Phytotoxic Effects of 4-Chlorophenol and 2,4-Dichlorophenol in the Germination of Seeds of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Phaseolus vulgaris&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Zea mayz&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

Irasema Pérez-Portuondo,Manuel Serrat-Díaz,Rosa M Pérez-Silva,Arelis Ábalos-Rodríguez

doi:10.4236/ajps.2021.124041

Abstract

Soil contaminated with pesticides may reduce plant development due to their toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence on the germination of Zea mayz and Phaseolus vulgaris of the two main intermediates of the 2,4-D degradation, which are 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). Maize and bean seeds were treated with distilled water (control treatment) and increased concentrations of 4-CP and 2,4-DCP (0.006, 0.1, 1.0, 1.5 g·L-1). It was assessed seed germination and calculated various parameters. The parameter most affected by chlorophenols was the index of germination rate, being the P. vulgaris seeds most affected. 2,4-DCP was the compound most toxic for both plants. The germination index was dependent doses for both plant models tested. The results indicate that 4-CP and 2,4-DCP affected the index of germination rate but not influenced in other parameters of germination of Zea mayz and Phaseolus vulgaris. Maize was most tolerance to both chlorophenols in the assessed concentrations. 2,4-DCP was the most toxic of chlorophenols tested.

Highlights

Chlorophenols are an important class of organic environmental contaminants that are widely used as pesticides and wood preservative products
The results indicate that 4-CP and 2,4-DCP affected the index of germination rate but not influenced in other parameters of germination of Zea mayz and Phaseolus vulgaris
In the case of maize, there was no inhibition of germination, a delay in the beginning of this was observed, as well as a decrease in the number of germinated seeds when faced with the maximum concentration evaluated

Summary

Introduction

Chlorophenols are an important class of organic environmental contaminants that are widely used as pesticides and wood preservative products. Soils treated with the herbicide 2,4-D can be later used to plant vegetables and other crops because this compound is considered to have a rapid degradation, but the disappearance of its possible intermediaries (2,4-DCP or 4-CP) in the soil treated with the herbicide is not controlled. This can cause harm to planted crops or consumers because very little is known about whether the chlorophenols produced accumulate in plant structures through absorption and sequestration into organic molecules and whether these organic molecules can enter the food chain

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