Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC Research Articles

Synergistic Effect Antibacterial Activity of The Combination of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Fruit Essential Oil and Erythromycin against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes

Background: The concept of synergism is one of the approaches taken to combat the problems related to antibiotic resistance. Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine the synergistic effect of antibacterial activity of a combination of essential oil of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC fruit and erythromycin against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes. Methods: The broth microdilution assay was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Z. acanthpodium DC fruit essential oil and erythromycin. The synergistic effects were assessed using the checkerboard method. Results: MIC value of Z. acanthopodium DC fruit essential oil against both bacteria was 2500 mg/mL. The combination of Z. acanthopodium DC fruit essential oil and erythromycin had a synergistic effect against S. mutans and S. pyogenes with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values of 0.375 and 0.0872, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that a combination of herbal plants and conventional antibiotics could be used as an alternative therapy for bacterial infections.

Effect of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Supplementation in Broiler Diets on Meat Fat, Cholesterol, and Malondialdehyde Content

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of supplementing broiler diets with andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) on the fat, cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in broiler meat. The experiment utilized 200 day-old chicks (DOC) of the CP 707 strain, which were fed experimental diets starting at 15 days of age. The average initial body weight was 465±1.50 g per bird, and the birds were reared until 35 days of age. The research design followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five dietary treatments and four replications per treatment, each containing 10 broilers. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (R1= 0% andaliman) and diets supplemented with 0.25% (R2), 0.5% (R3), 0.75% (R4), and 1% (R5) andaliman. The variables measured were meat fat content, cholesterol content, and MDA levels. The results indicated that andaliman supplementation had no significant effect (P0.05) on the fat, cholesterol, or MDA content of broiler meat. The observed ranges were 140.61–161.61 mg/100 g for fat content, 140.61–161.61 mg/100 g for cholesterol content, and 8.11–8.56 µg/g for MDA levels. In conclusion, the addition of andaliman to broiler diets did not significantly influence the fat, cholesterol, or MDA content in the meat.

VIRTUAL SCREENING OF ZANTHOXYLUM ACANTHOPODIUM DC. FRUIT BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS NATURAL ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS

The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) is a widely prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). These drugs still have limitations due to their side effects. This study aims to identify the potential of bioactive compounds from Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) as natural ACEi for the treatment of hypertension with an in-silico approach. Phytoconstituents from Z. acanthopodium fruits were screened using the SwissADME web server for their bioavailability. The selected compounds were then paired to human ACE (PDB ID: 1O86) by site-specific docking to the ACE binding pocket. The stability of the interaction between ligand and protein was evaluated using molecular dynamics simulations in YASARA software. From a total of 39 compounds, we predict that 5 compounds namely kaempferol, quercetin, abscisic acid, benzophenone, and cis-3,5,3,4-tetrahydroxystilbene can bind to ACE with good affinity and form interactions with key residues. The presence of these compounds may reduce the binding affinity of angiotensin I to ACE and alter the interaction site. Molecular dynamics simulations show the compounds have good interaction stability with ACE and remain in the active site until the end of the simulation. This study showed that five bioactive compounds from Andaliman fruit act potentially as natural ACE-inhibiting agents.

Potent bioactivity of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.)

Introduction: Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is a plant originating from North Sumatra, Indonesia which has traditionally been used as a treatment of toothache, cough, rheumatism, lumbago, stomach colic, asthma, fever. Various kinds of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, steroids, and phenols in andaliman are known to have pharmacological activity. Method: This review discusses pharmacological activities of andaliman by using libraries from Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Pubmed with a maximum publication year of the last 10 years, namely from 2013–2023. Results and discussions: The results showed that plant parts in the form of fruits, leaves, bark, and roots of andaliman proved to have pharmacological activity of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties.

Evaluation of the physical properties of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) fruit extract tablets using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a binder agent

Background: Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC, also known as andaliman, is a traditional herb utilized predominantly as a spice. It is rich in bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which exhibit analgesic activities.
 Objective: This study aims to develop a tablet formulation of andaliman fruit extract, employing polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 as a binder, utilizing the wet granulation method.
 Method: The andaliman fruit was processed to extract its components using 96% ethanol. The extract, at a concentration of 100 mg, was then formulated into three different tablet formulations, varying in PVP K-30 concentration: F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). These formulations were analyzed for granule characteristics and physical properties of the tablets.
 Results: Granule testing confirmed that all formulations met the requirements for quality granules. Among the formulations, F1 (1% PVP concentration) demonstrated superior physical properties: size uniformity of 1.22±0.00 cm, weight uniformity of 518.53±10.15 mg, friability of 0.45±0.01%, hardness of 6.34±0.05 kg, and disintegration time of 9.42±0.90 minutes.
 Conclusion: The tablet formulation of Andaliman fruit extract with 1% PVP K-30 exhibited the most favorable physical properties, suggesting its potential viability for further development and testing. This study lays the groundwork for exploring Andaliman fruit-based analgesic tablets.

Cardioprotective Effect of Hydroalcohol Extract of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Fruits on Doxorubicin-Induced Rats.

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) fruit is a spice plant widely used in North Sumatra. The chemical content in the Andaliman plant has a cardioprotective effect, with antioxidant properties that inhibit oxidative stress and free radicals. SOD (superoxide dismutase), BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide), and cTnT (troponin T) are measured as markers of heart damage, and histopathology is to see heart damage. Quercetin administration was used as a comparison. The hydroalcoholic extract's phytochemical content and chemical elements were analyzed using LC-HRMS and GC-MS. The findings showed that the hydroalcohol extract of Andaliman fruits affected the blood levels of SOD, BNP, and cTnT in the blood of doxorubicin-induced rats. SOD levels increased, and BNP decreased; the 300 mg/kg BW group was not significantly different from the 50 mg/kg BW quercetin group. cTnT levels also decreased; the 150 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW groups were not significantly different, and both were better than the 50 mg/kg BW quercetin group. EAF with 150 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW can also repair damage to rat heart tissue caused by doxorubicin. Andaliman fruit extract has cardioprotective effects and anti-free radical activity due to its content and potential to be developed.

Exploring the antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria from Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) against Bacillus subtilis

Abstract. Rizqoh D, Sipriyadi, Suryani UH, Putri CN, Agustin M, Taurustya H, Lestari N, Sariyanti M. 2024. Exploring the antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria from Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) against Bacillus subtilis. Biodiversitas 25: 700-707. Infectious diseases are still one of the global health problems. Increasing antibiotic resistance against several pathogenic microbes causes antibiotics to be less effective in treating infectious diseases. One pathogenic bacteria that causes infection is Bacillus subtilis, which causes bacteremia, septicemia, and endocarditis. Therefore, searching for new alternative antibiotics is urgently needed to overcome bacterial resistance. Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) extract produces antimicrobial bioactive compounds. Thus, this study aims to explore endophytic bacteria from Z. acanthopodium and determine their antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. This study used a qualitative experimental method, namely isolation of endophytic bacteria, characterization of endophytic bacteria colonies and cells, antagonistic test against B. subtilis, extraction of compounds from endophytic bacteria, and determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of crude extract of endophytic bacteria against B. subtilis. This study showed that 16 endophytic isolates from Z. acanthopodium could inhibit the growth of B. subtilis, and potential isolates were EA7 and EA26, which have Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at 40%, and EB6 at 80%.

The potential of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) fruit as an ethanol extract for neuroprotection in aged model rat.

Dementia is a common aging-related neurodegenerative disease in the elderly worldwide. Alterations in neurogenesis and angiogenesis factors have been linked to cognitive impairment in neurological disorders. However, synthetic drugs to improve memory disorders have uncomfortable side effects. The purpose of this study is to explore the neuroprotective potential of the fruit ethanol extract of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) [Andaliman fruit ethanol extract (AEE)] on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and spatial memory in rat models of aging. This study had an experimental design with AEE. The 4 groups were treated as follows: N (normal), M (served as positive control), P1 (AEE 150 mg/kg bw), and P2 (AEE 300 mg/kg BW) for 8 weeks. Aged model rats (M, P1, and P2) were obtained by inducing D-galactose (150 mg/kg bw). BDNF and VEGF expression were determined by RT-PCR, and spatial memory was assessed using the test of the Moris Water Maze (MWM). The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess the statistical analysis. AEE had a tendency to increase BDNF in P2 compared to the normal group (1.98 versus 1). VEGF expression increased in P1 and P2 compared to the normal group (1.14 and 1.29 versus 1). AEE at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw significantly improved spatial memory (p = 0.026). For eight weeks, AEE at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw considerably increased the potential to enhance VEGF and BDNF expression as well as spatial memory.

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) fruit ethanolic extract exerts attenuative effect on hyperglycemia, sensory and motoric function's disorders in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is a potent medicinal plant in Asia. This present study aimed to reveal the effectivity of Andaliman fruit extract in alleviating hyperglycemia, sensory and motoric balance disorders, histopathology of the cerebellum, and tissue oxidative stress in diabetic mice induced by alloxan. Diabetes induction was performed by intraperitoneally injecting alloxan monohydrate [200 mg/kg body weight (BW)]. Subsequently, the mice were treated daily with an ethanolic extract of Andaliman fruit (0, 150, 300, 450 mg/kg BW per oral) for 28 days, followed by measurements of blood glucose, paw sensitivity, motoric balance, histopathology of the cerebellum, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Moreover, the phytochemical constituents of the extract were elucidated by liquid chromatography. Higher doses of Andaliman fruit extract could significantly attenuate the elevation of random and fasting blood glucose (p < 0.05) and improve paw sensitivity responses (p < 0.05) and motoric balances (p < 0.05) in diabetic mice. Moreover, Andaliman fruit extract could significantly attenuate the degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells (p < 0.05) and suppress MDA levels in the blood (p < 0.05) while blunting the MDA in the brain tissue (p < 0.05). Phytochemical screening revealed 39 compounds in the Andaliman extract belonging to the groups of alkaloids (26 compounds), flavonoids (12 compounds), and terpenoids (1 compound). The ethanolic extract of Andaliman fruit is capable of ameliorating diabetic neuropathy, motor balance disorders, and Purkinje cell degeneration while also reducing oxidative stress in the peripheral system. Hence, Andaliman extract is a promising candidate for formulation as an herbal remedy against the detrimental outcomes of diabetes mellitus.

The effect of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) fruit extracted with ethanol on TNF-α and TRPA-1 levels in type II diabetes-induced mice.

The present study investigated the effects of Andaliman fruit extract on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA-1) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse models induced with streptozocin (STZ) and a high-fat diet (HFD). In this research, mice were allocated into six distinct groups: normal, negative control (HFD and STZ), positive control (metformin, HFD, and STZ), and three treatment groups (HFD, STZ, and Andaliman extract at varying dosages of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, respectively). Body weight and blood glucose levels (BGLs) were recorded at weeks 1 (baseline), 8, 12, and 16. The levels of TNF-α and TRPA-1 were measured during the 16th week. Phytochemical screening of the Andaliman extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. The one-way ANOVA revealed significantly elevated BGL at week 16 in the negative control group in comparison to the other groups (p < 0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons showed that the negative control had significantly higher TNF-α levels than the Andaliman-groups (z = 22.11, p < 0.01). TRPA-1 was significantly higher in the negative control group compared to the treatment groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Spearman's rho analysis revealed a statistically significant positive association between BGL and both TNF-α and TRPA-1, as well as between TNF-α and TRPA. Andaliman extract potentially serves as a therapy for diabetic neuropathy in T2DM by lowering BGL and inhibiting the expression of TNF-α and TRPA-1.

Analisis Mikrobiologi Dengke Naniura Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio L) Terhadap Pengaruh Konsentrasi Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC)

Dengke naniura is a traditional fermented food made from carp which is often consumed in the traditional ceremonies of the Batak people. This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) the best concentration of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) on microbes in dengke naniura. The method used in this research is an experimental method. The experimental design that will be used is a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 4 variations of andaliman concentrations of 0 g (A0), 25 g (A1), 27.5 g (A2), 30 ( A3). Dengke naniura’s microbial testing was carried out at the Samudra University Laboratory. The best concentration after addition andaliman to the microbial colonies that appeared after incubation was at the A3 (30 g) concentration. The number of microbes that can be counted on the addition 30 g andaliman is 3.66 x 104 colonies/g had met the standardization of SNI for food maximum 5.0 x 105 colonies/g.

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Nitric Oxide Inhibition and Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils from Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Leaves and Stems from Vietnam.

This study was aimed to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of leaf and stem essential oils of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. from Vietnam. Their chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by microdilution broth assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the ability to inhibit nitric oxide production in macrophage cells. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the sulforhodamine B assay on three human cancer cell lines. Forty-four compounds were identified in the leaf oil, among which dehydroaromadendrane (23.4 %), (E)-carpacin (17.6 %), 2-tridecanone (12.2 %), and 9-methyl-2-decanone (11.8 %) were the most abundant. The stem oil contained fifty-five identified constituents, mainly γ-gurjunene (51.1 %) and butyl acetate (11.8 %). Both oils exhibited inhibitory effects on three bacterial strains, namely S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and a fungal strain C. albican, while showed insignificant effects on B. subtilis, L. fermentum, and S. enterica. Both oils showed weak NO production inhibition in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, but exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against all three tested cell lines SK-LU-1, MCF-7, and HepG2 with the IC50 values ranging from 16.03±0.77 to 35.60±1.62 μg/mL. This is the first report on the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from the leaves and stems of Z. acanthopodium.

Essential Oil Compounds of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Fruit Varieties and Their Utilization as Skin Anti-Aging Using Molecular Docking.

Exposure to UV/infrared (IR) radiation is the main extrinsic factor that changes skin morphology and affects the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin aging. Ten varieties of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) fruit are presumed to have skin anti-aging compounds via an enzyme-inhibition mechanism. This study aims to compare ten essential oils (EOs) of andaliman fruit varieties, group them according to their varieties, and obtain the chemical components that can be used as potential skin anti-aging agents using molecular docking. EOs were isolated by hydrodistillation, and the determination of the chemical compounds was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Using the Orange data mining software, a heatmap was used for grouping and showing the abundance of the compounds of ten varieties. Finally, molecular docking was conducted using the software AutoDockTools 1.5.7. There were 97 chemical components in the ten EOs of andaliman fruit varieties, with the main chemical components being geranyl acetate (29.87%) and D-limonene (26.49%), and they were grouped into three clusters. The chemical components that are prospective candidates as skin anti-aging agents are geranyl acetate and D-limonene, found in abundance in the Sihalus variety of andaliman fruit. These can be developed for applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

Phytochemicals, proximate composition, minerals and volatile oil analysis of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruits

Background: The use of herbal plants is adopted as a traditional medicine because of their minimal side effects. Most plants have bioactive ingredients and nutritional content that can potentially be used as treatments. One plant that has the potential to be a source of modern medicine is Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Historically the use of traditional medicine as a treatment has enjoyed a good sense of trust among the public. The purpose of this study was to perform a qualitative phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of samples of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Methods: Used in this study were the phytochemical screening test using the thin-layer chromatography method and the proximate analysis using the AOAC method, which included measuring the ash, water, carbohydrate, total fat, protein, and crude fiber content of the samples. Hydrodistillation was used to isolate volatile oil from the sample, which was then identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The research method used is experimental. Results: From the test, it was found that the phytochemical content of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC is alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, steroids, and triterpenoids. Proximate analysis obtained ash content of 6.19%, water content of 6.35%, carbohydrates of 35.4%, total fat of 2.46%, protein of 16.2%, and crude fiber of 33.4%. Mineral test results prove that Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC contains Pb (&lt;0.07 mg/Kg), Cd (&lt;0.03 mg/Kg), As (&lt;0.03 mg/Kg), Hg (0.0011 mg/Kg), Mn (43.1 mg/Kg), K (321 mg/Kg), Ca (0.22 mg/Kg), Mg (198 mg/Kg), Fe (52.1 mg/Kg), and Na (23.6 mg/Kg). The highest content of essential oil in Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC is geranyl acetate, with a concentration of 24.26%. Conclusions: This study concludes that the research findings of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC indicate that the phytochemical, mineral, and volatile oil content of the sample is strongly related to its potential to be developed as food and medicine.

Marketing efficiency perspective of sustainable Andaliman agroforestry in Humbang Hasundutan Regency

Indonesia has so many herbal medicinal plants and spices that are endemic and location-specific since it has a very vast tropical rainforest area. One of them is Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC). This endemic species is very sensitive to climate and location changes so the farmers only have around 5 Andaliman trees planted in between any other kind of plants in their agroforestry land on average. There is an undeveloped and very promising future for the competitiveness improvement of Indonesia’s herbs and spices. This study was accomplished to investigate the marketing efficiency of Andaliman agroforestry in Humbang Hasundutan Regency to accommodate stakeholders in formulating policies to progress Andaliman's competitiveness. The results showed that all of Andaliman’s marketing channels in the research area were efficient. The most efficient was Channel II, followed by Channel III, and the last position was seated by Channel I. Marketing losses and labour costs were at the top of the list as the largest marketing costs, so they truly needed to be optimized at almost all channel levels and types of marketing channels to improve marketing efficiency. Therefore, referring to these results, we composed a suggestion to improve farmers' welfare by doing simple processing such as processing Andaliman into several dried and packaged products that are easier to use, long-last, and attractive, as well as combining more efficient production with distribution in shorter marketing channels. This will encourage farmers to maintain Andaliman agroforestry as a farming option that is more sustainable and natural.

The effect of ethanol extract of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) on kidney damage in tartrazine-induced rats

Tartrazine is a yellow synthetic dye with aromatic and chromo groups. It is widely used in food colouring products and cosmetics, and prolonged consumption can cause kidney damage. Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is a North Sumatra-native spice plant which reported as antioxidant to repair kidney damage. This study was conducted to determine the effect of ethanol extract of andaliman fruit on the morphology, ureum levels, histology, and glomerular diameter of tartrazine-induced rats. This study employed a completely randomised design (CRD). The ethanol extract of andaliman fruit was dissolved in CMC-Na 1%. Twenty-five rats were divided into 5 groups: negative control (KN), positive control (tartrazine indcution/PN), and treated groups (P1, P2, and P3 induced tartazine and treated with andaliman extract at dose 150 mg/kg BW, 300 mg/kg BW, and 450 mg/kg BW, respectively). After 30 days treatment, kidney damage was observed based on colour and surface of kidneys, kidney index, ureum level, kidney damage score, and glomerular diameter. There are no significant different in the kidney index among groups (p &gt; 0.05). Tartrazin at a dose of 15 mg/kg BW was able to induce the kidney damage as indicated by the increase ureum levels, kidney damage score, and the decrease of glomerular diameter in the negative control. The treatment of andaliman fruit ethanol extract was able to repair the tartazine-induced kidney damage as indicated by the decrease of ureum level and kidney damage score and incread the glomerular diameter.

Inhibition of Colon Cancer Cells Via Apoptosis Pathway by Ethanolic Extract of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium Dc.) Fruits

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is an exotic spice from North Sumatra (Indonesia) commonly added to enrich the flavor of Bataknese ethnic food because of its unique aroma and trigeminal sensation. Traditionally, it is also known to have health benefits in the gastrointestinal tract; however no studies have reported it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potency of Andaliman fruit to inhibit the proliferation of HCT-116 and WiDr colon cancer cells and its underlying mechanism of inhibition. Andaliman fruits were extracted using ethanol. The anti-proliferative effect was evaluated using the MTT test, and the underlying mechanism of inhibition was examined using the Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Hoechst staining. Bax and Bcl-2 proteins were used as the markers for the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression analysis, respectively. Andaliman ethanolic extract showed potential bioactivity to inhibit the growth of WiDr and HCT-116 cells in vitro with IC50 of 95.61 μg.mL-1 and 94.64 μg.mL-1, respectively. The cytotoxicity effect of andaliman was rationalized by the gene expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in a non-dose-dependent manner. In addition, Andaliman extract could increase the apoptotic gene marker expression in both cells at half of their IC50, i.e. 47.81 μg.mL-1 and 47.32 μg.mL-1 for WiDr and HCT-116 cells, respectively. This study demonstrated that Andaliman fruit could be potentially developed as a functional food ingredient to prevent colon cancer by inducing the apoptosis mechanism.

Chemical Composition and Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiviral, and Larvicidal Activities of the Essential Oils of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. from China and Myanmar.

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. is a widely used traditional medicinal plant to treat fever, flu, stomachache, traumatic injury, and mosquito bite in tropical and subtropical Asia. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and larvicidal activities of its fruit essential oil. The essential oil sample from China (EOZC) was mainly composed of limonene (29.78%) and β-myrcene (26.65%), while the sample from Myanmar (EOZM) was dominated by Terpinen-4-ol (43.35%). Both essential oils showed antifungal activity, with 90% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) values ranging from 26.3 to 499 μg/mL. By obviously inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells, EOZC (IC50, 16 μg/mL) showed comparable anti-inflammatory activity to the positive control L-NMMA (IC50, 12.2 μg/mL). EOZM showed significant antiviral activity against the dengue virus with an IC50 value of 13 μg/mL. Additionally, both EOZC and EOZM demonstrated dose-dependent larvicidal activity against Aedes albopictus, with LC50 and LC90 values ranging from 45.8 to 144.0 μg/mL. Our results contribute a theoretical foundation for the further application of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. as an antifungal and anti-inflammatory ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry and further indicate that it has the potential to be developed as a new source of natural and eco-friendly medicine for the prevention and treatment of dengue virus.

Analisis Senyawa Aktif Trigeminal Andaliman dengan Variasi Metode Pengeringan dengan Pendekatan GC-MS

Sanshool compounds are the trigeminal active compounds in andaliman (Zanthoxylum acantho-podium DC) with a numbing and tingling sensation. The analysis of such compounds is usually done through HPLC approach; however, limited studies have reported that the analysis of such compounds could be conducted with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). This method could save research time and funding by analyzing both sanshools and volatiles simultaneously, which would describe the complete profile of andaliman flavor compounds. This study aimed to confirm the potency of GC-MS in analyzing sanshool compounds and to utilize this method in studying the impact of different drying methods towards andaliman trigeminal active compounds. Andaliman was dried with five drying methods (sun, sunshade, air, oven, and freeze-drying) and was macerated with chloroform, concentrated, and analyzed with GC-MS. The results of this study showed that GC-MS was able to analyze sanshool compounds efficiently. Drying had no statistically significant impact on sanshool quantities extracted from andaliman. Fresh andaliman contained 0.69 % (dry weight basis) of α-sanshool, the main sanshool in andaliman. On the other hand, dried andaliman contained 0.80-1.08% of α-sanshool (dry weight basis). As oven drying managed to produce andaliman with a similar concentration of α-sanshool at a faster time and more affordable cost than other drying methods, oven drying was suggested as the ideal drying method to extend the shelf life of andaliman.

Farm business analysis and marketing channels for Andaliman agroforestry in Humbang Hasundutan District

As an endemic plant from the vicinity forest around Lake Toba area in North Sumatera Province, Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is very beneficial. However, its utilization depends on Batak communities’ traditions so that it is not cultivated and marketed extensively. Due to the uncertain price at the farmers level which had become an obstacle in marketing Andaliman, this study was conducted to provide data and suggestions about farm business analysis and marketing channels for Andaliman agroforestry in Humbang Hasundutan District, hoping it can assist in formulating policies related to price stabilization. The study results show that the farmers’ income was still very varied between IDR 2,441.03-73,882.37 with an average IDR 31,080.32. The Andaliman’s marketing channels in Humbang Hasundutan District consisted of three channels, where Channel I was the longest and most common one, with four marketing agencies involved, namely the farmers, the village level middlemen, the district level middlemen, and the retailers.