Zayandehrood River Research Articles

Blue and Green Spaces as Therapeutic Landscapes: Health Effects of Urban Water Canal Areas of Isfahan

Blue and green spaces contribute to the quality of cities in various ways—ranging from providing air corridors and visual amenities to positively affecting public psychological health and wellbeing. Urban blue and green spaces had geopolitical and agricultural functions in the past. These functions are still evident in many cities. They also provide ecological qualities for the surrounding (sub)urban neighborhoods. While in recent decades, many studies have explored the features and characteristics of urban blue and green spaces that are associated with positive health benefits, the healthy lifestyle promoting role of artificial water canals has received little attention. This case report investigates the canals in Isfahan from Iran that branch off from the Zayandeh Rood River and provide blue and green corridors to the city. The aim of this case report study is to explore the health aspects of urban water canals in physical, mental, and social dimensions based on the residents’ experiences. The study develops a framework for assessing the quality of therapeutic effect of canals in Isfahan, Iran. The paper employs qualitative content analysis as the methodological approach. In total, 200 people from the residential neighborhoods of the Niasarm Canal participated in semi-structured interviews in early 2018. The results of this research reveal that the canal—with ‘upgrade of active life’, ‘sense of rehabilitation, relaxation and concentration along with the canal’, ‘promotion of social life’, and ‘place identity’ characteristics—plays an important therapeutic role on the physical, psychological, and social health conditions of local residents.

Uptake and Translocation of Some Heavy Metals by Rice Crop (Oryza sativa) in Paddy Soils

Abstract Accumulation of heavy metals in edible crops is amongst major international concerns today. While consuming Lenjan variety of rice is very popular in Iran, limited evidence exists on its safety. Amid increasing public concern about the safety of locally grown and imported rice in the market, a field study was carried out to investigate uptake and translocation of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Zn by a local variety of rice crop (Oryza sativa) exposed to contaminated water. At harvest time and in paddy fields, 41 soil and plant samples were collected from four locations of Lenjan, central Iran; irrigated from Zayandeh Rood River. In the laboratory, different parts of the plant were milled, digested via acid digestion method, and then analysed for Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn were 1.07, 17.22, 1.73 and 13.75 mg/kg in the plant’s stem; and 1.27, 12.32, 1.099 and 19.39 mg/kg in its grain, respectively. In general, both in the plant’s stem and grain, the Cd and Pb concentrations were much higher than the FAO/WHO standard and labelled as harmful for consumers. Moreover, among the studied heavy metals, Ni transported very weakly, while Cd and Zn conveyed most easily into the plant’s stem and grain. Of course, Pb was the least mobile metal. However, it had highly accumulated in the plant’s stem and grain.

An Analysis of the Relationship between Instability of Agricultural Water Resources and Rural Development (Case Study: Rural Settlements of Zayandeh-Rud Basin Downstream)

Extended abstract 1. INTRODUCTION Water is a major concern for sustainable development in twenty-first century, as experts believe that issues will become a major crisis in upcoming years, even as a world war over water. Instability of resources as drought or shortage has affected many countries throughout history, especially arid regions and has many damages and consequences in economic, social and environmental aspects. Zayandeh-Rud basin in central Iran is a with problems. Zayandehrood River that originates from Zardkuh Bakhtiary Mountain is most important river of for development of agriculture, and a supply for heavy industry and also drinking sectors and is also very important in all of economic activities. Climate instability in recent decades and ever-increasing usage of river over time have led to instability of agricultural resources or droughts in recent years. Instability of agricultural resources has consequences in economic, social, political and ecological aspects, especially in rural settlements. This study focuses on environmental, economic, and social consequences of instability of agricultural resources or drought in rural settlements of sub-area of Zayandeh-Rud River (eastern part of Isfahan) and its relationship with rural development in study area. 2. METHODOLOGY The research is based on descriptive-analytical and quantitative method. Statistical population of research is villages in downstream part of Zayandeh-Rud basin. The population sample was chosen based on Cochran formula and through stratified probability sampling. The study area in down part of river (from Isfahan city to Gavkhoni marsh) was divided into two parts, Western and Eastern according to geographic, socio-cultural and political indicators; then, four districts were selected in ruling classes research. The estimated number for 33153 rural households was 380 but number was reduced to 323 people during study, due to limitations and exclusion of incorrect questionnaire. The estimation for sample of settlements was 25 villages. Questionnaires were divided into economic, social and environmental indicators in study area and indices were compared before and after drought. In following, average of research triples indices (economic, social, and environmental) in SPSS software was analyzed. Then, results were analyzed using one sample T-test, and then compared to significant differences of impacts of drought in various rural districts using ANOVA test. The average score for each section of research is result of analysis and calculations in research. 3. DISCUSSION The assessment of consequences of drought was analyzed in three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. To measure economic consequences of instability of resources (droughts) 27 indicators were used, and based on people's responses to effects of drought on economic indicators average of 23.4 was obtained. The greatest impact of drought or shortage in indices was allocated respectively to reliance on government aid such as subsidies, “reduction of income and the spread of unemployment. To measure social consequences of instability of resources (droughts) 31 indices were studied and average of social indexes in a range of five-item Likert scale was 4.02. The analysis of social indicators in study area settlements shows that droughts are main reasons for more heavily indebted people, more stressful living and increased psychological pressures and increasing poverty in those studied areas. Reviews of immigration factors have also shown a direct impact of drought on migration of people from villages. Thirteen indexes are used to assess environmental effects of resources instability. The highest impact of drought on environmental indicators is in drying quants, wells and springs, reducing amount of surface water and the increase of depth of wells (a sharp decline in groundwater levels)”, and least effect is seen on following Indicators: more fire in natural environment of region and reduction of medicinal plants. The average of environmental impacts of droughts is 4/24. The results show that there is no significant difference between rural districts in study area in terms of impact of drought; this means that rural districts in study area are relatively similar with regard to impact of negative consequences of drought in various aspects. 5. CONCLUSION With instability of resources in agricultural sector, natural and human environment in had been affected and also many environmental, economic, social consequences in human settlements of area had been occurred. Since settlement of area (particularly villages) has an agricultural-based economy and is heavily dependent on rivers, “the dried river” had negatively impacted various indicators of environmental and human dimensions. In sum, based on fieldwork research (observation, interviews, and questionnaires), economy of study area was dependent on Zayandeh-Rud River and with “the dried-out river” permanent flow of river had ceased, and consequently all of environmental, economic, and social aspects of rural settlements all around riverbanks had been degraded. Also environmental, economic, and social sustainability are seriously in a grave situation. Finally, instability of agricultural resources has many ill effects on process of rural development in study area.

Assessing desertification by using soil indices

Desertification generally refers to land degradation in arid, semiarid, and dry semi-humid climatic zones. It involves five principal processes: vegetation degradation, water erosion, wind erosion, salinization and waterlogging, and soil crusting and compaction. The aim of this study is assessing desertification using soil criteria. For this purpose, nine indices including sodium absorption ratio (SAR), soil gypsum percentage, soil texture, the content of HCO3 −, the percentage of the organic matter, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, the content of the soil sodium, and chloride were used. The soil samples were taken in the north of Zayandeh-Rood River in Isfahan province of Iran, using soil data randomly sampled in a depth of 0–20 cm. After assessing the normality of the samples using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, indices were imported into GIS environment and interpolated with IDW and normal and discrete kriging methods for delineating soil characteristics maps based on MEDALUS model. In this model, the data were firstly changed from 100 to 200. Thus 100 and 200 are estimated as the best and worst quality, respectively. Then the final map of soil criteria has been created by geometric mean of its indicators. The results showed that the maximum area is related to the medium class of desertification and is equal to 44,746 ha. The areas of severe and very severe classes of desertification are equal to 30,949 and 351 ha, respectively. The results also revealed that the indices of the organic matter and soil gypsum percentage are the most influential indices which affect desertification phenomenon.

Assessing the effects of dam building on land degradation in central Iran with Landsat LST and LULC time series.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of Zayandehrood Dam on desertification using the spatio-temporal dynamics of land use/land cover (LULC) and land surface temperature (LST) in an arid environment in central Iran from 1987 to 2014. The LULC and LST images were calculated from Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI data, and their accuracies were assessed against reference data using error matrix and linear regression analysis. Results showed that salty and bare lands increased up to 57,302ha, while agricultural lands declined substantially (28,275.58ha) in the region. The changes in LULC classes resulted in dramatic variations in LST values. The average temperature showed a 5.03°C increase, and the minimum temperature increased by 5.66°C. LST had an increasing trend in bare lands (8.74°C), poor rangelands (6.8°C), agricultural lands (9.46°C), salty lands (9.6°C), and residential areas (3.18°C) in this 27-year period. Rainfall and temperature trend analysis revealed that the main cause of these extreme changes in LULC and LST was largely attributed to the drying up of Zayandehrood River due to dam construction and allocating water mainly for industrial sectors. Results indicate that in addition to LULC changes, the spatio-temporal variations of LST can be used as an effective index in desertification assessment and monitoring in arid environments.

Artificial neural network for modeling nitrate pollution of groundwater in marginal area of Zayandeh-rood River, Isfahan, Iran

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers to increase crop and improper purification, and delivery of municipal and industrial wastewater are proposed as factors that increase the amount of nitrate in groundwater in this area. Thus, investigation of nitrate contamination as one of the most important environmental problems in groundwater is necessary. In the present study, modeling and estimation of nitrate pollution in groundwater of marginal area of Zayandeh-rood River, Isfahan, Iran, was investigated using water quality and artificial neural networks. 100 wells (77 agriculture well, 13 drinking well and 10 gardens well) in the marginal area of Zayandeh-rood River, Isfahan, Iran were selected. MATLAB software and three-layer Perceptron network were used. The back-propagation learning rule and sigmoid activation function were applied for the training process. After frequent experiments, a network with one hidden layer and 19 neurons make the least error in the process of network training, testing and validation. ANN models can be applied for the investigation of water quality parameters.

Effects of Social Media on the Environmental Protection Behaviour of the Public (Case Study: Protecting Zayandeh-Rood River Environment)

Social media has quickly become an essential marketing and communication tool for private, public and non-governmental entities across the world to promote their organizational mission, daily events and publications. Many citizens use social media to post or share real time photos on a variety of environmental issues such as pollution or littering, forest fires, reported chemical spills in waterways, illegal dumping, and injured or deceased endangered animals. This simple, yet effective action can result in prompt awareness of an environmental incident and timely response from various agencies responsible for the environment. This paper presents a framework for evaluating the mechanisms that involve the public in environmental protection. It also investigates the role of social media in forming the environmental concepts. In this study, a systemic approach was adopted to investigate the environmental and social status of a target area and by preparing a suitable questionnaire and finally introducing theme and subtheme. According to the results, all the seven final themes showed the substantial impact of social media on attitude of the public and trend of participation in improving the status of Zayandeh-rood environment.

Social resolution of conflicts over water resources allocation in a river basin using cooperative game theory approaches: a case study

ABSTRACTIn this paper, cooperative game theory (CGT) approaches are used for water allocation in a river basin considering equity benefit shares among stakeholders. An optimization model is initially developed for allocating water to competing users including agricultural, industrial, and environmental users based on both economic objectives. The model is implemented to determine water shares for different likely coalitions among water users. Then, CGT approaches such as Shapely, Nucleolus, and Nash-Harsanyi are used for reallocating net profits to the users as an attempt to encourage them to participate in equitable cooperation. Finally, the results of different game theoretic approaches are evaluated using the stability index and voting methods such as social choice and fallback bargaining. The proposed methodology is applied to the Zayandehrood River basin located in central part of Iran which struggles with water scarcity. The different CGT approaches applied to two predefined real-life scenarios in the basin under study and their performance were evaluated. The results indicate the proper performance of both Nash-Harsanyi and Shapely methods for pessimist and optimistic scenarios, respectively. It is also found that application of the proposed methodology effectively increases the users’ benefits in the study region through optimal water allocation and reallocation of benefits.

Isolation and Identification of Two Novel Escherichia coli Bacteriophages and Their Application in Wastewater Treatment and Coliform's Phage Therapy.

Background:Phage therapy or use of lytic bacteriophages for eliminating bacterial populations has been developed for several aspects of human affairs such as medicine, agriculture and food industries.Objectives:The high load of coliforms of treated wastewater effluents that are discharged into the rivers or agricultural lands is a serious concern of the Iran Department of Environment and the reduction of coliforms using phages to overcome this problem is an asset. This research aimed to isolate and identify specific lytic coliphages and investigate their effects on native and standard Escherichia coli strains as well as coliform populations in municipal wastewater.Materials and Methods:The wastewater sample was cultured on selective culture media to isolate a native coliform strain and characterized using molecular methods. River water was centrifuged and passed through a 0.45 μm filter and its lytic coliphages were enriched and purified against a native E. coli as well as a standard E. coli strain. Municipal wastewater was treated with isolated lytic coliphages and most probable number (MPN) reduction was examined.Results:E. coli SBSWF27, which is a native strain of E. coli from Isfahan municipal wastewater treatment plant, was isolated and characterized. Also two novel bacteriophages related to Myoviridae and Podoviridae families of bacteriophages from Zayandehrood River (Isfahan, Iran) were isolated. These coliphages had lytic effects on E. coli PTCC1399 and E. coli SBSWF27 as coliform's index. The myovirus had a hexagonal head measuring 27.28 nm and a noncontractile tail measuring 204.5 × 13.63 nm. The podovirus had an oval head measuring 98 × 35 nm and a tail, 14 nm in diameter. The treatment of municipal sewage with the coliphage mixture resulted in a 22-fold decrease of the coliform's MPN from 2400 to 110 after two hours of incubation.Conclusions:This is the first report on isolation and identification of two novel lytic myovirus and podovirus from Zayandehrood River in Isfahan that had lytic effects on E. coli PTCC1399 and E. coli SBSWF27 strains as well as coliform's population of Isfahan municipal wastewater. We suggest that the use of these lytic coliphages for reduction of coliform's population in sewage could be considered as an effective and simple alternative for costly replacement of instruments and establishments of the old wastewater treatment plants.

Integrated Index for Assessment of Vulnerability to Drought, Case Study: Zayandehrood River Basin, Iran

Drought is an extended period of deficient precipitation that causes damage to crops and reducing their performance, causes temporary scarcity of water for human/livestock consumption. Over the years, various indices have been proposed to identify onset, characterize and quantify the attributes of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought by various researchers. Because of the spatial and temporal variability and multiple impacts of drought, it is necessary to develop an integrated index for assessment of vulnerability of this natural phenomenon. The aim of this paper is presenting an integrated index for assessment of vulnerability to drought using multiple factors which includes hydrological, meteorological, land use and other factors. Spatial information of various factors was categorized in to various sub-classes and maps were prepared in spatial domain using Geographic Information System (GIS). This study has been carried out in the Zayandehrood River basin located in west-central Iran with semi-arid region. Due to continue droughts at recent decade, this area has been chosen as a case study. The long-term climate data (1991–2011) used for assessment. The results show that Zayandehrood River basin has experienced 11 dry years, 4 normal years, and 6 wet years in the 21 years. The results have been validated with intensive field surveys.

Optimal Reservoir Operation Based on Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater Using Neuro-Fuzzy Systems

Reservoir operation cannot be carried out without due heed to surface water and groundwater resources, since neglecting either will have irreversible consequences. Optimal operation of the Zayandehrood Dam which supplies water into the Zayandehrood River basin in the central plateau of Iran is a case in point which warrants due consideration paid to both dam operation and the climate conditions in the region suffering from a history of successive droughts. The main objective of the present research is to develop operation rules for the Zayandehrood reservoir through a combined perspective of both surface and ground water resources using the fuzzy inference system, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. The objective is to determine the share of the Zayandehrood reservoir in meeting downstream water demands. For this purpose, the water shortage and the dramatic groundwater drawdown in the Zayandehrood River basin faced with in recent years have been studied in an attempt to develop operation models capable of controlling groundwater drawdown. The models indicate that not only can groundwater drawdown be controlled, but that it is also possible to establish a greater sustainability. Different operation models have been compared in terms of their operation criteria. Results show that the ANFIS model composed of optimal data enjoys a higher sustainability compared to others.

Optimal Long-term Operation of Reservoir-river Systems under Hydrologic Uncertainties: Application of Interval Programming

Long-term basin-wide reservoir-river operation optimization problems are usually complex and nonlinear especially when the water quality issues and hydrologic uncertainties are incorporated. It is due to non-convex functions in water quality modeling and a large number of computational iterations required by most of stochastic programming methods. The computational burden of uncertainty modeling can be reduced by a special combination of uncertainty modeling and interval programming, though the problem solution is still a challenge due to model nonlinearity. In this paper, an integrated water quantity-quality model is developed for optimal water allocation at river-basin scale. It considers water supply and quality targets as well as hydrologic, water quality and water demand uncertainties within the nonlinear interval programming (NIP) framework to minimize the slacks in water supply and quality targets during a long-term planning horizon. A fast iterative linear programming (ILP) method is developed to convert the NIP into a linear interval programming (LIP). The ILP resolves two challenges in NIP, first converting the large non-linear programming (NLP) into a linear programming (LP) with minimum approximation and second reducing the iterations needed in interval programming for NLP into just two iterations for the upper and lower limits of decision variables. This modeling approach is applied to the Zayandehrood river basin in Iran that has serious water supply and pollution problems. The results show that in this river basin at dry conditions when available surface water resources are below 85 % of normal hydrologic state and water demands are 115 % of current water demands, the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration can be reduced by 50 % at the inlet of the Gavkhuni wetland located downstream of the river basin.

Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater: Application of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Genetic Algorithms

Combined simulation-optimization models have been widely used to address the management of water resources issues. This paper presents a simulation-optimization model for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater at a basin-wide scale, the Zayandehrood river basin in west central Iran. In the Zayandehrood basin, in the past 10 years, a historical low rainfall in the head of the basin, combined with growing demand for water, has triggered great changes in water management at basin and irrigation system level. The conjunctive use model that coupled numerical simulation with nonlinear optimization is used to minimize shortages of water in meeting irrigation demands for four irrigation systems. Constraints guarantee the maximum/minimum cumulative groundwater drawdown and maximum capacity of irrigation systems. A support vector machines (SVMs) model is developed as a simulator of surface water and groundwater interaction model while a genetic algorithm (GA) is used as the optimization model. Conjunctive use model runs for three scenarios. Results show that the accuracy of SVMs as a simulator for surface water and groundwater interaction model is good and that it is possible to decrease the water shortage for irrigation systems with application of proposed SVMs-GA model.

Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the river receiving the effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant

Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Listeria spp. in the river water before and after discharge of the effluent of the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 66 samples were collected bi-weekly over 4 months from eleven discrete sampling locations in Zayandehrood River, Iran. Three sampling sites were located above the discharge point and five sites were located after the discharge point of WWTP. Samples were also collected from the influent and the effluent of WWTP. Listeria spp. were isolated using a selective enrichment procedure and a subculture onto polymyxin-acriflavine-lithium chloride-ceftazidime-esculin-mannitol Agar. All isolates were subjected to standard biochemical tests. Results: L. monocytogenes was isolated from influent (83%), effluent (50%) and (18.5%) river water. Listeria spp. was not found before the discharge point in river water. However, L. monocytogenes was isolated in samples collected from 200 m (33%), 500 m (33%), 2 km (16.5%), 5 km (16.5%) and 10 km (16.5%) downstream from the WWTP. Listeria innocua (9%) and Listeria seeligeri (10%) were the second most frequently isolated species. Conclusion: During the wastewater treatment, Listeria spp. is not removed completely. L. monocytogenes is widely distributed in the Zayandehrood river. L. monocytogenes released into surface water demonstrates a potential risk for public health. These results indicate the need for appropriate water management in order to reduce human and animal exposure to such pathogens.

Effect of industrial wastewater effluent containing heavy metals and phosphate on the bed soil of the zayandehrood river

Aims: This research was conducted to determine the concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and orthophosphates in the soil of the river bed from Zayandehrood dam to Gavkhoni wetland. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Zayandehrood river of Isfahan, central area of Iran. Seventeen points were sampled through the upstream, Zayandehrood Dam, and downstream, Gavkhooni Wetland, of the river. The samples were selected from soil of the river bed at certain locations during 6 months. Heavy metals and orthophosphates analysis was done by Atomic Absorption and Spectrophotometry methods, respectively. Results: The results indicated that concentration of heavy metals and orthophosphates increased from upstream to Choom bridge in downstream of the river and then decreased from this point to Govkhooni wetland. In the first sampling point, the concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and orthophosphates were 29, 9, 51, 83, 49, and 570 mg/kg (dried weight). For Choom bridge it were 1413, 406, 289, 123, 86, and 104 mg/kg and in the wetland were 820, 24, 49, 68, 87, and 88 mg/kg (dried weight), respectively. Conclusion: The metal concentration from the first point to Choom bridge has been increased and then has been decreased in the wetland. The maximum amount of Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb in the river bed was higher than and closer to maximum allowed concentration of heavy metals in soil (mg/kg dried weight) and for Cr was within normal limits. Industrial plants located on the banks of the river, widening of the river in downstream and entering the drainages to the river are among effective factors in these changes.

Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using Fuzzy Logic: A Case Study in the Zayandehrood Aquifers, Iran

Groundwater is an important source of water, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where surface water is scarce. Groundwater pollution in these regions is consequently a major concern, especially as pollution control and removal in these resources are not only expensive but at times impossible. It is, therefore, essential to prevent their contamination in the first place by properly identifying vulnerable zones. One method most commonly used for evaluating groundwater pollution is the DRASTIC method, in which the Boolean logic is used to rank and classify the parameters involved. Problems arise, however, in the application of the Boolean logic. In this paper, the fuzzy logic has been used to avoid the problems. For this purpose, three critical cases of minimum, maximum, and mean values have been considered for the net recharge parameter. The process has been performed on the Zayandehrood river basin aquifers. The fuzzy-DRASTIC vulnerability map thus obtained indicates that the western areas of the basin generally have the maximum pollution potential followed by the areas located in the east. The central parts of the study area are found to have a low pollution potential. Finally, two sensitivity analyses are performed to show the significance of each value of the net recharge parameter in the calculation of vulnerability index.

Development of a highly sensitive and selective optical sensor for determination of ultra-trace amount of silver ions

Abstract A new selective membrane optical sensor was prepared for the determination of ultra-trace amounts of silver(I). The optical sensor was prepared using a recently synthesized ionophore, 7-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-2H-1,13,4,7,10-benzodioxatriaza cyclopentadecine 3,11(4H,12H)-dione, as an ionophore and ETH-5294 as a chromoionophore in a PVC membrane. The influence of several parameters on the preparation of the optical sensor and the determination of Ag(I) was studied and optimized. The optical sensor has a wide linear dynamic range (2.27 × 10 −11 to 1.13 × 10 −3 mol L −1 ) with a low detection limit of 9.5 pmol L −1 Ag(I). The response time of this sensor was 210 s. The optical sensor could be regenerated several times using 0.2 mol L −1 HCl solution. The influence of potential interference ions on the Ag(I) determination was studied. The results showed that the prepared optical sensor was very selective to silver ions so that it had no significant response to common ions such as Mn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Ni 2+ , Pb 2+ , Hg 2+ , and Co 2+ . The sensor was also applied successfully for the determination of silver ions in different real samples such as Zayandehrood river water, two polymetallic ores, and silver sulfadiazine (1.0%) topical cream.

Multiresidue determination of pesticides from aquatic media using polyaniline nanowires network as highly efficient sorbent for microextraction in packed syringe

A simple, rapid and sensitive method based on microextraction in packed syringe (MEPS), in combination with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was developed. Polyaniline (PANI) nanowires network was synthesized and used as sorbent of MEPS for the multiresidue determination of selected analytes from triazine, organochlrorine and organophosphorous pesticides in aqueous samples. The PANI nanowires network was prepared using soft template technique and its characterization was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of micelles in this methodology showed to be an important parameter in shaping the growing polymer. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) was used as structure directing agent in PANI preparation procedure and this was led to the formation of nanowires with diameters ranging from 35nm to 45nm. The synthesized PANI nanowires network showed higher extraction capability in comparison with the bulk PANI. Important parameters influencing the extraction and desorption processes including desorption solvent, elution volume, draw–eject cycles of sample, draw–eject mode, pH effect and amount of sorbent were optimized. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.07–0.3ngmL−1 using time scheduled selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The linearity of method was in the range from 0.5–200ngmL−1 to 0.2–1000ngmL−1. The method precision (RSD %) with three replicates were in the range of 5.3–18.4% at the concentration level of 5ngmL−1. The developed method was successfully applied to the Zayandeh-rood river water samples and the matrix factor obtained for the spiked real water samples were in the range of 0.79–0.94.

Surveying the Environmental Biology Effects of Esfahan Factories on Zayandehrood Pollution

Water is the key of national development. Wherever a spring has been dried out or a river has changed it s course, the area's people have migrated and have been scattered and th e area's civilization has lost its brilliance. Today, air po llution, global warming and ozone layer damage are as the problems of countries, but certainly in the next decade the shortage and p ollution of waters will be important issues of the world. The polluted waters are more dangerous in when they are used in agriculture. Be cause they infect plants and these plants are used in human and lives tock consumption in food chain. With the increasing population growt h and after that, the increase need to facilities and raw materials, human beings has started to do haste actions and wanted or unwanted destroyed his life basin. They try to overuse and capture his environm ent extremely, instead of having futurism approach in sustainable use of nature. This process includes Zayanderood recession, and caused its pollution after the transition from industrial and urban area s. Zayandehrood River in Isfahan is a vital artery of a living ecos ystem. Now is the location of disposal waste water of many cities, vi llages and existing industries. The central area of the province is an important industrial place, and its environmental situation has reached a critical stage. Not only a large number of pollution-generating industr ies are active in the city limits, but outside of the city and adjace nt districts Zayandehrood River, heavy industries like steel, Mo barakeh Steel and other tens great units pollute wild life. This article tries to study contaminant sources of Zayanderood and their severity, and determine and discuss the share of each of these re sources by major industrial centers located in areas. At the end, we represent suitable strategy.

Measurement and simulation of dissolved oxygen in Zayandehrood river

Aims: This study aims to simulate dissolved oxygen of Zayandehrood river from regulating dam to Polle-Kalleh bridge using MIKE11 software that is a hydrodynamics and water quality model. Materials and Methods: During 5 months the samples were taken from four hydrometric stations and water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD (1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days), NH 4 , NO 3 - phosphate (PO4 3- ), and temperature were measured. Morphological and hydrological data were provided and introduced into the model. The model was calibrated and its accuracy was investigated. Results: The results indicated that concentration of PO4 3- , BOD5 , COD, NH 4 , and NO3 - exceeded surface water standards from regulating dam to Pole-Kalleh bridge. The results of the prediction for the next 25 years indicated that due to growth of population and industries along the river, concentration of some pollutants will be increased. Conclusions: The results indicated that although the current DO level is suitable for aquatic environment, this is not adequate for fish reproduction and migration. Prediction of the river water quality parameters for the future conditions showed that discharge of urban and rural wastewater to river should be avoided. In situations where release of effluent into the river is inevitable, nitrification process should be added to wastewater treatment processes.