Abstract
Abstract. The term "topography" implies the study of numerous landforms that exist on or below the Earth and a detailed knowledge of topography is required to understand the most Earth processes. In the oceans, sea floor topography refers the geographic features of the sea floor including the configuration of a surface and the position of its natural and man-made features; and detailed nautical charts are fundamental for many sciences such as physical oceanography, biology and marine geology. The hydrographic offices, which use the Multi Beam Echo sounder (MBE) system for the establishment of nautical charts, have their own set of accuracy standards for hydrographic surveys, which generally comply with the standards defined by the International Hydrographic Organization. MBE systems include multiple measurement systems such as sonar head, positioning system, motion sensor that work in a synchronized manner. Before the measurements, the "Patch Test" is required to eliminate the systematic errors due to instrumental synchronization and installation. In this test, signal delay test (latency), Y-axis rotation (roll), X-axis rotation (pitch), Z-axis rotation (yaw) errors are calculated. Besides, the effects of the sound velocity measurement through water column and the sea level changes need to be taken into consideration especially in the multi-temporal data analysis and 3D modeling. In this paper, the seafloor of the Anamur -TRNC Drinking Water Pipeline route in the "Northern Cyprus Water Project" is selected as a study area. This project, a unique in the world, is an international water diversion project designed to supply water for drinking and irrigation from southern Turkey to Northern Cyprus via pipeline under Mediterranean Sea. Multi temporal multi beam echo sounder measurements are used in the change analysis and surface modeling and the efficiency of this system is outlined together with its limitations.
Highlights
The World’s oceans are covering almost 75% of total surface area
A detailed knowledge of sea floor topography is fundamental to the many sciences such as physical oceanography, biology and marine geology
The sound velocity is another variable that is measured through the water column and as a real-time by using a conductivity-temperature-depth probe (CTD) and sound velocity sensor (SVS) devices inserted in the data acquisition system for the acoustic correction
Summary
The World’s oceans are covering almost 75% of total surface area. This fact alone indicates how important oceans and ocean geography for all life forms on the Earth. Hydrography is the science of determination of the sea floor topography by using proper and acceptable techniques. Many different measurement systems are being used to determine sea floor topography. The second one is the modern measurement systems such as LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), radar altimeters and the acoustic systems, which are faster and more accurate. The acoustic systems, both single-beam sounders and multi beam echo sounder systems, are the most preferable ones. Single beam and multi beam echo sounder systems use SONAR (SOund Navigation and Ranging) to send sound beam from transducer to seafloor and read reflected sound data. From the 1930s, single-beam sounders were mostly used to create bathymetric charts
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