Yuen's Test Research Articles

Eco-literacy in the digital age: Comparing student comprehension with AI capabilities

The role of AI in eco-literacy education is crucial in today's technological era. Students increasingly engage with digital texts, such as fiction, enhancing their understanding of eco-literacy. This study compares the eco-literacy skills of university students and AI to evaluate their effectiveness in environmental education. Participants included 199 students from Makassar State University and Timor University in Indonesia and ten web-based AI chatbots running various large language models. Instruments included a 20-item multiple-choice test for input eco-literacy and a short story synopsis task, "Pohon Larangan di Bengayoan" (Prohibited Tree in Bengayoan) for output eco-literacy, distributed via Google Forms. The study applied independent sample t-test analysis and Yuen's test for robustness using Jamovi 2.4.8.0 software. Results showed no significant gender differences in students' eco-literacy but significant differences between universities, with Makassar State University students performing better. AI outperformed students, highlighting AI's potential in eco-literacy education and the need for curriculum enhancement in universities. Future research should involve broader samples and comprehensive assessment methods.

Senile Cataract Formation Does Not Affect Crystalline Lens Thickness.

Characterizing lens thickness (LT) in patients with cataracts is important for better understanding the lens aging process and for designing new intraocular lens power formulas. This study aimed to analyze the influence of common senile cataract formation on the LT, anterior (ACS) and posterior (PCS) cortex space, and nuclear thickness (NT), controlling for sex, age, and axial length. A cross-sectional study was performed. A consecutive sample of 603 volunteers (403 women, 200 men) aged 59.1 ± 18.8years was recruited. The standardized Lens Opacification Classification System (LOCS)-III was used to classify eyes (randomly selected) into cataractous and non-cataractous groups. Also, they were classified according to the cataract location (presence or absence of cortical, nuclear, or posterior subcapsular cataract). Optical biometry was performed to measure LT, ACS, NT, and PCS. Propensity score was used to match participants one-to-one for sex, age, and axial length. Groups were compared using the Student's ttest or Yuen's test. The four classifications divided unmatched eyes into: 361 cataractous lenses and 242 non-cataractous, 226 cortical and 377 non-cortical cataractous, 313 nuclear and 290 non-nuclear cataractous and 242 subcapsular and 361 non-subcapsular cataractous. Before matching, cataractous eyes showed significantly higher LT (4.52 ± 0.39 vs. 3.94 ± 0.46mm, p < 0.001), ACS (0.75 ± 0.20 vs. 0.58 ± 0.23mm, p < 0.001), NT (3.34 ± 0.23 vs. 3.18 ± 0.25mm, p < 0.001) and PCS (0.42 ± 0.19 vs. 0.37 ± 0.19mm, p = 0.003). Matched lens, cortical, nuclear, and subcapsular cataract samples comprised 146, 258, 182, and 226 eyes, respectively. After matching, no significant differences were observed in LT (4.34 ± 0.37 vs. 4.33 ± 0.36mm, p = 0.94), ACS (0.72 ± 0.20 vs. 0.76 ± 0.19mm, p = 0.08), NT (3.31 ± 0.22 vs. 3.30 ± 0.23mm, p = 0.24) and PCS (0.42 ± 0.19 vs. 0.43 ± 0.16mm, p = 0.79). The presence of senile cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataract have no effect on LT, ACS, NT, and PCS. Confounding factors should be controlled for when measuring LT and its main components.

Physical match demands of four LIQUI-MOLY Handball-Bundesliga teams from 2019-2022: effects of season, team, match outcome, playing position, and halftime.

Due to the development in team handball, there is a need to optimize the physical capacities of team handball players for which knowledge of the physical match demands is essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the physical match demands of four LIQUI-MOLY Handball-Bundesliga (HBL) teams across three seasons with respect to the effects of season, team, match outcome, playing position, and halftime. A fixed installed local positioning system (Kinexon) was used, collecting 2D positional and 3D inertial measurement unit data at 20 and 100 Hz, respectively. The physical match demands were operationalized by basic (e.g., distance, speed, and acceleration) and more advanced variables (e.g., jumps, throws, impacts, acceleration load, and metabolic power). A total of 347 matches (213 with an additional ball tracking) were analyzed from four teams (one top, two middle, and one lower ranked) during three consecutive seasons (2019-2022). One-way ANOVAs were calculated to estimate differences between more than two groups (e.g., season, team, match outcome, playing position). Mean differences between halftimes were estimated using Yuen's test for paired samples. Large effects were detected for the season (), team (), and playing position (). Medium effects were found for match outcome () and halftime (). For the first time, we provide a comprehensive analysis of physical match demands in handball players competing in the LIQUI-MOLY Handball-Bundesliga. We found that physical match demands differ on that top-level with up to large effect sizes concerning the season, team, match outcome, playing position, and halftime. Our outcomes can help practitioners and researchers to develop team and player profiles as well as to optimize talent identification, training, regeneration, prevention, and rehabilitation procedures.

Identifying Occupational Therapy Referral Patterns in an Interdisciplinary Concussion Clinic

To identify whether patients referred to occupational therapy (OT) in a specialty concussion clinic differ clinically from those not referred. Literature pertaining to OTs role in concussion management is limited (Finn, 2019) and research primarily explores moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Cogan 2014). Using a cohort from an interdisciplinary concussion clinic at an academic institution, demographics, injury characteristics, patient/family history, and neurologic exam results were obtained from complete medical records of patients 8-75 years with mild TBI. Patients with moderate or severe TBI were excluded. Records were reviewed from initial neurology visits between January and April 2020 if OT was present or patient was referred to OT. Outcomes included days since initial injury, days missed/current participation in school, work, exercise, social and leisure activity, impacted sleep and routine. Referrals were decided by visit physician. R Version 3.6.3 was used to analyze data. 42 of 48 records met inclusion criteria. 16 were referred (REF) to OT, 26 not referred (NOT). REF were 81% female, mean age 21.9 years. NOT were 46% female, mean age 26.4 years. The robust Yuen test showed REF were further post-initial injury (204.9 days vs 90.44 days; p = 0.043), missed more school or work (35.9 days vs 7.5 days, p = 0.015) and exercise (58.6 days vs 16.81 days; p = 0.022) following concussion. REF also lacked a daily routine (p = 0.029) and were not socially active (p < 0.001). Current participation in school, work, exercise, or leisure, as well as impacted sleep showed no statistically significant group differences. Patients referred to OT after evaluation in an interdisciplinary concussion clinic experienced prolonged recovery with protracted durations of inactivity, lack of daily routine and absence of social activity. Future research should explore whether factors like symptom burden, pain, or comorbidities may account for these differences and provide clinicians with earlier indication for OT referral.

A combined bootstrap test for the two-sample location problem

The comparison of two samples is a problem very frequently encountered in practice. There is active interest in researching for tests that are powerful also when the data are not compatible with the assumptions of normality and equal variances – as it is common in many fields – while controlling their type-one error rate. The Yuen test is a familiar method based on trimmed means. There is no agreement in the literature about the preferable rate of trimming. This paper has two aims: to study the power of many Yuen tests with different trimming rates and propose a bootstrap test based on the combination of Yuen tests with different trimming rates. It is shown that the various Yuen tests have very different power for different distributions because the best rate of trimming depends on distribution tailweight. Conversely, the combined test is powerful irrespective to the underlying distribution.

Evaluating clinical significance: Incorporating robust statistics with normative comparison tests

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a modified test of equivalence for conducting normative comparisons when distribution shapes are non-normal and variances are unequal. A Monte Carlo study was used to compare the empirical Type I error rates and power of the proposed Schuirmann-Yuen test of equivalence, which utilizes trimmed means, with that of the previously recommended Schuirmann and Schuirmann-Welch tests of equivalence when the assumptions of normality and variance homogeneity are satisfied, as well as when they are not satisfied. The empirical Type I error rates of the Schuirmann-Yuen were much closer to the nominal α level than those of the Schuirmann or Schuirmann-Welch tests, and the power of the Schuirmann-Yuen was substantially greater than that of the Schuirmann or Schuirmann-Welch tests when distributions were skewed or outliers were present. The Schuirmann-Yuen test is recommended for assessing clinical significance with normative comparisons.

Comparing Measures of Location: Some Small-Sample Results When Distributions Differ in Skewness and Kurtosis Under Heterogeneity of Variances

This article considers the problem of comparing two independent groups in terms of some measure of location. Nine methods, including a new method and a new robust estimator, were compared in terms of actual significance level and power. Simulations were performed using data generated from both theoretical distributions and data stemming from actual studies. For the theoretical distributions, the bootstrap-t B 2 t method (with 20% trimming) and Yuen's test (with 10% trimming) performed best. Otherwise, the bootstrap-t B 2 t method (with 25% trimming) and a percentile bootstrap method with trimmed means (20% and 25% trimming) or one-step M-estimator performed best.

Comparing two independent groups: A test based on a one‐step M‐estimator and bootstrap‐t

A new test is proposed for the problem of comparing two independent groups in terms of some measure of location. The proposed test () uses a one-step M-estimator and a bootstrap-t method with the procedure proposed by Özdemir and Kurt (2006). Eight methods were compared in terms of actual Type I error and power when the underlying distributions differ in skewness and kurtosis under heterogeneity of variances. For the 21 theoretical distributions, the Yuen test with the bootstrap-t method was the most favourable, followed by test. For the five real data sets, the proposed test and percentile bootstrap method with the one-step M-estimator performed best.

Accuracy of Frame-Based Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance Imaging vs Frame-Based Stereotactic Head Computed Tomography Fused With Recent Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Postimplantation Deep Brain Stimulator Lead Localization

Introduction of the portable intraoperative CT scanner provides for a precise and cost-effective way of fusing head CT images with high-tesla MRI for the exquisite definition of soft tissue needed for stereotactic targeting. To evaluate the accuracy of stereotactic electrode placement in patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) by comparing frame-based postimplantation intraoperative CT (iCT) images fused to a recent 3T-MRI with frame-based postimplantation intraoperative MRI (iMRI) alone. Frame-based DBS surgeries of 46 targets performed from February 8, 2007 to April 28, 2008 in 26 patients with the use of immediate postimplantation iMRI for target localization were compared with frame-based immediate postimplantation iCT fused with a recent 3T brain MRI for DBS localization of 50 targets performed from August 13, 2008 to February 18, 2010 in 26 patients. Pre- and postoperative mid anterior commissure-posterior commissure line coordinates and XYZ coordinates for preoperatively calculated DBS targets (intended target) and for the permanent DBS lead tips were determined. The differences between preoperative DBS target and postoperative permanent DBS lead-tip coordinates based on postimplantation intraoperative MRI for the MRI-alone group and based on postimplantation intraoperative CT fused to recent preoperative MRI in the CT-MRI group were measured. The t test and Yuen test were used for comparison. No statistically significant differences were found between the 2 groups when comparing the pre- and postperative changes in mid anterior commissure-posterior commissure line coordinates and XYZ coordinates. Postimplantation DBS lead localization and therefore targeting accuracy was not significantly different between frame-based stereotactic 1.5T-MRI and frame-based stereotactic head CT fused with recent 3T-MRI.

Optimum sample size allocation to minimize cost or maximize power for the two‐sample trimmed mean test

When planning a study, sample size determination is one of the most important tasks facing the researcher. The size will depend on the purpose of the study, the cost limitations, and the nature of the data. By specifying the standard deviation ratio and/or the sample size ratio, the present study considers the problem of heterogeneous variances and non-normality for Yuen's two-group test and develops sample size formulas to minimize the total cost or maximize the power of the test. For a given power, the sample size allocation ratio can be manipulated so that the proposed formulas can minimize the total cost, the total sample size, or the sum of total sample size and total cost. On the other hand, for a given total cost, the optimum sample size allocation ratio can maximize the statistical power of the test. After the sample size is determined, the present simulation applies Yuen's test to the sample generated, and then the procedure is validated in terms of Type I errors and power. Simulation results show that the proposed formulas can control Type I errors and achieve the desired power under the various conditions specified. Finally, the implications for determining sample sizes in experimental studies and future research are discussed.

Approximate sample size formulas for the two‐sample trimmed mean test with unequal variances

Yuen's two-sample trimmed mean test statistic is one of the most robust methods to apply when variances are heterogeneous. The present study develops formulas for the sample size required for the test. The formulas are applicable for the cases of unequal variances, non-normality and unequal sample sizes. Given the specified alpha and the power (1-beta), the minimum sample size needed by the proposed formulas under various conditions is less than is given by the conventional formulas. Moreover, given a specified size of sample calculated by the proposed formulas, simulation results show that Yuen's test can achieve statistical power which is generally superior to that of the approximate t test. A numerical example is provided.