Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC Research Articles

Characteristic infused water of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea Linn) with the addition of traditional spice andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) based on sustainable local resources

Infused water is a drink that contains bioactive components. In this study, the manufacture of infused water from herbs, namely butterfly pea and the addition of andaliman which is a traditional spice typical of North Sumatra. The determine of this study was to determine the effect of adding andaliman and the storage time of butterfly pea infused water. This study was made with the addition of andaliman (A1 = 0%, A2 = 5%, A3 = 10%, and A4 = 15%) of the weight of water, then stored for a long time of storage (P1 = 0 days, P2 = 2 days, P3 = 4 days, P4 = 6 days, and P5 = 8 days) at refrigerator temperature. The results obtained were the addition of andaliman highly significantly different (P<0.01) on colour index, total sugar, and total flavonoids. Meanwhile, there was highly significantly different P(<0.01) in the total sugar and total flavonoids, but no significantly different (P>0.05) in colour index on the effect of storage time. The results show that the colour index of this infused water is blue-purple (302.1794-300.2495 °Hue). The highest total sugar was in treatment A4 (0.2437%) and the highest total flavonoid was in treatment A4 (2.0728%).

Antioxidant Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC.) on Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Levels in Rats

Free radicals are compounds or molecules that contain one or more unpaired electrons in their outer orbitals. If the production of free radicals is excessive, it can cause oxidative damage which ends in cell death resulting in the acceleration of various degenerative diseases. To neutralize the work of free radicals, external antioxidants are needed. Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is a source of natural antioxidants that contain flavonoids that can neutralize free radicals. This research included sample preparation, examination of simplicia characteristics, screening of simplicia phytochemicals, extract preparation, determination of SOD activity spectrophotometrically using reagents. A total of 30 rats were divided into 6 groups consisting of the control group, the stress-induced group, the comparison group, and the three stress-induced and EEBA groups with doses of 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 300 mg respectively. /kg bw. Stress induction was carried out by administering EEBA for 7 days and continued by administering EEBA together with doxorubicin for the next 2 days. The results showed that the average SOD level in the control group was (4.626 0.2583), the doxorubicin group (1.956+ 0.0879), the EEBA group 75 mg kg body weight (2.444 0.0844), the EEBA group 150 mg/kg body weight ( 3.052 +0.1139), the EEBA 300 mg/kg body weight (3.646+0.1739) and the Routine 50 mg/kg body weight 5.594 + 0.2056), EEBA had higher SOD activity when compared to the doxorubicin group. Based on the statistical results, SOD activity increased with the increase in the dose of EEBA given and showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between the EPBA group and the doxorubicin group. Observations on liver tissue in the group given EEBA showed better conditions than the liver in the doxorubicin group.

Toxicological Assessment of Methanolic Fruit Extract of &lt;i&gt;Zanthoxylum acanthopodium&lt;/i&gt; DC. in Swiss Albino Mice: Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity Study

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. is widely used in traditional plant-based medical practices in India, with different parts of this plant used to treat a variety of ailments. Though this has been a time-tested practice, the side effects and other implications that the plant may have should not be overlooked. This study evaluated the toxicity of the methanolic fruit extract of Z. acanthopodium in Swiss albino mice by conducting acute and sub-acute toxicity tests using hematological, biochemical, ultrastructural analysis, sperm abnormality, and genotoxicity as parameters. For the acute toxicity test, mice were treated with a single dose of 5000 mg extract/kg bw of mice. While for sub-acute toxicity test, doses of 200, 500, and 1000 mg of the extract/kg bw were administered to the mice. Furthermore, a satellite group of the respective control group and the highest dose group were employed to observe the post-treatment effect that the plant may have. The acute toxicity test resulted in a significant reduction of the mean body weight gain in treated mice, but, no signs of morbidity and mortality were recorded. Sub-acute toxicity test revealed a negative effect of the plant extract on the blood and biochemical parameters. Light and electron microscopic examination of the liver and kidney showed the damaging effects of the extract on the tissues and the cellular structures. In addition, the extract induced sperm abnormalities with a significant reduction of sperm count and sperm viability, and caused an increase in the percentage of abnormally shaped sperms. The extract treatment also resulted in an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations as well as cell death.

Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Mediated by Andaliman Fruit Water Extract and Its Application as Antioxidants

Plant extract-mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is currently gaining significant interest in the field of nanotechnology. In this study, AuNPs were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). The formation of AuNPs was confirmed by observing the color change of the solution from clear to cherry red. The reaction parameters, namely the extract concentration and the ratio of the mixture of the extract with HAuCl4 solution, were optimized for the AuNPs biosynthesis. The gold nanoparticles were characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, SEM-EDS, and particle size analyzer. The characterization suggested that AuNPs had a maximum wavelength ranging of 540–559 nm, with spherical crystals morphology where the highest component was gold at 36.01% and the size below 100 nm on average. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized AuNPs was determined using the DPPH method. It showed that the highest free radical scavenging activity was 83%, given by 20 ppm AuNPs.

Test of Antioxidant And Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium Dc.) With Dpph (1.1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazil) Trapping Method And Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

Utilization of bioavailability according to World Health Organization (WHO) records is very large, it is estimated that almost 80% of mankind, especially in developing countries, still use plants as medicinal ingredients to maintain their health (Nugraheni, 2007). Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) which belongs to the Rutaceae tribe which is one of the plants known to the Batak community, is classified as a wild plant and is a typical plant of Province North Sumatra. The method used in this research is experimental research. The research included collecting and processing andaliman fruit, making simplicia, making ethanol extracts, and examining antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH free radical scavenging method (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) and antibacterial activity using the minimum inhibitory concentration method. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the ethanolic extract of andaliman fruit showed that the extract had antibacterial activity in the moderate category at a concentration of 300 mg/ml with an inhibition zone of 10.17 mm for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and a moderate category for Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria with an inhibition zone of 10.80 mm. The ethanol extract of andaliman fruit can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, effective at a concentration of 300 mg/ml with inhibitory diameters of 10.17 mm and 10.80 mm, respectively.

Testing Antioxidant And Antibacterial Activity Of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium Dc.) Ethanol Extract With Abts Method (2,2'-Azino-Bis(3-Ethylbenz-Thiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid) And Minimum Resistant Concentration

Antioxidants are chemical compounds that can donate one or more electrons to free radicals, so that these free radicals can be quenched. There are two sources of antioxidants, namely natural and synthetic antioxidants. Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is one of the many spice plants found in Toba Samosir and North Tapanuli Regencies, North Sumatra. Andaliman plants grow at an altitude of 1,500 m above sea level. Apart from North Sumatra. This research using method experimental research when collecting and processing andaliman fruit, making simplicia, making ethanol extracts and examining antioxidant activity tests using the ABTS free radical scavenging method (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and antibacterial activity. using the minimum inhibitory concentration method. Testing the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of andaliman fruit with the ABTS method using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 734 nm. the regression equation (y = 0.4619 + 20.226) obtained an IC50 value of 64.4598 mg/mL which can be classified as a strong antioxidant activity. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the ethanol extract of the andaliman fruit showed that the extract had antibacterial activity in the moderate category at a concentration of 300 mg/ml with an inhibition zone of 10.

Histological changes of cervical tumours following Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC treatment, and its impact on cytokine expression

Cervical cancer is the second most lethal cancer in Indonesia, behind breast cancer. One of the reasons cancer cells are difficult to treat is that the immune system is sometimes unable to recognise them as foreign. Cytokinin therapy is carried out so that the immune system can strengthen its response to cancer cells, with the aim of slowing or stopping the development of malignant cells. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC, also known as andaliman, is an Indonesian herb and a member of the Rutaceae family. It is rich in antioxidants and has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The current study aimed to investigate the histological changes and changes in the expression of cytokines, such as IL-10, IL1β, VEGFR1, and TGFβ1, associated with andaliman treatment. Sample tissues and serums extracted from cervical cancer rat models were used. Rats were divided into five groups: a control group (C−), cancer model group (C+), cancer with a dose of Z. acanthopodium methanolic extract (ZAM) 100 mg/body weight (BW) ZAM (ZAM100), cancer with a dose of ZAM 200 mg/BW ZAM (ZAM200), and cancer with a dose of ZAM 400 mg/BW ZAM (ZAM400). Treatment lasted for 1 month. Blood samples were prepared for ELISA analysis, and cervical tissue was stained for immunohistochemistry using antibodies against IL-10, IL-1β, VEGFR1, and TGFβ1. Administration of ZAM had no significant effect on rat body weight and cervical organs (p > 0.05). However, it impacted haematological parameters in rats with cervical cancer (p < 0.05). Elevated malondialdehyde levels may be linked to superoxide dismutase deficiency in tumour tissue. ZAM significantly decreased the expression of IL1β, TGFβ1, and VEGFR1 (p < 0.01), while it increased the expression of IL-10. Therefore, ZAM may be a potential target for molecular cytokine therapy for cervical cancer.

Anti-Aging Activity of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC) Fruit Ethanol Extract on Brain Weight and p16INK4a Expression of Hippocampus in Aging Model Rats.

Physiological aging and due to oxidative stress in long term will have an impact on cellular response disorders, can caused aging of hippocampus and senility. Brain weight is known to decrease with age and p16INK4a as aging biomarkers have been investigated. Andaliman is one of typical herbal plants from North Sumatra has been widely used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging. This study was evaluated effect of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) fruit ethanol extract (AEE) on brain weight and p16INK4a expression in aging model rats. This study was carried out experimentally of 24 male wistar rats. The treatment group consisted of 4 groups; KN= negatif control (normal), KP= positif control (aging model rat), P1 and P2= aging model rat + AEE at dose 150 and 300mg/kgbw, respectively. The aging model rats were D-galactose-induced at dose of 150mg/kgbw for 8 weeks. Brain weigth were recorded by digital scales. p16INK4a expression using immunohistochemical methods. The data analysis with Anova test. This study showed differences brain weight between groups (p=0.523). Brain weight in P1 (1.34±0,06) and P2 (1.30±0.09) tendency increased than KP (1.29±0.62). The p16INK4a expression between groups significant difference (p=0.041), continued with post hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) showed p16INK4a expression in KN significant decreased than KP (p=0.027). Likewise, p16INK4a expression in P2 was significant decreased than KP (p=0.010). Andaliman ethanol extract at a dose 300mg/kgbw for 8 weeks was improved aging process caused D-galactose induced.

Analysis of Wound Healing from Andaliman Fruit Essential Oil Ointment (Zanthoxylum Canthopodium Dc.) on Wistar Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

Injuries are cases of injury that are often experienced by every human being. A wound is the loss or damage of some body tissue. Many andaliman fruits contain many phytochemicals such as phenols, saponins, flavonoids, triterpioids, and alkaloids. Its terpenoid content has antioxidant and antimicrobial activity repellents. Iris / incision wounds, which are wounds caused by sharp object slices such as knives, cause damage to vessels that are large enough if the slice is deep enough. This study aims to find out the effect of Andaliman Fruit Essential Oil Saleb (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) on wound healing in white rats. This experimental study with the approach of Pre-test and Post-test group only control design was conducted January to February 2021, at the Herbarium Medanese FMIPA USU, the Pharmacognosive Laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy USU, and the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology USU. The samples were Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.), and male white rats. The number of samples using frederer formula, so determined the number of as many as 25 rats selected randomly divided into 5 groups. Data analysis uses the normality test statistical data test, and the ANOVA test. The results of the study that andaliman fruit extract has several bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins that play a role in wound healing. The optimum concentration of Saleb Andaliman fruit essential oil that can heal wounds in white rats is 5%. The highest percentage of cures on the 14th day was in positive control (Bioplacenton®) which was 95% and followed by an extract of 5% v/v with a cure percentage of 90%. Essential oil of andaliman fruit extract has the ability to approach Bioplacenton® in healing wounds in mice.

THE EFFECT OF ANDALIMAN EXTRACT (ZANTHOXYLUM ACANTHOPODIUM DC) ON THE HISTOLOGY OF THE STZ-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS RATS

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin or the insulin produced by the body cannot be used effectively. In one study it was shown that testicular weight, sperm count, and sperm motility were significantly reduced due to diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of methanol extract and ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) on the histopathological features of Streptozotocin-induced rat kidney (Rattus novergicus). The study used 30 white rats weighing 150-260g aged 2-3 months. The test was divided into 6 groups, namely, without treatment given STZ 45 mg/KgBW + Metformin 50 mg/kgBW (Standard), only STZ 45 mg/KgBW (negative control), given STZ 45 mg/KgBW + methanol extract andaliman 300 mg/ kgBW (Menthanol), administration of STZ 45 mg/KgBW + ethyl acetate fraction andaliman 300 mg/kgBW (Ethyl Acetate), and administration of STZ 45 mg/KgBW + n-hexane fraction andaliman 300 mg/kgBW (n-hexane). The extract was administered for 14 days and on the 15th day, the rats were sacrificed and their testes were taken and the histological process was carried out. The results showed that presenting ethyl acetate fraction of andaliman fruit (Z. acanthopodium DC) could prevent the level of testicular damage in diabetic patients.

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC.), a Rare Endemic Plant from North Sumatra that Rich in Essential Oils and Potentially as Antioxidant and Antibacterial

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is one of the endemic plants originating from North Sumatra. This plant is known for its benefits as a special seasoning spice in Batak tribe community. Humans as the image of God are given the ability to conduct an investigation and development of what God has created so that science begins to develop to investigate the potential of andaliman plants in the field of health. This writing aims to determine: 1) morphological and physiological characteristics of andaliman, 2) habitat of andaliman, and 3) utilization of andaliman as antioxidant and antibacterial agent. The method of writing used in the preparation of this article is the study of literature. The results of the literature study show that the andaliman plant has a tap root, woody stems, green, odd-numbered and jagged-edged compound leaves, pale yellow flowers, pepper-shaped fruits, and shiny black or wrinkled black seeds with thick and hard seed shells. Andaliman habitat is a place with an altitude of 1200-1500 masl with an average temperature of 15-18 ̊C and rainfall of 800-1000 mm/year and soil pH 5.5-7.6. Andaliman fruit contains 29 components of essential oils such as geranyl, cytronella, β-cytronelol, and nerol which have antioxidant activity. Andaliman fruit extract also has antibacterial activity, which inhibits the growth of microbes such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aspergillus flavus, Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus.

Ethno-medicinal uses of Eryngo (Eryngium foetidum L.) by Meitei community of Manipur, Northeast India

The Meitei or Meetei ethnic community of Manipur (Northeast India) use the eryngo plant ( Eryngium foetidum L. of Apiaceae family), locally called Awa-phadigom to treat at least 17 diseases and ailments namely, arthritis, bodyache, bone fracture, cough, cut and injuries, diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepsia, epilepsy, fever, hypertension, muscular sprain, paralysis, skin diseases, ulcer, vertigo and vomiting which is in comparison to the 34 diseases or ailments treated as reported from different parts of the world. Out of the treatments for 17 diseases or ailments recorded in the present study, treatments for 12 diseases or ailments are already reported in the published reports but the treatments for 5 diseases or ailments like bodyache, bone fracture, muscular sprain, ulcer and vertigo are new additions to the list. In treating the 17 diseases and ailments, 14 other plants namely, Allium hookeri Thw., Allium odorum L., Allium sativum L., Anotis foetida (Dalz.) Benth &amp; Hooker f., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore, Drymaria cordata Willd., Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit, Ocimum sanctum L., Piper nigrum L., Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., Vitex trifolia L. and Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. were also used by combining in different ratio. The fresh eryngo plant is widely used in food and cuisines across Manipur and cultivated in kitchen gardens as a cash crop. As the eryngo plant is widely used and has high potential for economic development, proper scientific cultivation technique (agro-technology) should be developed for different agro-climatic conditions.

Potensi Bakteri Endofit Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC.) Menghambat Bakteri Penyebab Infeksi pada Manusia

&lt;em&gt;Endophytic bacteria are a beneficial bacteria that live in plant tissue. Several studies have shown that certain endophytic bacteria can produce secondary metabolites that have health effects. The andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) have several properties, one of which is as antibacterial against pathogenic bacteria. The most common bacterial infections in humans are caused by commensal bacteria in the body such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study used a qualitative data collection method with the type of experimental laboratory research to isolate the endophytic bacteria andaliman which had been tested against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The initial stage were isolation of endophytic bacteria and observation of colony characteristics, after obtaining isolates with different colony characteristics, a Gram stain test and a antagonist test for pathogenic bacteria were carried out. In this study, 252 colonies grew and there were 85 isolates with different colony characteristics. From all the isolates, there were two isolates that could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and seventeen isolates that could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.&lt;/em&gt;

Edible plants of the Batak Karo of Merdeka District, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Background: Batak Karo is one of Batak tribes reputed for their local knowledge about the use of plants for purposes such as food. The objectives of this ethnobotanical study were to document local knowledge related to the uses of wild edible plants and to provide ethnobotanical data on edible plants of the Batak Karo ethnic in order to contribute to the Indonesian traditional food knowledge. This paper presents part of the ethnobotanical research carried out in Merdeka District, North Sumatra, Indonesia.Methods: Ethnobotanical information was obtained by interviewing 58 Karonese informants in Merdeka (28) and Jaranguda (30). Fifty-five percent of the interviewed people were men. Informants were determined through purposive sampling with the criteria of being married, using plants in the surrounding environment as food, farmers and having access to the forest. We conducted interviews (semi-structured and not closed questionnaire) during the fieldwork. Results: A total of 53 food plants belonging to 27 families were documented. Thirty percent of the collected species are wild and used for food. Several of these edible plants are also referred as medicinal plants for local people so they could be classified as food medicines. Begonia laruei M. Hughes, Medinilla speciosa Blume, Debregeasia longifoli (Burm. f.) Wedd, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC and Eugenia polyantha Barb. Rord. need to be evaluated as potential crops. This study highlights the rich traditional knowledge on edible plants retained by Batak Karo people.Conclusion: The consumption of wild edible plants is still alive in Batak Karo people. The importance of some of these plant species as wild crops must be outlined since they are a source of genetic resources to establish diversity food.

Optimizing the health benefit of Indonesian plant medicine for cancer treatment

The increased incidence of cancer is one of the serious health problems related to climate change. The deterioration of the environment becomes one of the risk factors for cancer. In respond to that problem, the Indonesian health system makes a breakthrough to strengthen health resilience by encouraging the use of Indonesian plant medicine in adjunct with standard pharmaceutical therapy for cancer. The study aimed to investigate the potential of Indonesian plant medicine for the development of complementary medicine for cancer.This review is based on the original paper published on the last five years. The search found several Indonesian plant with high potency for anti-cancer activity, based on in vitro and in vivo study. The medicinal plant include Curcuma longa, Annona muricata, Morinda citrifolia, Elephantopus scaber, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC, and Caesalpinia sappan.

Changes in volatiles and aroma profile of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) upon various drying techniques

Andaliman is a highly perishable Indonesian spice that could be preserved by drying. As the drying influence on andaliman volatiles and aroma profile has not been reported, this study aimed to determine the impact of five drying processes on them and the critical volatiles correlated with favorable aroma attributes. Limonene, geranial, α-pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene, (E)-2-hexenal tended to decrease while geranyl acetate, citronellal, neral tended to increase upon drying. Limonene, andaliman major volatiles, was lost considerably from 28093 µg/g solids (fresh) to 19299–21857 µg/g solids (dried). Drying significantly altered citrus, orange peel, green, warm, and lime leaf aroma. Citronellal, limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, β-citronellol, sabinene, and geranial, played substantial roles in andaliman sensory acceptability due to significant correlation to the favorable aroma attributes (citrus, orange peel, acidic). Oven drying was proposed as the ideal drying method because of its short duration, low water activity, superior overall liking, and high volatile content.

DNA Barcoding of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) from North Sumatra Province of Indonesia Using Maturase K Gene.

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is a native plant of North Sumatra province. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium is a member of Rutaceae family widely found in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The aim of this study was to barcode Z. acanthopodium in North Sumatra province, Indonesia based on cpDNA maturase K (matK). Samples were collected in seven localities across six regions of North Sumatra province. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using Maximum Likelihood method. The results of phylogenetic analysis indicate that Z. acanthopodium is a monophyletic group that is derived from a common ancestor. The results of the phylogenetic tree construction show that there is a grouping of accession between Z. acanthopodium species separate from other species in the Zanthoxylum genus as well as those of the Rutaceae family. The results showed that cpDNA matK marker can effectively be used as DNA barcoding to identify Z. acanthopodium.

The Effervescent Granule Ethanol Extract of Andaliman Fruits (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) using Variations of Source Acid and Antioxidant Activity

Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) contain flavonoids that has antioxidantactivity. This study was conducted to obtain the effervescent granules andaliman fruit extract which has the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging method. Andaliman fruit was extracted in stages using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol, then dried using freeze drying method. Furthermore, the dry extract of ethanol is formulated using variation acid sources, namely citric acid and tartaric acid. The results showed that the formulas had moisture rate of 2.30 – 3.95%; fl ow rate of 2.53-4.12 g/sec; the particle size distribution with the fi nes &lt;10%; dissolved time &lt; 2 minutes; and a pH value of 5.48-5.65. The results of the antioxidant activity of formula I-III were 74.0; 84.9 and 91.9 ppm respectively. The conclusion of the research showed that the formula I with a combination of citric acid and tartaric acid is a formula that meets the physical quality requirements and has a strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 74.0 ppm.

THE QUALITY PARAMETERS, TOTAL FLAVONOIDS DETERMINATION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY COMPOUND OF ANDALIMAN FRUIT ANDALIMAN FRUIT (ZANTHOXYLUM ACANTHOPODIUM DC.) EXTRACT

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical compound of the antioxidant activity of the extract from andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) and the quality parameters and the total flavonoid determination of the highest antioxidant activity.&#x0D; Methods: The andaliman fruits were extracted using a solvent such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol obtained extracts, follow the antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The quality parameters and total flavonoid determination were performed from highest antioxidant activity. Fractionated was done using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) with the mobile phase chloroform-methanol (9:1 ~1:9). Purification with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) preparative, identification using UV-spectrophotometry, FTIR, Gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis.&#x0D; Results: The 70% of ethanol has the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value 84.11±0.47 ppm; the quality parameters in this study meet the quality requirements, both specific and nonspecific parameters. Total flavonoid content of the 70% ethanol extract was 2.37±0.02%. The results of the GCMS studies showed the presence of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester; squalene, methyl palmitate, methyl isopalmitate, n-tetracosanol-1 and 4-isopropyl chalcone.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results indicate that the 70% ethanol extracts of andaliman fruits contains 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester; squalene, methyl palmitate, methyl isopalmitate, n-tetracosanol-1 and 4-isopropyl chalcone have antioxidant activity with IC50 value 51.35 ppm.

Microwave Hydrodistillation of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Seed Essential Oil Using Box-Behnken Design

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is a unique Indonesian spice that grows in North Sumatra. It has the potential to be the material source of essential oil. Andaliman essential oil has not available as a market commodity yet or still in the research extent where even the study of it is limited. This research has carried out the extraction of essential oil through one of the advanced extraction processes, namely microwave hydrodistillation. The experiment was designed using Box-Behnken to obtain an equation model of its process extraction. In this study, the effects of extraction parameters, such as microwave power, F/S ratio, and extraction time, were analyzed. From this research, a reduced quadratic model was obtained that could represent the extraction of andaliman essential oil using microwave hydrodistillation, where all three parameters had a significant effect on the yield of andaliman oil. Besides, the optimization of the model obtained the optimum condition of the andaliman essential oil extraction process. Also, the analysis of the sample product revealed that it was miscible in alcohol and had a relative density value of 0.8861 gr/ml (20°C). The main components of the sample consisted of dl-limonene, geranyl acetate, carvone, and citronella.