Z-axis Rotation Research Articles

Analyzing Homogeneity of Highly Viscous Polymer Suspensions in Change Can Mixers.

The mixing of highly viscous non-Newtonian suspensions is a critical process in various industrial applications. This computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study presents an in-depth analysis of non-isothermal mixing performance in change can mixers. The aim of the study was to identify parameters that significantly influence both distributive and dispersive mixing in these mixers, which are essential for optimizing industrial mixing processes. The study employed a numerical design of experiments (DOE) approach to identify the parameters that most significantly influence both distributive and dispersive mixing, as measured by the Kramer mixing index (MKramer) and the Ica Manas-Zloczower mixing index λMZ¯. The investigated parameters included mixing time, number of arms, arm size ratio, revolutions per minute (RPM), z-axis rotation, z-axis movement, and initial and mixing temperatures. The methodology involved employing the bootstrap forest algorithm for predicting the mixing indices, achieving an R2 of 0.949 for MKramer and an R2 of 0.836 for λMZ¯. The results indicate that the z-axis rotation has the greatest impact on both distributive and dispersive mixing. An increased number of arms negatively impacted λMZ, but had a small positive effect on MKramer. Surprisingly, in this study, neither the initial temperature of the material nor the mixing temperature significantly impacted the mixing performance. These findings highlight the relative importance of operational parameters over traditional temperature factors and provide a new perspective on mixing science.

Design and Testing of a Compliant ZTTΘ Positional Adjustment System with Hybrid Amplification.

This article presents the design, analysis, and prototype testing of a four-degrees-of-freedom (4-DoFs) spatial pose adjustment system (SPAS) that achieves high-precision positioning with 4-DoFs (Z/Tip/Tilt/Θ). The system employs a piezoelectric-driven amplification mechanism that combines a bridge lever hybrid amplification mechanism, a double four-bar guide mechanism, and a multi-level lever symmetric rotation mechanism. By integrating these mechanisms, the system achieves low coupling, high stiffness, and wide stroke range. Analytical modeling and finite element analysis are employed to optimize geometric parameters. A prototype is fabricated, and its performance is verified through testing. The results indicate that the Z-direction feed microstroke is 327.37 μm, the yaw motion angle around the X and Y axes is 3.462 mrad, and the rotation motion angle around the Z axis is 12.684 mrad. The x-axis and y-axis motion magnification ratio can reach 7.43. Closed-loop decoupling control experiments for multiple-input-multiple-outputs (MIMO) systems using inverse kinematics and proportional-integral-derivative feedback controllers were conducted. The results show that the Z-direction positioning accuracy is ±100 nm, the X and Y axis yaw motion accuracy is ±2 μrad, and the Z-axis rotation accuracy is ±25 μrad. Due to the ZTTΘ mechanism, the design proved to be feasible and advantageous, demonstrating its potential for precision machining and micro-nano manipulation.

Design and Simulation of Novel 3-DOF Spherical Voice Coil Motor

Multi-DOF motion is realized in the eyes and joints of robots mostly through the combination of multiple one-degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) motors. However, this results in reduced efficiency, a large volume, reduced response speed, and inaccurate positioning. To solve these problems, this study proposes a novel 3-DOF spherical voice coil motor (VCM). In this VCM, 16 coils and a radially oriented ring magnet are used to generate a Lorentz force to achieve motion. In particular, coils for Z-axis rotation are sandwiched between the coils for X- and Y-axis rotation. Furthermore, the proposed VCM can achieve 360° rotation about the Z-axis. The commercial software ANSYS was used to design and verify the performance of the proposed VCM. Simulation results indicate that this VCM affords improved power efficiency because only a suitable combination of coils, rather than all coils, needs to be powered on. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed 3-DOF spherical VCM.

Research on Mirror Coupling Process in Array Semiconductor Laser

In order to improve the coupling efficiency of the array semiconductor laser and the multimode fiber, this paper establishes an ideal coupling model for the general structure of the array semiconductor laser. Combined with experiments and Zemax simulation, the relationship between the size error of the mirror package and the coupling efficiency is studied. The results show that : in the displacement error, the coupling efficiency is most sensitive to the X-axis displacement; in the angle error, the coupling efficiency is more sensitive to the Y-axis rotation angle than the Z-axis rotation angle error; the coupling efficiency curve has obvious peaks and is sensitive to changes, and the tolerance is small, which puts forward higher requirements on the stability of the coupling device.

Physiological invitro sacroiliac joint motion: a study on three-dimensional posterior pelvic ring kinematics.

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is a well-known source of low back and pelvic pain, of increasing interest for both conservative and surgical treatment. Alterations in the kinematics of the pelvis have been hypothesized as a major cause of SIJ-related pain. However, definitions of both the range and the extent of physiological movement are controversial, and there are no clear baseline data for pathological alterations. The present study combined a novel biomechanical setup allowing for physiological motion of the lumbosacral transition and pelvis without restricting the SIJ movement invitro, combined with optical image correlation. Six fresh human pelvises (81±10years, three females, three males) were tested, with bodyweight-adapted loading applied to the fifth lumbar vertebra and both acetabula. Deformation at the lumbopelvises was determined computationally from three-dimensional image correlation data. Sacroiliac joint motion under the loading of 100% bodyweight primarily consisted of a z-axis rotation (0.16°) and an inferior translation of the sacrum relative to the ilium (0.32mm). Sacroiliac joint flexion-extension rotations were minute (<0.02°). Corresponding movements of the SIJ were found at the lumbosacral transition, with an anterior translation of L5 relative to the sacrum of -0.97mm and an inferior translation of 0.11mm, respectively. Moreover, a flexion of 1.82° was observed at the lumbosacral transition. Within the innominate bone and at the pubic symphysis, small complementary rotations were seen around a vertical axis, accounting for -0.10° and 0.11°, respectively. Other motions were minute and accompanied by large interindividual variation. The present study provides evidence of different SIJ motions than reported previously when exerted by physiological loading. Sacroiliac joint kinematics were in the sub-degree and sub-millimeter range, in line with previous invivo and invitro findings, largely limited to the sagittal rotation and an inferior translation of the sacrum relative to the ilium. This given physiological loading scenario underlines the relevance of the lumbosacral transition when considering the overall motion of the lumbopelvis, and how relatively little the other segments contribute to overall motion.

Plane-to-plane analysis of mandibular misalignment in patients with facial asymmetry.

Little is known regarding how the mandible rotates in facial asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to study mandibular misalignment with a new plane-to-plane analysis method in patients with facial asymmetry. Optimal symmetry planes (OSPs) were generated by computing the greatest count of paired voxels on opposing sides of the computerized tomography image of the structure. The mandibular OSP was measured against the midfacial OSP for its alignment. The deviation angle formed by the 2 OSPs was broken down into a y-axis component (frontal deviation angle) and a z-axis component (horizontal deviation angle). Fifty-nine patients who sought correction for facial asymmetry were included for study. The new analysis method was feasible. Fifty patients (83%) had significant mandibular misalignment (deviation, ≥4° or 4mm). The locations of the rotational axes exhibited significant variations that could explain the varied features of the asymmetry. The frontal deviation angle (mean, 3.80°±3.89°) was significantly larger than the horizontal deviation angle (mean, 2.77°±1.71°). There was no significant correlation between the horizontal deviation angle and the anterior deviation distance or the posterior deviation distance. Proper mandibular realignment was suggested to be the primary aim in surgical correction of most jawbone asymmetries. Because of the greatly varied rotational axes and the obscure z-axis rotation, realignment could be difficult with the traditional approach. The OSP-based analysis is advocated to guide planning.

The Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) ATD: Biofidelity Comparison with the Hybrid III 10 Year Old.

When the Hybrid III 10-year old (HIII-10C) anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was adopted into Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 49 Part 572 as the best available tool for evaluating large belt-positioning booster seats in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 213, NHTSA stated that research activities would continue to improve the performance of the HIII-10C to address biofidelity concerns. A significant part of this effort has been NHTSA's in-house development of the Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) ATD. This prototype ATD is comprised of (1) a head with pediatric mass properties, (2) a neck that produces head lag with Zaxis rotation at the atlanto-occipital joint, (3) a flexible thoracic spine, (4) multi-point thoracic deflection measurement capability, (5) skeletal anthropometry representative of a seated child, and (6) an abdomen that can directly measure belt loading. The objective of this study was to evaluate the LODC by comparing its body region and full-body responses to both standard HIII-10C responses and pediatric biomechanical data. In body region tests, the LODC (BioRank = 1.21) showed improved biofidelity over the HIII-10C (BioRank = 2.70). The LODC also exhibited kinematics more similar to pediatric PMHS kinematics in a reconstruction test. In FMVSS No. 213 tests, the LODC was observed to have lower HIC values with the absence of hard chin-to-chest contacts, indicating that chin-to-chest contact severity is mitigated in the LODC design. LODC abdomen pressures and belt penetrations discriminated between restraint conditions. These results suggest the LODC has biofidelic characteristics that make it a candidate for improved assessment of injury risk in restraint system development.

A Micro-Electro-Mechanical System-based bulk acoustic wave piezoelectric disk resonator for detecting z-axis rotation rate

This paper presents a bulk acoustic wave piezoelectric disk resonator based on a special pair of degenerative modes, to detect z-axis angular velocity. A single piezoelectric disk is operated in its appropriate modes in the kHz frequency range to achieve this function. This design combines the bulk acoustic wave drive/sense mode with lead zirconate titanate resonator which improves device’s performance and simplifies its structural complexity. The operation principle of piezoelectric disk resonator is given and validated by finite element method, and the scale factor of piezoelectric disk resonator is 0.977 μV/[(o) · s−1] without any amplification section. The results of impedance analysis for the prototype in the air, which is fabricated on lead zirconate titanate wafer by Micro-Electro-Mechanical System process, show that the resonant frequency of the piezoelectric disk resonator is about 190 kHz. Moreover, the measured frequency split between drive and sense mode is about 290 Hz without any tuning methods. At last, a closed-loop driving and detecting circuit system is designed and its modulation/demodulation method is studied, preliminary experiments show that this device is not sensitive to acceleration, but is sensitive to angular velocity, its performance parameters need follow-up experiments.

Change Detection Of Seafloor Topography By Modeling Multitemporal Multibeam Echosounder Measurements

Abstract. The term "topography" implies the study of numerous landforms that exist on or below the Earth and a detailed knowledge of topography is required to understand the most Earth processes. In the oceans, sea floor topography refers the geographic features of the sea floor including the configuration of a surface and the position of its natural and man-made features; and detailed nautical charts are fundamental for many sciences such as physical oceanography, biology and marine geology. The hydrographic offices, which use the Multi Beam Echo sounder (MBE) system for the establishment of nautical charts, have their own set of accuracy standards for hydrographic surveys, which generally comply with the standards defined by the International Hydrographic Organization. MBE systems include multiple measurement systems such as sonar head, positioning system, motion sensor that work in a synchronized manner. Before the measurements, the "Patch Test" is required to eliminate the systematic errors due to instrumental synchronization and installation. In this test, signal delay test (latency), Y-axis rotation (roll), X-axis rotation (pitch), Z-axis rotation (yaw) errors are calculated. Besides, the effects of the sound velocity measurement through water column and the sea level changes need to be taken into consideration especially in the multi-temporal data analysis and 3D modeling. In this paper, the seafloor of the Anamur -TRNC Drinking Water Pipeline route in the "Northern Cyprus Water Project" is selected as a study area. This project, a unique in the world, is an international water diversion project designed to supply water for drinking and irrigation from southern Turkey to Northern Cyprus via pipeline under Mediterranean Sea. Multi temporal multi beam echo sounder measurements are used in the change analysis and surface modeling and the efficiency of this system is outlined together with its limitations.

A micromachined gas inertial sensor based on thermal expansion

Thermal expansion in volume is a natural phenomenon as a result of change in temperature. However, it is used rarely as an actuating source of movement in macrocosm due to its weak motion. In this paper we propose to utilize a gas thermal expansion in microcosm to generate seismic gaseous mass for sensing inertial quantities including angular rate and acceleration. The expansion-based inertial sensor possesses the advantages of simple structure, low fabrication cost, high shock resistance, large-range rotation gauge, and low coupling between rotation and acceleration. We present the theory principle for applying thermal expansion to inertial sensor, and conduct the validation of simulations and experiments on the new sensor. The results indicate that the sensor with a tailor-made read-out circuit is effective to simultaneously detect both of the Z-axis rotation and the Y-axis acceleration, and exhibits a good linearity of angular rate output with respect to a large-range rotation of ±3000°/s.

High-Frequency AlN-on-Silicon Resonant Square Gyroscopes

This letter reports, for the first time, on a high-frequency resonant square micro-gyroscope using piezoelectric transduction. Degenerate pairs of orthogonal flexural resonance modes are used to provide energy exchange paths for the Coriolis-based resonant gyroscope in response to z-axis rotation. Aluminum nitride thin films have been used to provide highly efficient electromechanical transduction for drive and sense modes without requiring any dc polarization voltage for operation. A proof-of-concept design consisting of a 300 μm× 300 μm square gyro shows linear rate sensitivity of 20.38 μV/°/s when operating in its first flexural mode at ~ 11 MHz.

Near-IR Spectrum of NO(X2Π)–Xe: A Joint Experimental–Theoretical Investigation

Employing the method of constant photon energy sum (CONPHOENERS) scans, we measure the near-IR spectrum of NO-Xe in the region of the first vibrational overtone of the NO monomer. Three bands are detected, which are assigned as the origin band located at 3722.60 cm(-1) and as bands with excitation of one quantum of z-axis rotation (3726.07 cm(-1)) and one quantum of bending vibration (3739.02 cm(-1)), respectively. The partially resolved rotational and electronic fine structures of the bands are analyzed with the help of a full quantum mechanical bound-state calculation using the ab initio potential energy surfaces of Kłos et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 2012, 137, 014312/1-014312/14). We perform a linear least-squares fit to the calculated energy levels to determine a set of spectroscopic constants that describe not only the overall rotation of the complex but also the electrostatic splitting due to the sum potential and the P-type doubling due to the difference potential. Using these results as guidance, we are able to simulate the experimental spectra. The comparison with the results from the theoretical treatment confirms the high quality of the ab initio treatment. The position of the excited bands is predicted with sub-wavenumber accuracy. Also, the rotational constants for all bands are found within less than 5%. Some differences are found for the amount of P-type doubling, which is overestimated by the theoretical treatment. Constants for the electrostatic splitting are in reasonable agreement for the origin band. Larger deviations are found for the vibrationally excited band, which points toward some inaccuracies in the potential energy surfaces.

Effect of Sequential Removal of Parts of the Second Metacarpal Bone on the Biomechanical Stability of the Equine Carpus

To quantify changes in biomechanical stability and stiffness within the equine carpus after removal of 50%, 80%, and 100% of the second metacarpal bone (MC2). In vitro biomechanical study. Cadaveric equine forelimbs (n = 16) were evaluated. Intact constructs were loaded in axial compression from 0 to 5000 N and compression + torsion (5000 N ± 20°) for 5 cycles. This was repeated after removal of 50%, 80%, and 100% of MC2. The primary biomechanical outcome variables were the compressive stiffness and compressive + torsional stiffness of the carpus. Relative kinematic motion was also evaluated between the second carpal bone (C2) and the radial carpal bone (RC), C2 and the third metacarpal bone (MC3) and C2 and the third carpal bone (C3). A significant decrease in compressive + torsional stiffness was found after 100% removal of MC2. Compressive stiffness of the carpus did not change after 100% MC2 removal. A significant increase in relative rotation around the z-axis (rotation around the long axis) was observed for C2 versus MC3 and C2 versus C3 when 100% of MC2 was removed as compared to 80%, 50%, and 0% removal. No significant difference in relative rotation between C2 and RC was detected. The biomechanical results reported here suggest that the torsional stability of the equine carpus is significantly decreased only after complete resection of MC2.

The Reliable Design and Implementation of an Automatic Glass Furnace Feeding Robot for the SME Glass Industry

This paper is a technical report which discusses a selfdeveloped automatic robot (machine) for glass furnace feeding. It was designed for use in a small-scale glass industry, in which most factories are still feeding small, old fashioned furnaces manually. The huge robot discussed in this paper is intended to substitute for exhausted workers. It was designed with four degrees of freedom and a planar manipulator structure, including X-axis and Y-axis translations, Z-axis rotation, and a belt scrolling motion for feeding the granular glass material into the furnace. The development and implementation of the mechanical and control systems are analyzed, including design considerations, motion using the teaching playback method, and feeding path planning. To ensure system safety and reliability, the necessity and the design of a redundant control systemare presented. Finally, the feeding quantity and quality control are discussed. Unlike other feeding machines, the robot fully utilizes robotic control components and technologies, which is considered another approach to real robotics application.

Crystal plasticity modeling of texture evolution and heterogeneity in equal channel angular pressing of aluminum single crystal

A crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) model has been developed to investigate the texture evolution and heterogeneity during equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) of an aluminum single crystal. The developed model has been validated by comparison with experimental observations. The simulation results show that the lattices rotate predominantly around the Z axis (transverse direction) during ECAP. After deformation the billet is subdivided into three matrix bands along the thickness by the Z-axis rotation. The Z-axis rotation angles within three matrix bands are about 60°, 0° and 90°, respectively. It has been found that the die geometry plays a very important role on the texture evolution and heterogeneity in ECAP. In the large strain gradient region, multi-slip can be activated and the material rotation induced by slips is negligible. The lattices must rotate to accommodate the whole material rotation required by deformation. When the strain gradient is small, the single dominant slip is the main slip mechanism. The material remains roughly at the initial orientation after deformation. There is a rigid-rotation region in the lower part of the die corner where the lattices rotate by the die angle Φ.

Simulation Study of Sliding Control for Constant Polishing Force Using an Innovative Sphere-Like Polishing Tool on a Machining Center

This study proposes an innovative sphere-like tool for polishing process in the machining center. It can be applied not only z-axis rotation but also spinning rotation so that multidirectional polishing can be performed simultaneously. One of important polishing parameters is polishing force. It should be constant to prevent over or under polishing. In this paper, sliding control theory is proposed to achieve constant polishing force. Polishing process was modeled as a single degree of freedom of mechanical system including mass, spring, and damper. Control law has been determined based on polishing process model using sliding surface equation. Based on this control law, single and multi desired polishing force simulations were conducted. From the simulation results, it can be shown that the procedure to design control law has effective performance.

The structure of the NO(X Π2)−N2 complex: A joint experimental-theoretical study

We report the first measurement of the spectrum of the NO-N(2) complex in the region of the first vibrational NO overtone transition. The origin band of the complex is blueshifted by 0.30 cm(-1) from the corresponding NO monomer frequency. The observed spectrum consists of three bands assigned to the origin band, the excitation of one quantum of z-axis rotation and one associated hot band. The spacing of the bands and the rotational structure indicate a T-shaped vibrationally averaged structure with the NO molecule forming the top of the T. These findings are confirmed by high level ab initio calculations of the potential energy surfaces in planar symmetry. The deepest minimum is found for a T-shaped geometry on the A(")-surface. As a result the sum potential also has the global minimum for this structure. The different potential surfaces show several additional local minima at slightly higher energies indicating that the complex most likely will perform large amplitude motion even in its ground vibrational state. Nevertheless, as suggested by the measured spectra, the complex must, on average, spend a substantial amount of time near the T-shaped configuration.

Wearable handwriting input device using magnetic field

Abstract In the past we proposed a wearable handwriting input device using magnetic field. This device requires mounting a permanent magnet onto the user's fingertip and operates by detecting the magnetic field generated by the magnet through two magnetic sensors attached at the wrist of the other hand. The position of the magnet is calculated by the vector of the magnetic field. The calculation assumes that the magnetic axis rests on a plane where the sensors lie, perpendicular to the vector formed by the two sensors. In this paper we study the level of error that may arise when this assumption is violated, by investigating four possible misalignments (two kinds of rotations of the magnet and two ways of positioning the writing plane) with comparing the result of experiment and simulation. We conclude that misalignment due to a z-axis rotation is non-negligible and is best avoided during usage.

The near IR spectrum of the NO(XΠ2)–CH4 complex

We report the first measurement of the near IR spectrum of the NO-CH(4) complex in the region of the first vibrational NO overtone transition in an IR-resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization double resonance experiment. The origin band is located at 3723.26 cm(-1), i.e., redshifted by 0.59 cm(-1) from the corresponding NO monomer frequency. The observed spectrum consists of two bands assigned to the origin band and the excitation of hindered rotation of the NO monomer in the complex similar to z-axis rotation. The spacing and the relative intensity of the bands are consistent with a structure in which NO resides preferentially in a position perpendicular to the intermolecular axis. The deviation from the linear configuration with C(3v) symmetry can be regarded as a Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion. Each band is dominated by two broad peaks with a few resolved rotational structures. The large spacing between the two peaks is indicative of significant angular momentum quenching, possibly another manifestation of the JT effect. The delay dependence between the IR and UV laser pulses reveals a lifetime of about 10 ns for the vibrationally excited complex due to vibrational predissociation. On the other hand, the linewidth of the narrowest spectral features indicates a much shorter excited state lifetime of about 100 ps, most likely due to intramolecular vibrational redistribution.

Joint Experimental−Theoretical Investigation of the Lower Bound States of the NO(X2Π)-Kr Complex

We describe the first measurement of the near IR spectrum of the NO-Kr van der Waals complex. A variant of IR-REMPI double-resonance spectroscopy is employed in which the IR and UV lasers are scanned simultaneously in such a way that throughout the scan the sum of the two photon energies is kept constant, matching a UV resonance of the system. In the region of the first overtone vibration of the NO monomer, we observe several rotationally resolved bands for the NO-Kr complex. In addition to the origin band located at 3723.046 cm(-1), we observe excited as well as hot bands involving the excitation of one or two quanta of z-axis rotation. Another band is assigned to the excitation of one quantum of bending vibration. The experimental spectra are compared with results of bound-state calculations for a new set of potential energy surfaces calculated at the spin-restricted coupled cluster level. For the average vibration-rotation energies, there is excellent agreement between the theoretical results based on the coupled states (CS) approximation and the full close-coupling (CC) treatment. Finer details like the electrostatic splitting and the P-type doubling of the rotational levels are accounted for only within the CC formalism. The comparison of the CC results with the measured spectra confirms the high quality of the PESs. However, the high resolution of the experiments is sufficient to identify some inaccuracies in the difference between the potential energy surfaces of A' and A'' reflection symmetry.