Zabol City Research Articles

A Cross Sectional Survey on Tissue Transglutaminase Auto-Antibodies in Patients with Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread life-threatening infection worldwide. There is an uncertainty in the association between the emergence of autoimmune antibodies and TB. Objectives: We hereby aimed to screen anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) IgA in patients with TB in an Iranian population. Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted on smear positive TB patients admitted to the Respiratory Diseases Management Center of the city of Zabol, Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran during 2017 - 2018. Anti-tTG IgA level was determined using an ELISA kit (Pars Azmoun, Iran). Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 19 software. Results: Overall, 162 patients were evaluated. Females and males constituted 87 (53.7%) and 75 (46.3%) of the patients respectively. The mean age was 51.7 ± 22.3 years (range of 1 - 83). Afghan patients constituted 16 (9.9%) and the remaining were Iranians. The therapy course was successfully completed in 78 (48.1%) patients, and 67 (41.4%) improved following treatments. Overall, 5 patients had active TB with 2 drug-resistant cases. Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in 127 (78.4%) while 35 (21.6%) had extra-pulmonary disease. The mean titer of anti-tTG IgA was 22.59 ± 107.7 (range of 0.8 - 940). Overall, 19 (11.9%) of the patients showed elevated levels of the antibody. There was no significant association between anti-tTG IgA titer with neither demographic nor clinical variables. Conclusions: Although anti-tTG IgA antibody test was positive in a relatively high ratio of our patients with TB, the clinical implications of this phenomenon were not significant.

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay to Detect Toxoplasmosis in Schizophrenia Patients.

Background:Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) causes an important parasitic infection known as toxoplasmosis, which is a globally distributed important zoonosis. One of the major serious characteristics of T. gondii is its ability to manipulate the behavior of intermediate hosts. We performed a cross-sectional study to determine toxoplasmosis in schizophrenic patients, as one of the major neuropsychiatric disorders, using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technic by targeting parasite B1 gene.Methods:Blood samples were taken from 118 schizophrenic patients hospitalized in tow hospitals including Baharan, Clinic of Psychiatric Ali-ibn-Abi-Talib Hospital (in Zahedan City), and Amir-al Momenin Psychiatric Hospital (in Zabol City), Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast Iran in 2016. They were analyzed using LAMP, and compared with the previous data of nested-PCR and serology.Results:Out of the 118 schizophrenic individuals, 56 patients (47.4%) were found to be infected with T. gondii. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was confirmed in 41 patients (34.7%) via the nested-PCR. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in schizophrenic patients was 55.9% (66/118).Conclusion:We found a high efficiency of LAMP method in identifying toxoplasmosis and its high prevalence among schizophrenic patients. Our findings could provide viable offer implications for the prevention of schizophrenia.

Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Solanum nigrum and Saponaria officinalis Extracts Against Acinetobacter baumannii

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a non-fermentative gram-negative bacterium that is common in nosocomial infections. As an opportunistic pathogen in hospitals, it is resistant to a large number of antibiotics and responsible for numerous infections such as bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, urogenital infections, and surgical wound infections. Methods: We isolated 10 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii from urine samples of patients referring to Zabol Hospital. Solanum nigrum and Saponaria officinalis plants were harvested from Zabol city, dried in shade, milled, placed in a solvent solution (96% ethanol) for 24 h, and extracted using a rotary machine. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the least bactericidal concentration were determined by the microdilution method. Results: The results of the antibiotic resistance testing showed that 100% of the strains were susceptible to antibiotics ceftazidime, gentamycin, and azithromycin while only 16.6% were resistant to ampicillin. The results of antimicrobial activity analysis showed that the least minimum inhibitory concentration of Saponaria officinalis leaves extract was 25 ppm against A. baumannii. Nine strains were inhibited at this concentration and one strain survived at all concentrations. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of Solanum nigrum extract was 12.5, with two strains being inhibited at this concentration and seven strains being inhibited at 25. Conclusions: This study showed antimicrobial effects of Solanum nigrum and Saponaria officinalis extracts against A. baumannii. Therefore, they can be proposed as treatments for infections caused by this bacterium.

A Survey of Fecal Calprotectin in Children with Newly Diagnosed Celiac Disease with Villous Atrophy

Background: Fecal calprotectin (FC) has been used as a diagnostic marker in intestinal inflammatory conditions. Objectives: As a few studies have been dedicated to assess the role of FC in coeliac disease (CD), the current study aimed to address this issue. Methods: This study included 70 newly diagnosed CD (Marsh score 3) and 70 healthy children. The study was performed at the pediatric ward of Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol city, the southeast of Iran, during June 2016-September 2017. The FC level was determined using a specific ELISA kit. Results: Women constituted 64.3% (45/70) and 55.1% (38/70) of CD and healthy children, respectively (P = 0.1). Three was no significant difference in the mean age between children with CD (6.3 ± 3.4) and without CD (8.3 ± 4.5) (P = 0.2). The mean level of FC was significantly higher in patients (239.1 ± 177.3 μg/g) than in healthy controls (38.5 ± 34.6 μg/g, P < 0.001). The titer of anti-tTG was significantly higher in patients than in healthy children (205.9 ± 156.2 U/mL vs. 6.7 ± 2.1 U/mL, respectively, P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the FC level and anti-tTG titer (r = 0.611, P < 0.001). However, the correlation was not statistically significant between FC and age (r = -0.154, 0.07). The ROC curve analysis revealed an AUC value of 0.893 (95% CI: 0.827 - 0.960, P < 0.001). At the level of 50 μg/g, FC rendered the sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 92%, respectively, for the diagnosis of CD. Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of FC at this cutoff value were 95.5% and 90.5%, respectively. Conclusions: FC can be considered a screening complementary tool for detecting CD with high sensitivity and specificity.

A Survey on the Fluctuations of Liver Enzymes in Severely Dehydrated Children with Acute Gastroenteritis

Background: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a potential life-threatening condition in young children. Objectives: Our aim was to assess hepatic enzymes levels in children with AGE and severe dehydration (> 10%). Methods: We enrolled 138 children with AGE admitted to the Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital of Zabol city in 2016. Children with severe dehydration (> 10%), according to the Vesikari score, were included. Complete blood count, selected inflammatory markers, and hepatic enzymes were investigated. Results: Males and females comprised 89 (64.5%) and 49 (35.5%) of the cases, respectively. The mean age was 3 ± 2.7 years old. Concomitant aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation and isolated AST elevation were observed in 22 (15.9%) and 60 (43.5%) of the patients, respectively. Normal AST and ALT levels were observed in 56 (40.6%) of the patients. The AST level significantly correlated with age (r = -0.230, P = 0.007) and platelet count (r = 0.184, P =0.03). Significant correlations were also detected between ALT level and age (r = -0.230, P = 0.007), ESR (r = -0.240, P = 0.03), and K+ level (r = 0.244, P = 0.03). Conclusions: Our results highlighted relatively high frequency of elevated liver enzymes in severely dehydrated children with AGE.

Evaluating the Effect of Slow-Stroke Back Massage on the Anxiety of Candidates for Cataract Surgery

The patients under cataract surgery often experience anxiety not only during the surgery, but also prior to the surgery. We sought to determine the effects of slow-stroke back massage on anxiety in patients undergoing cataract surgery. The study was conducted in the Amiral-momenin Hospital of Zabol city, south-east of Iran. A total of 60 candidates of cataract surgery participated in the study. The participants were randomly allocated to either control or intervention groups. The intervention group received slow-stroke back massages, while patients in control group received routine interventions. The slow-stroke back massage was performed on the patients assigned to the intervention group. The intervention was performed in the morning of the surgery day at 30 minutes before the surgery. The researcher performed each massage session in a sitting position. The duration of each massage session was 15 minutes. Anxiety was assessed in the both groups in the morning of the surgery, before and immediately after the intervention. Independent samples Student's t test, paired samples Student's t test, and chi-squared test were used to analyze the data. Anxiety was not significantly different between the two groups before and after the massage (p = .816). On the other hand, paired samples Student's t test showed a significant difference comparing the anxiety scores before (49.7±5.43) and after (45.16±3.89) the massage in the intervention group (p < .001). Based on our results, slow-stroke back massage, which is a low-cost and safe method, reduced anxiety in patients who were candidates for cataract surgery.

Modification in the generic diagnosis of Bursaustium (Acari: Erythraeidae) with description of a new species from southeast of Iran

The generic diagnosis of Bursaustium Haitlinger, 2000 is modified and Bursaustium zabolensis Noei sp. nov. (Acari: Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae) collected from soil samples (off host) under tamarisk trees in Zabol city, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, is described. It is the third known species of the genus and second species of this genus from Iran. A key to species of Bursaustium (larva) is also provided.

Investigating the Factors Relevant to Kidney Stone in Patients at Amir al-Muminin Hospital in Zabol City in 2017-2018

Background and purpose: Kidney stone is the most prevalent chronic kidney disease. The disease is widespread throughout the world and it is estimated that stones at 50% will have a relapse again within 10 years. Despite all the scientific advances in appropriate diagnosis and treatment of kidney stones, we observed high relapse rate, about 50%, within 5 years. In this study the relation between kidney stones formation with occupation, weight gain and age was investigated. Method: In this case-control study, 150 healthy individuals as control group and as treatment group 150 urinary tract stone patients from Amir al-Muminin Hospital of Zabol, that received definitive diagnosis on having stones, were recruited. Informational questionnaires about the disease were filled in through interviews with each patient under study. The information were collected and then coded and inserted into SPSS. T-test, Chi-Square test and Mann-Whitney test were used to calculate frequency, mean, and standard deviation of the variables in both control and treatment groups and to determine statistical differences between the different variables of the two groups. Findings: The average age of kidney stone patients were 12/60. The average age in control group were 11/3736/75. According to Independent Sample test the statistic difference between the patients and the control group was significant for age (p<0/05). In treatment group the highest frequency (36/7%) belonged to patients with high school diploma and in control group the highest frequency (61/3) belonged to those with associate degrees. Chi-Square test showed there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the level of education (p<0/05) also there were significant differences between the two groups regarding their number of children and marital status (p<0/05). There were significant differences between the groups with regard to their gender, height, income and occupation (p<0/05). In treatment group the patients with overweight had the highest frequency value and in control group the highest frequency was for the patients with normal basal metabolic rate. The Independent Sample T-test showed a significant difference between the two groups concerning the basal metabolic rate. Conclusion: In general, the results of the study indicates that age, weight gain and basal metabolic rate, low education level, marital status and the number of children can be in line with kidney stone formation.

The prevalence of anxiety, stress, and depression with respect to coping strategies in caregivers of patients with head injuries

Context: Psychological problems are very common in traumatic patients' caregivers necessitating usage of appropriate coping strategies to promote their mental health. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess anxiety, stress, and depression as well as coping strategies in caregivers of patients with head injuries. Settings and Design: In this cross-sectional study, 127 caregivers of traumatic patients referred to educational hospitals of Zabol city were selected by convenience sampling method. Subjects and Methods: The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, as well as Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 and the Jalowiec coping strategies tools. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, independent samples Student's t-test, and multivariate regression model. Results: Our findings showed that more than 70% of the caregivers of patients with head injuries suffered from severe and very severe stress and anxiety. The multivariate regression model demonstrated a negative and significant relationship between either stress (B = −0.81 P = 0.001) or depression (B = −1.23 P = 0.000) and problem-based coping strategies. Furthermore, stress (B = 0.64 P = 0.006) and anxiety (B = 0.74 P = 0.002) were negatively associated with emotional-based coping strategies. Conclusion: Considering the high rates of anxiety, stress, and depression in caregivers of patients with head injuries and significant associations observed between these variables and problem-based strategies, it is necessary to identify and obviate factors leading to anxiety and to educate coping strategies to these individuals.

Effect of Education on Physical Activity among the Rural Elderly in Zabol City

Introduction: One of the most important causes of chronic diseases in elderly people is lack of physical activity. Studies have shown that lack of physical activity in the elderly causes osteoporosis, obesity, depression and sudden death from cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and colon cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an educational intervention on knowledge and practice of physical activity among the rural elderly in Zabol city. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 200 elderly people over 60 years of age living in rural areas of Zabol city who were selected by multi-stage random sampling were divided into two groups: intervention and control. The data collection instrument was a researcher- made questionnaire that comprised 3 parts: demographic and background variables, knowledge and practice. Before the intervention, the questionnaires were completed by intervention and control group. The educational content for the intervention group was the Healthy Lifestyle Handbook and face-to-face training which included a practical representation of six smooth movements. However, no intervention was performed in the control group. After 2 months, the same questionnaire was completed again and the data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Before the intervention, there was no difference in the mean score of knowledge and practice of the participants, but these differences were significant in the post intervention (p &lt; 0.001). The mean of knowledge and practice scores in the control group in pre-intervention stage was 35.17 ± 2.05 and 6.24 ± 2.82, respectively, Which was 35.59 ± 1.82 and 5.91 ± 2.64 in the post-intervention phase, respectively, But the mean score of knowledge and practice in the intervention group in pre intervention stage increased from 35.6 ± 2.47 and 6.73 ± 3.43 to 37.85 ± 1.38, and 12.83 ± 9.09 in the post-intervention phase, respectively. Conclusion: Educational intervention is effective in increasing awareness and overall level of physical activity among the elderly.

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Escherichia coli from Humans, and Identification of Carbapenemase-Producing E. coli in the City of Zabol, Iran

Background: Urinary tract infection is the second most common cause of infection in the human body. Among bacteria of the urinary tract, Escherichia coli is the most common bacteria causing urinary tract infection. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of antibiotics used in the treatment of urinary tract infections through the microdilution method and comparing it with disk diffusion. Methods: E. coli strains were collected from urinary tract infections from patients of Zabol hospital. Antimicrobial resistance pattern was investigated by diffusion and microdilution methods on E. coli strains. DNA extraction was performed using the phenol chloroform method and finally, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out for the OXa gene. Results: The results of this study showed that E. coli was resistant to antibiotics, including amikacin (AN; 42.85%), cefazolin (CZ; 35.71), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC; 35.71%), ampicillin (AM; 35.71%). The results of PCR to detect the OXa gene showed that five strains (35.71%) were carriers of the OXa gene. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance pattern was different in different regions and also, relative resistance to newer antibiotics is increasing. For this reason, antibiotic resistance patterns are used in experimental and specific treatment of urinary tract infections.

Macroscopic and histopathological examinations of liver lesions in slaughtered cattle in Zabol City, Iran

Background:Liver lesions in cattle not only have negative effects on the cattle breedingindustry, but also lead to loss of animal protein production, and in particularto endanger the consumers’ health. OBJECTIVES:This study was carried out to examine the macroscopic and histopathologiclesions of liver in slaughtered cattle of Zabol City. METHODS:Livers of 281 cattle slaughtered at the industrial slaughterhouse of Zabol Citywere collected from March to September 2015 for gross and microscopicinvestigation. Tissue processing was conducted from specimens inspected totissue lesions with routine protocol and histopathological changes of liverswere examined under light microscopy. RESULTS:Macroscopic investigation of 281 cases showed 90 livers (32.02%) with gross lesions.In histopathological examination, there were 83 cases (29.53%) withhydatidosis, 3 cases (1.07%) with fasciolosis, 2 cases (0.71%) withperihepatitis and 2 cases (0.71%) with lipidosis. CONCLUSIONS:Based on the results of this study, the most frequent liver lesion in cattleslaughtered in Zabol City was hydatidosis indicating the active life cycle of Echinococcusguanulosus and the outbreak of this parasitic disease in dogs and othercarnivores in Sistan region

Evaluating the Effect of Combined Education on Blood Pressure and Dialysis Adequacy of Hemodialysis Patients Admitted to Special Diseases Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Zabol city, 2017

Introduction: Inadequate dialysis is one of the factors determining the survival rate of patients. Increasing the adequacy of dialysis is effective in improving dialysis patients. Blood pressure is one of the factors affecting the adequacy of dialysis. Thus, this research was conducted to evaluate the effect of combined education on blood pressure and dialysis adequacy in hemodialysis patients admitted to special diseases center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Zabol city in 2017. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental research, in which 34 hemodialysis patients were examined in two groups (each group included 17 patients). The intervention group received four routine educations for 4 sessions and the control group received only routine education during this period. At the start and at the end of the research, blood pressure and dialysis adequacy were checked by the KT / V formula and analyzed by t-test. Results: The research results revealed that the mean of blood pressure decreased significantly in the intervention group two months after the implementation of combined education (P=0.001). In addition, the mean of dialysis adequacy in this group increased from 1.13 (0.35) to 1.27 (0.36) (P=0.007) after intervention. Conclusion: Based on the research results, it can be concluded that combined education improves blood pressure and improves the dialysis adequacy of patients undergoing hemodialysis.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT PATTERN ON MARGINAL AREAS (CASE STUDY: ZABOL CITY)

Abstract. Environmental assessment of urban development on marginal areas in Iran as an inevitable approach to assessing the degree of compatibility of this policy with sustainable urban development components seems to be necessary due to its wide impact on the ecology of cities in Iran. In this framework, the main objective of this article was to assess the environmental impacts of urban development on marginal areas in Zabol city. The research method in this research in termsof research goal, is Applied, and in terms of the research framework, it is analytical and descriptive. SPSS and Expert Choice software were used to analyze the data. The results of single-sample T-test of the environmental indicators in the marginal areas of Zabol city, as well as the environmental impact on the marginal areas, showed that in all indicators, the average obtained is above the average of 3. In fact, the results show the environmental impact of the urban development pattern in the marginal areas of Zabol city is high. In the following, Spearman correlation test has been used to determinethe relationship between these two variables (Environmental impacts of developmental pattern and marginal areas). The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the environmental impacts of urban development and marginal areas, with a significant level of 0/00. Finally Expert Choice software is used to evaluate and rank the most important environmental impacts of urban development pattern on marginal areas from experts' point of view. The results showed, among the desired indicators, air pollution with a weight of 0.374, soil pollution with a weight of 0.220, waterpollution with a weight of 0.177, vegetation changes with a weight of 0.125 and noise pollution with a weight of 0.105 ,respectively, have the highest and lowest weights.Key words: Environmental Impacts, Urban Development, Marginal Areas, Zabol.

A Survey for Detection of the Urinary Tract Infection by Urine Culture in Younger than Eight Weeks Old Infants Suffering From Ichter in Amiralmomenin Hospital in Zabol City

Jaundice is one of the most common neonatal and infantile diseases and the most common cause of hospitalization in neonates and infants; this disorder occurs in 60% of infants and 80% of preterm infants. It is often physiologic and does not require special action, but it can be a sign of an important disease, and if not treated properly, leads to serious and dangerous complications such as Kernicterus (bilirubin deposition in the brain) that causes lifelong disability. One of the reasons for the increase in serum bilirubin levels is the transfer from fetal to infant phase and the temporary inability of the neonate liver to purify the bilirubin from the blood, because bilirubin is excreted by the pair during the fetal period; however, during the neonatal period, bilirubin is excreted by the liver cells and through the biliary and gastrointestinal tract .prolonged jaundice refers to cases where it lasts for more than two weeks in term infants and three weeks in preterm infants .

The Incidence and Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Sistan Region: an Update to Past Researches

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease which spreads through respiration and develops lesions in lung or other organs. The most usual kind of TB is pulmonary TB. The highest incidence rate of TB is in the eastern neighbors of Iran rendering high TB incidence in Sistan and Baluchistan province of Iran. The current research was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of TB in the north of the province, the Sistan region. Methods: In this survey, data of all suspected and established TB cases in the Zabol city was collected from their profiles in health care centers during 2010-2013. The trend of the disease, and its prevalence based on residency and gender were assessed. Results: In this period of time, a total of 1800 TB cases were detected. Of these, 485 (27%) were from urban areas and 1315 (73%) were from rural areas. The trend of TB identification increased with a slope of nearly 46.4. In this research, the most resistance to drug was related to Isoniazid and Rifampin and the least resistance was to ethambutol and streptomycin. Conclusion: Dust storms in this area because of successive droughts and other living conditions can make the region susceptible to TB disease. Therefore, people in this area, especially in rural regions, should be given sufficient education to be protected against this infection.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Species in Children Referred to Central and Hospital Laboratories of Zabol City, South East of Iran

Background Cryptosporidiosis has a worldwide distribution, and is the commonest cause of diarrhea in children and immune compromised individuals. Since there is no data available on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species (sp.) in Zabol city, thus this study was carried out to assess the disease prevalence and related factors influencing the disease. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 200 fecal specimens were collected from children referred to the Central or hospital labs in Zabol city, South East of Iran, during April 2014 to August 2016. Fecal examination was performed by staining with Ziel-Neelsen acid-fast to find oocysts of the parasite. The children were grouped according to the age, gender, kind of water supplies, and diarrheic and non-diarrheic condition. Data were evaluated using SPSS version 13.0 software. Results Among the children referred to the Central laboratory, 200 fecal samples from different age groups were collected. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species was 9.7% which was higher in children under 4 years. There was a significant relationship between sources of water supply and diarrheic children infected with Cryptosporidium (P<0.05). Conclusion Cryptosporidiosis is the most infectious disease in Zabol city, especially in children. Healthy water supply significantly affects the disease prevalence.

Glucose Oral Solution as A Pain-Relieving Agent In Infantile Colic: A Double Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial

Background Infantile colic (IC) is a common painful disorder within early months of life. There is no definitive therapeutics for IC. In present study aimed to assess pain-relieving potential of glucose administration in infantile colic. Materials and Methods This was a double blinded randomized clinical trial performed during May 2015-June 2017 in pediatric ward of Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital, Zabol city, Iran. Overall, 72 infants were randomly assigned to either glucose or simethicone groups (36 infants per group). Treatments were continued for 28 days with either 25% or 30% glucose solution and 2.5 mg/kg simethicone. Outcomes were assessed at the end of the intervention (28 days). Statistical analysis was done in SPSS version 22.0. Results Males and females constituted 20 (55.5%), and 16 (45.5%) in glucose administrated, and 23 (63.8%) and 13 (36.2%, P=0.4) in simethicone group respectively. The mean age (days) was 19.1±3.8 and 20.2±4.9 for glucose and simethicone administrated groups, respectively (P=0.2). The crying times per day significantly reduced in both groups (mean reduction in crying times of 3.7±2.1, and 6.3±2.1 hours in glucose and simethicone groups, respectively). Moreover, 25% and 44.4% of infants in glucose and simethicone groups achieved ≥ 50% reduction in crying time, respectively (P=0.06). According to the glucose dose, infants who received 30% glucose solution significantly revealed higher ratio of ≥ 50% reduction in crying time (47.3%) than those received 25% glucose solution in which no cases fulfilled this outcome (P<0.0001). Conclusion Glucose may be a useful candidate to be considered as a pain-relieving agent in infantile colic.

A Study of Inflectional Categories of Noun in Sistani Dialect

The present article aims to provide a synchronic study of the inflectional or morpho-syntactic categories of noun in Sistani dialect. These categories comprise person, number, gender or noun class, definiteness, case, and possession. Linguistic data was collected via recording free speech, and interviewing with 30 (15 females, 15 males) illiterate Sistani language consultants of age 40–102 years, living in central (Markazi) district of Zabol city in Sistan and Baluchestan province of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research results indicate that nouns are inflected in three distinct persons i.e. first, second, and third persons with either singular or plural in number. Grammatical gender of nouns takes no specific morphological marker. As to the category of definiteness, this dialect makes use of syntactic devices (like demonstrative adjectives), and/or morphological devices (such as the use of /=ak/ and /=e/ clitics) to display the definite and indefinite nouns. Its case system is nominative-accusative system. In this regard, only the accusative or objective case marking is morphologically realized by the object marker /=a/. In addition, possession is expressed through the use of the word /ml=e/ ‘belonging to’ or the preposition /az/ ‘from, of’ along with nouns/noun phrases/personal pronouns and also applying ezɑfe - construction in the form of genitive structure.

Standardization of Molecular Diagnostic of the entC and ent E Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Human Infections in Zabol

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of hospital infections around the world. It has been found in various studies, that 15% - 18% of the Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different sources are capable of producing enterotoxin. The aim of this study is identifying Staphylococcus aureus, types C and E, which produce Enterotoxin, from human Infections in Zabol by PCR. Methods: The present study was conducted on 60 urine samples in a 1-year period. Samples were randomly collected from different parts of the city of Zabol and transferred to the university lab in a minimum period of time by maintaining cold conditions. DNA extraction was performed and PCR was done for enterotoxin E and C. Results: The results of this study showed that isolated S. aureus was resistant to antibiotics including cefazolin (7.3%), doxycycline (12.10%), erythromycin (22.3%), rifampin (9.7%), ciprofloxacin (18.10%), and Co-trimoxazole (14.5%). The results of this study showed that the prevalence of enterotoxin E gene in S. aureus samples was 1.5%. Conclusions: Regarding the importance of S. aureus secretes, 2 types of toxins with super antigen activity, enterotoxins, of which there are 6 antigenic types (named SE-A, B, C, D, E and G). In case of expression of enterotoxin genes, rapid treatment of the infection seems to be necessary.