The study utilizes the least-cost optimization approach using LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System) and NEMO (Next Energy Modeling system for Optimization). Four distinct scenarios are evaluated: Business as Usual (BAU), Zero Emissions (ZER), Demand Reduction (DMR), and Net Zero Emission (NZE). The findings suggest that while the ZER scenario may achieve significant emission reductions compared to BAU, with an average of 382.9 million tons CO2e/year, it comes at a higher cost per unit of emission mitigated by the average of 170.8 USD/tons CO2e. On the other hand, the DMR scenario, with its focus on demand-side management, offers a more cost-effective approach to emission mitigation, reaching 81.0 USD/tons CO2e. Combining both strategies, the NZE scenario proves to be the most effective in emission mitigation and cost, with 693.7 million tons CO2e/year and 54.0 USD/tons CO2e, respectively. This research seeks to inform Indonesian policymakers, energy planners, and stakeholders in developing sustainable energy systems that effectively reduce emissions while considering economic feasibility.

Will future copper resources and supply be adequate to meet the net zero emission goal?

The fact that in recent times mineral exploration has been disappointing and that transition to clean energy to achieve net zero emission by 2050 will place extraordinary pressure on copper demand, are beyond dispute. The critical question is to what extent will copper supply be capable of satisfying growing demand in a net zero future. Reality is that global copper resources have been growing significantly and steadily for decades despite increasing mine production. Besides, with dwindling exploration discoveries, this increase is primarily attributable to expansion of the resources of existing deposits through a combination of better progressive delineation and re-assessment of classification of resources in response to economic and technological changes, the so-called Australasian Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) ‘modifying factors’. Analysis of MinEx Consulting's global mineral deposit database indicates that just the resources of deposits discovered since 2010 have been growing at estimated Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGRs) in the range 7.5% to 15.5%, but greater additional tonnage is associated with deposits discovered before 2010. The result is that tens of millions of tonnes of copper are added to the inventory each year, notwithstanding increasing production and mounting Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) pressure sterilising some deposits. In essence, copper supply shortages are unlikely to result from depletion of copper resources but rather from possible inadequacy of mining and processing capacity. Geopolitical supply risk is also low compared to some other critical metals (e.g., Co and Ni) on account of the large number and geographical dispersion of copper deposits. Increases in price due to a perception of impending scarcity will ensure that future capacity will, at a minimum, continue to grow along its historical 3% CAGR. In addition, it will create strong incentives for above-trend capacity utilisation and improvement in recycling collection and recovery. This will be followed by acceleration of expansion of capacity at many existing mines, and development of deposits at the advanced feasibility stage, releasing copper to market at lower capital cost and on shorter timeframes than exploring for and developing new mines. Estimates of possible levels of above-trend increments in capacity for the various components of the current copper endowment show that, while shortages may occur, they will not be as serious as currently generally expected. This does not mean that net zero emission may not be delayed beyond 2050, but it is more likely that it may be delayed by a range of other constrains and impediments unrelated to availability of copper, and that such delays may give copper supply breathing time.

Preliminary Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Fuel Release on Storage Facility for Zero Emission Shipping

Preliminary Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Fuel Release on Storage Facility for Zero Emission Shipping

One-pot synthesis of supported PtCox bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions

Hydrogen fuel cells and water electrolyzers hold significant potential for net zero emission and climate change mitigation, but their practical applications are limited by the use of the precious-metal platinum as catalysts. In this study, a one-pot method is developed for the synthesis of PtCox alloys supported on hybrid carbon materials, and it is found that the developed catalysts with reduced Pt loading can act as excellent bifunctional catalysts for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Morphology and composition characterizations indicate uniform dispersion and adjustable composition of PtCox alloys with the particle size of ∼3 nm on the carbon support. Among them, Pt3Co/C achieves the highest ORR performance with a high mass activity of 179.23 A/g and a specific activity of 3.15 A/m2 in acidic condition, and an extremely low overpotential of 47.6 mV at 10 mA/cm2 in alkaline media as a HER catalyst. This study presents a cost-effective approach for the development of high performance PtCox/C catalysts, and confirms their potential application in hydrogen energy technologies.

Energy management of hybrid microgrids – A comparative study with hydroplus and methanol based fuel cells

Energy management is essential for the efficient operation of microgrids with reduced energy costs and minimized emissions. Energy management of PV/battery/fuel cell/diesel generator-based microgrid to minimize the operations cost considering battery degradation and emissions for a fully functional microgrid existing in the campus of Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, is presented in this work. A microgrid with a state-of-the-art hydroplus fuel cell without the necessity for hydrogen storage is presented in this study with experimentally obtained parameters. Also, a comparison of operations cost with microgrids using two different technologies of PEM fuel cells, one with hydroplus fuel cell and the second with the methanol fuel cell which requires provision for hydrogen storage is performed with three different cases; the scheduled, grid-tied, and islanded with different scenarios under grid-tied mode. The analysis proved that using a hydroplus fuel cell instead of a methanol fuel cell with hydrogen storage reduces the cost of the daily operation by 6.9% in the scheduled mode and 18.2% in the islanded mode. In the grid-tied mode three different grid limits, 20 kW, 15 kW, and 10 kW are considered. The analysis showed no reduction, 1.3% and 5.9% reduction in the operations cost respectively. The results obtained are highly promising to be applied in microgrids where conventional fuel cells are currently employed. The new technology of fuel cells introduced in this study, possesses the advantages of near zero emissions and reduced operations costs besides avoiding the perilousness of hydrogen storage.

Achieving the United Nations sustainable development goals – innovation diffusion and business model innovations

Purpose The study aims to analyse the race towards green development and United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the cases of Huawei and Shell. Both companies are the leaders in their respective industries. Huawei is an example case study representing the information and communications technology (ICT) industry whereas Shell is an example case study representing the oil and gas industry. The research analyses of the races in achieving UN SDGs were undertaken based on the innovation diffusion framework with the use of machine learning algorithms trained to extract data on sustainability activities and initiatives. Design/methodology/approach The research analyses the two case studies of Huawei and Shell. The research was undertaken through the steps of training machine learning algorithms, industry benchmarking and evaluating the performance of the race. The analyses regarding the activities and initiatives of Huawei and Shell in contributing towards SDGs are based on the data in the past 10 years (Years 2010–2019) using machine learning to extract data on sustainability activities and initiatives. In the case of Huawei, 313 sustainability reports were fed to the unsupervised machine learning algorithms revealing 15,101 sustainability actions and initiatives related to UN SDGs in the ICT industry. In the case of Shell, 2,015 sustainability reports were fed to the unsupervised machine learning algorithms revealing 47,365 sustainability actions and initiatives related to UN SDGs in the oil and gas industry. Findings The analyses of findings revealed that Huawei and Shell performed very well in progressing towards the UN SDGs. Huawei had strong performance in the ICT industry with regard to SDGs No. 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12 and 16 while Shell had strong performance in the oil and gas industry with regard to SDGs No. 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12 and 16. Both companies had placed a focus on achieving SDG 12 responsible consumption and production, SDG 7 affordable and clean energy and SDG 4 quality education. The synthesised business model innovations of Huawei and Shell had shown their environmental, social and governance strategies – Huawei’s 2030 vision for green development and Shell’s 2050 vision for net zero emissions. Practical implications The five pillars of people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership according to the UN 2030 agenda for sustainable development have shown the way a company operates to promote sustainable eco-systems. The extent to which both Huawei and Shell link corporate strategies to the UN SDGs has reflected their implementation progress. Furthermore, the business model innovations of Huawei and Shell provides a useful framework which can be applied to encourage other companies/organisations in various industries to undertake ESG activities in practice. Originality/value The main contribution of this research is the application of machine learning algorithms and the innovation diffusion model in analysing the SDGs performance. The study applies the innovation diffusion framework to explore strategic actions and initiatives of Huawei and Shell in transitioning towards sustainability. The use of machine learning algorithms has identified their sustainability approach in achieving the UN SDGs.

A Novel Charging Management and Security Framework for the Electric Vehicle (EV) Ecosystem

The EV charging network has witnessed significant growth in the UK in the last few years due to the net zero emission target of the government by 2030. The related literature in EV charging management mainly focuses on road-traffic-parameter-based optimization and lacks detail in terms of charging statistics and cyber–security-enabled charging management frameworks. In this context, this paper proposes a novel EV Charging Management and Security (EVCMS) framework using real-time charging statistics and an Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP). Specifically, a system model for EVCMS is presented considering charging data management and security protocols. An EVCMS framework design is detailed, focusing on charging pricing, optimization, and charging security. The experimental implementation is described in terms of client–server and charge-box-based simulation. The performance of the proposed EVCMS framework is evaluated by considering different charging scenarios and a range of charging-related metrics. An analysis of results and comparative study attest to the benefits of the proposed EVCMS framework for enabling the EV charging ecosystem.