Zea Mayz Research Articles

The Effect of Fermentation Time on the Proximate Composition of Maize Grains (Zea mayz)

The Effect of Fermentation Time on the Proximate Composition of Maize Grains (Zea mayz)

Detection of auxinic compounds in germinating seedlings

Tryptophan (TRP) is a metabolite from which several important metabolic syntheses arise in plants, animals, and humans. In bacteria and fungi, it is a precursor of Indole Acetic acid (IAA) using various metabolic pathways. The objective of this study is the detection of intermediate metabolites in the synthesis of IAA in seeds of several species in the germination process. In the study, seeds of plant species grown in deionized water were placed in order to stimulate germination and samples were taken every 24 hours. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the detection of the compounds. The results show that the pH of the medium is altered and there is no pattern of behavior. Regarding the detected compounds, in addition to TRP, there is indole-3-acetamide (IAM), 3-indoleacetonitrile (IAN), tryptamine (TRM), which are part of the TRP-dependent routes, since they use this amino acid as a precursor. Anthranilic acid (AA) and kynurenine (KYN), which are part of the Independent TRP pathway, were also detected. IAA and TRP were also detected during the germination process of the studied seeds (Sorghum bicolor, T aesativum, Zea mayz, Phaseolus vulgaris, G. hirsutum, Cucurbita maxima). Finally, it was observed that the seeds, due to weight loss, suffer physical wear during the germination process, since there is a difference between the initial dry weight and the weight of the seeds at the end of the study.

Agroproductive response of Zea mayz L. with the foliar application of VIUSID agro®

Growth promoters can be an alternative to increase the growth and production of crops of agricultural importance such as corn. To determine the effect of VIUSID agro® on the agroproductive response of corn, two experiments were designed in consecutive years. In both, a randomized block experimental design was carried out to evaluate four treatments, VIUSID agro® (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 L.ha−1) and a control, with three replications. Different variables of the growth and development of the crop, including agricultural yield were evaluated. The best performance doses in the several variables of two experiments were 0.3 and 0.5 L.ha−1. The treatments with the best performance in the agricultural yield in both experiments were the doses 0.3 and 0.5 L.ha−1 with an average increase compared to the control of 24.55 and 45.06 % respectively. Therefore, VIUSID agro® favored the agro−productive response of corn.

Studies of Some Fertilizers Treatments on Zea mayz under New Valley Conditions

A FIELD experiment was carried out on maize at the New Valley to examine its response to some bio-fertilizers applied separately or with spray with Nano-silica K. The three bio-fertilizers are Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirillum lipoferum, and mycorrhiza, in addition to their interactions and a control treatment (without biofertilizer). All 16-combination treatments were arranged in split plot technique in three randomized complete blocks. The objective of this work was to examine the mutual influences of all applied treatments on some maize growth parameters. The treatment comprised of inoculation with ½ Azospirillum brasilense + ½ Azospirillum lipoferum + mycorrhiza + spraying of Nano silica—K proliferated the highest significant total bacterial counts, total Azospirillum brasilense, total Azospirillum lipoferum, total mycorrhizal counts, dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase enzyme, and root colonization by mycorrhiza in both years of study. Azospirillum lipoferum significantly showed better performance in all measured properties than Azospirillum brasilense. Spray of the aerial parts of maize plant with Nano-silica K could indirectly affect counts of biological inoculants in the soil under maize plants at the New Valley in both years of study. It can be recommended to add Nano-silica K to the rhizosphere to practice its direct influence on the activities of soil micro fauna.

Phytotoxic Effects of 4-Chlorophenol and 2,4-Dichlorophenol in the Germination of Seeds of <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> and <i>Zea mayz</i>

Soil contaminated with pesticides may reduce plant development due to their toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence on the germination of Zea mayz and Phaseolus vulgaris of the two main intermediates of the 2,4-D degradation, which are 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). Maize and bean seeds were treated with distilled water (control treatment) and increased concentrations of 4-CP and 2,4-DCP (0.006, 0.1, 1.0, 1.5 g·L-1). It was assessed seed germination and calculated various parameters. The parameter most affected by chlorophenols was the index of germination rate, being the P. vulgaris seeds most affected. 2,4-DCP was the compound most toxic for both plants. The germination index was dependent doses for both plant models tested. The results indicate that 4-CP and 2,4-DCP affected the index of germination rate but not influenced in other parameters of germination of Zea mayz and Phaseolus vulgaris. Maize was most tolerance to both chlorophenols in the assessed concentrations. 2,4-DCP was the most toxic of chlorophenols tested.

Evaluation of the Effects of New Environmental Additives Compared to Mineral Fertilizers on the Leaching Characteristics of Some Anions and Cations under Greenhouse Plant Growth of Saline-Sodic Soils

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine and monitor the influences of organic and biological additives compared to mineral fertilizers on leaching characteristics of anions and cations, also to know more about the ability of these additives to make complexes with dissolved and toxic salts to decrease soil salinity. Background: Salt-affected soils comprise of saline and sodic soils which differ in origin, physico-chemical properties and the constraints to plant growth. Due to the presence of excess soluble salts (e.g. sodium (Na+) and chlorides (Cl-)). Methods: Ten treatments were established, including two levels of spent grain (environmental organic wastes from the beer industry), S1(10 g of spent grain / kg soil) and S2 ( 20 g of spent grain / kg soil); two levels of compost M1(10 g of compost / kg soil) and M2 ( 20 g of compost / kg soil); mixed M1 with S1 (M1S1); inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense (A1); inoculation A1 with S2 (A1S1); inoculation A1 with M1 (A1M1); 20:20:20 of N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), and control (CK, without any additives). All treatments were mixed with 30 kg soil pots under greenhouse conditions, corn (Zea mayz L.) seeds were sown in the soil pots. The most relevant nitrogen and salt in soil leachates were collected and analysed every 20 days for 100 days. The soil leachates were collected under plant growth from pots by closed system. Results: The result revealed that organic additives such as A1 and S2 treatments effectively decreased soil pH, soil EC, and reduced NaCl concentration in soil leachates. The Ca2+ and K+ cations in the soil leachates were not stable at high levels of organic additives. Soluble NO3- and NH4+ were significantly lower in A1, S2, and A1S1 treatments than in NPK, M2, and CK treatments. Soil treatment with A1 and S2 significantly improved the soil chemical environment by increasing the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and soluble and exchangeable-K+ and thus limited entry of Na+ into the exchange complex in soil and consists complex with soluble Na+ as sodium humate form. Conclusion: In the final, the highest nitrogen use efficiency with the least NO3- and NH4+ losses in saline-sodic soil was also found in S2 and A1 treatments. Moreover, under this bio-organic fertilization way, NO3- concentrations in soil leachates was outside of danger of damaging the environment. Thus, spent grain with Azospirillum were suggested to be the optimal fertilizer with the lowest nitrogen leaching losses, best yield, quality, and the least groundwater environmental risk under corn (Zea mays L.) organic and bio-organic cultivation comparing with chemical cultivation.

Maize yield in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system in south Goiás, Brazil

ABSTRACT Cerrado biome is responsible for part of Brazilian food production. However, due to inadequate soil management practices, large areas of crop and forage are degraded, leading to environmental and economic losses. A crop-livestock-forest system (CLFS) is a sustainable production strategy that integrates different cultivations. This objective of this study was to evaluate agronomic characteristics and maize (Zea mayz L.) yield when consorciated with Panicum maximum cv. Tamani, cultivated between rows of eucalypts clones. The statistical design used was randomized blocks, constituted by the following treatments: Maize + AEC 043; Maize + AEC 007; Maize + AEC 2111; and Maize + AEC 2034. The analyzed variables included: spikes length, number of rows, number of grains per row, number of grains per spike, and grain yield. Based on the obtained data, it is possible to conclude that trees did not affect maize yield in a CLFS. Considering that only 66% of the area was used for agriculture, maize yield was higher than when it is planted in total area.

TEKNIK BUDIDAYA JAGUNG (Zea Mayz L) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL

This study aims “The Number of Seeds and Pruning of Maize Yields (Zea mayz L). The research was conducted in April to December in the village of Pandes, Wedi Subdistrict, Klaten Regency, Central Java Province. High land 115 m type soil Vertosol. This research used a completely random factorial 2 x 4 randomized Block design. The First factor is the number of corn seeds per planting hole (B), consisting of 2 levels B1: 1 seed per planting hole with a spasing (column) of 20 cm, B2: 2 seeds per planting hole white a inter spasing (row) 40 cm. The second factor is pruning (P), consisting of 4 levels: P0 white out pruning (control), P1 pruning leaves under the corn cob, P3 pruning male lowers (tassel) and P4 in combination. Results, all treatment parameter had no interaction, except the weight of corn seeds per cob. All treatment parameter was not significantly different except the weight of corn kernels per corn cob. The largest seed weight is the combination of B1P2 (183,93 grams per corn cob, number of seeds 1 grain planting hole with pruning of leaves and male lowers. The smallest seed weight is the combination of B1P0 (176,88 grams per corn cob, number of seeds 1 grain planting hole without pruning. Keywords: number of seeds, pruning, yields

EFFECT OF RAW GLYCEROL ON PLANT SOIL SYSTEM IN CORN AND SORGHUM PLANTS

The raw glycerol obtained from the production of biodiesel contains salts and impurities that can generate negative impacts when applied to the soil, however, mixing them with solutions of nitrogen fertilizers could be a viable solution. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of glycerol on the system soil-plant, in two crops, corn ( Zea mayz L.) and sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.). The study was conducted in 2016 at the Sao Paulo State University UNESP- Jaboticabal, Brazil. The experiments were prepared in a design totally randomized in a factorial arrangement 2 x 3 with four repetitions. The studied factors were soil: Argisol (Hapludox) and Latosol (Haplustox) and fertilization (without fertilizer, urea and urea + glycerol). At 60 days of having applied the treatments, the electric conductivity (EC) and the dehydrogenase enzyme (DH) were measured in the soil and nitrogen accumulation in aboveground (NF) and the dry biomass (DM) in the plant. Raw glycerol increased EC values in both soils, while DH, NF and DM were higher in Latosol soil. The treatment urea + glycerin increased the EC, the DH and the DM, and the urea the NF. The DH and EC media values varied per treatment and in each studied soil. For application of crude glycerol to these crops, a systematic control of the EC of the soil should be carried out as well as the implementation of agricultural practices that mitigate the salinization impact.

Effect of herbicides and their combinations on weeds, productivity and profitability of maize in rainfed sub-tropics of Jammu

A field experiment was conducted at Advanced centre for rainfed agriculture, Rakh Dhiansar of Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu during the crop growing seasons of 2016 and 2017 to identify the best herbicide option for weed management in maize (Zea mayz L.). Fifteen treatments were tested in randomised block design replicated thrice. The post-emergence treatment (PoE) of tembotrione 100 g/ha + atrazine tank mix formulation 750 g/ha at 15–20 days after sowing (DAS) has recorded highest weed control efficiency (93.22 and 93.71% during 2016 and 2017, respectively) followed by tembotrione 100 g/ha + atrazine 500 g/ha at 15–20 days after sowing (DAS) and sequential application of atrazine 1000 g/ha 0–3 DAS fb tembotrione 100 g/ha 15–20 DAS. Higher maize grain yield was recorded (3.64 t/ha and 3.74 t/ha during 2016 and 2017, respectively) with weed free which was statically at par with tembotrione 100 g/ha + atrazine 500 g/ha at 15–20 DAS, tembotrione 100 g/ha + atrazine 750 g/ha at 15–20 DAS, tembotrione 100 g/ha + halosulfuron 67.5 g/ha at 15–20 DAS, tembotrione 100 g/ha+ halosulfuron 52.5 g/ha at 15–20 DAS, atrazine 1000 g/ha 0–3 DAS fb metribuzin 250 g/ha 15–20 DAS, atrazine 1000 g/ha 0–3 DAS fb tembotrione 100 g/ha 15–20. B: C ratio (3.11 and 3.12 in 2016 and 2017 respectively) was high with PoE application of tembotrione 100 g/ha + atrazine 500 g/ha.

EFFECT OF BIO FERTILIZER IN ADDITION WITH PHOSPHORUS ON THE GROWTH OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYZ L.).

Effect of bio fertilizer in addition with phosphorus on the growth of maize (zea mayz l.). - Pot experiments were carried out

Productivity and energy efficiency of three tillage systems for maize (Zea mayz L.) production

The amount of inputs and dry matter yields of grain, stover and weeds were quantified in six sites located in the districts of Zaachila and Etla, in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca Region, Mexico. The tillage systems evaluated, which are the most widely used for corn production in this region, were full animal traction (FAT), mixed traction (MXT) and mechanical traction (MT). The higher productivity was achieved in the MT system, followed by the MxT system . According to the energy balance, the largest energy efficiency (EE) was achieved in the FAT system with a value of 34.4 and the least one with the MT system. The lowest EE of the MT system was associated to a higher use of machinery operations and the use of petrol derivate products . N o significant differences in EE were found between the FAT and MxT systems; when weed`s dry matter production was considered, EE in this last system was increased 14 %, while in the FAT system an 8 % increase was observed. Therefore, besides the FAT system MxT is also recommended because in the region it is common to have plots smaller than 1 ha and mechanical plowing is more efficient for primary tillage operations while animal power can be used as a renewable source of energy for tasks such as weeding and transport.

Equivalence and competition of maize [zea mayz (L.)] And mung bean [ vigna radiate (L.)] Intercropping

To investigate the performance of maize - mung bean intercropping using different seeding ratios (1:1 , 1:2 and 2:1) in the west of Iraq; a field experiment was conducted in spring and autumn seasons of 2013 using complete blocks design(RCBD) with three replicates, the equivalent and competition indicators were estimated. The result showed the following: the yield of total dry matter and grain yield of maize as individual were superior in comparison with intercropping with mung bean. The intercropping of maize and mung bean recorded a higher than 1 of land equivalent ratio (LER), seeding ratio 1:1 gave the higher (LER) of grain yield in the spring reached 1.10, while seeding rate 2:1 gave the higher (LER) of dry matter in the autumn (LER 1.08). Maize showed greater ability of Aggressively (A) in intercropping with mung bean compared with mung bean, where showed the positive values while the mung bean recorded negative values of (A) at the all seeding ratios, maiz gave the higher values of (A) reached 0.21 of dry matter at seeding ratio 1:1 in the spring season and 0.22 at 2:1 in the autumn. Maize also showed the most aggressivity of grain yield where gave 0.28 at seeding ratio 1:1 in the spring and 0.36 at seeding ratio of 1:2 in the autumn. It can be concluded that the relation between maize and mung bean is a competitive more than symbiosis under current experiment conditions.

Metabolic profiling as parameter on quality of commercial botanical products in Colombia

Botanical products are finished and labeled products that contain plant material as ingredients that may be a food or a drug, a medical device or a cosmetic. Quality assessment of this kind of products is necessary due to the effects they may they have in human health. As part of our studies focused on quality control of botanicals, different metabolomics tools like chemical profiling by hyphenated chromatographic techniques using multivariate analysis were used to determine and measure several features of some botanical products such as green tea (Camelia sinensis), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and several varieties of colored kernels of maize (Zea mayz) commercialized in Colombia. Total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), catechin (TCC), anthocyanins content (TAC), radical scavenging ability, and reducing power were also determined. All the measurements were processed using multivariate analysis with the aim to establish the influence of a given parameter on quality assessment of this kind of products. Several correlations between chemical profiles and different features of each product were found in order to define the quality characteristics of this kind of botanicals.

Indicators of Agroecological Sustainability of Three Tillage Systems for Maize (Zea mayz L.) Production

Of the three tillage systems studied, the plots under the full animal traction system showed the largest values for total dry matter production as well as for the indicators of soil quality, crop health, and socioeconomic sustainability. Overall, the indicators that contributed the most to a higher soil quality ranking were: biological activity, soil structure, and soil cover. In the mixed traction and fully mechanized systems, the indicators that decreased plant health most were the use of mono-cropping and a low surrounding biodiversity. The sites with higher total value for socioeconomic indicators had smaller indebtedness and subsidy dependence, as well as a higher control of local resources.

English

Alley cropping; Maize intercropped with fruit trees (MIFT), is a system of technified agro forestry cultivation of central Mexico. MIFT is one of the most feasible cultivation systems to show the biodiversity richness of the country; however, the effect this system exercises on the soil organisms has not been measured, whereby the macrofauna, mites and collembolans from the furrows of perennial production (Prunus persica) and from the middle part dedicated to annual species (Zea mayz, Capsicum annum, Medicago sativa) have been sampled,  considering 4 MIFTs of the dry and plane environment of Puebla, plus another 4 of the humid and hillside environment of Oaxaca; and the forest of both regions as a control. Results showed that abundance and biomass were greater in ants and worms, respectively; while in Oaxaca, the greatest values were in diplopods. In both regions, the density and the biomass of macrofauna and with the m/m+s index, showed the gradient “Forest-MIFT”, with lower values in Puebla; only Oaxaca showed more favorable conditions for edaphic biota, possibly due to handling of organic materials (OM). According to our results, in Puebla there are opportunities to stimulate the diversity and the population of edaphic biota through OM handling and to achieve a MIFT which takes advantage of the capacity for nutrient recycling of soil organisms and impacts on fertility restoration.   Key words: Edaphic biota, macrofauna, alley cropping, maize intercropped with fruit trees (MIFT).

Relación entre la conductividad eléctrica, pH del agua de remojo, germinación de semillas y crecimiento de plántulas de maíz (Zea mayz L.) bajo dos condiciones experimentales

Corn (Zea mayz L.) seeds of twelve lots of different acquisition years were used to study the relation among the measurements of electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the soaking water and the germination in laboratory, under normal conditions (NC) and accelerated aging (AA) of seeds. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications, an analysis of variance was applied and differences among seed lots were detected by Least Significant Difference Test. Seed lots showed high percentage of germination at eight days of evaluation in (NC) and the unfavorable effect of AA was demonstrated. Dry shoot and radicle weights showed significant differences among the lots. Values of EC were related to percentage of germination in laboratory under AA. Seed lots that showed high percentage of germination in laboratory, previous AA, presented low values of electrical conductivity, therefore, this test could be good indicative of the behavior of corn seeds under extreme or unfavorable conditions of germination. The test of pH did not show direct relation with the seed emergency in laboratory.

NUTRIÇÃO E PRODUÇÃO DE MATÉRIA SECA DE MILHO SUBMETIDO A CALAGEM E ADUBAÇÃO SULFATADA

Liming is essential for obtaining high yield levels in tropical acid soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate maize nutrition and dry matter yield in soil under liming estimated by three calculation methods and sulfur fertilization. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, in PVC cylinders, by using one plant per cylinder. Filler dolomite lime was added to an Oxisol collected from native forest, at the 4.2 Mg ha-1, 6.7 Mg ha-1, and 8.0 Mg ha-1 doses, respectively calculated by the exchangeable aluminum, magnesium, and calcium method; base saturation method; and SMP buffer method, combined with three sulfur doses (10 mg dm-3, 30 mg dm-3, and 60 mg dm-3). Control treatments without lime or sulfur were also included. Maize plants were harvested at 45 days after sowing and divided into shoots and roots. The most efficient lime recommendation method for maize was the base saturation method. The application of sulfur doses did not affect the maize development up to the evaluated stage.KEY-WORDS: Zea mayz; soil acidity; dry mass; root development.

Controlled release of indole-3-butyric acid(IBA)—based on polymeric matrix prepared by ionizing radiation

Polyacrylamide/polyethylene oxide (PAAm/PEO) controlled release matrices were designed to obtain a better control over the concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). PAAm/PEO incorporated IBA was prepared by exposing aqueous solutions of PEO, PAAm, crosslinking agent N,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide, and IBA mixtures to electron beam irradiation. PAAm/PEO copolymer structural property relationships that affect its controlled release behavior were determined. Analysis of the results obtained indicated that it is possible to optimize IBA controlled release by adjusting the dimensions and crosslinking degree of the copolymer as well as the concentration of the incorporated IBA. The crosslinking degree of the copolymer can be controlled by governing the irradiation dose, polymer blend composition and/or the amount of crosslinking agent. IBA release rates have been investigated as a function of environmental conditions, such as the changes in pH and temperature to determine the factors, which mostly contribute to the release of IBA. The effect of PAAm/PEO–IBA matrix on the average height of corn (Zea mayz) plant was investigated. The results obtained, revealed that PAAm/PEO-IBA systems have a capability to deliver IBA slowly and continuously. As a result, the development of root and vegetative systems of Zea mayz plant was greatly promoted. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ethanol Fraction of Corn Silk (Zea mays L.) to Decrease Uric Acid Levels in Male White Mice

Corn silk (Zea mayz L.) were empirically used by the community in some regions as traditional remedies for hypertension,kidney stones,diabetes mellitus, urinary tractinfections and gout. This study aimed to determine the effect of corn silk ethanol fraction on decrease uric acid levels in male white mice.corn silk were extracted by macerate used 70% ethanol for 4 days.Urin acid test was performed on male mice induced by beef liver for 7 days.25 mice were grouped into 5 groups, groups dose I, II and III weregiven a fraction at a dose of 27.5 mg / bwBB, 55 mg / bwBB and 110 mg / bwBB, control given Na.CMC 0.5% and as positive controls were given allopurinol dose of 13 mg / bwBB. The five groups were treated orally 1 time a day for 7 days. Decreased uric acid levels were measured and observed on days 7 using an acid (easy touch). The results of ANOVA statistical analysis showed that negative controls gave a significant difference with positive controls, dose I, II and III because the sig value was