Aspirations Of Youth Research Articles

In Nanjing, June 4, 2008

In Nanjing, June 4, 2008 Zhao Siyun (bio) Translated by Ming Di and Frank Stewart We are walking outside in the morning sunshine.The heavy midnight rain has miraculously cleared.But Nanjing always smells like death.Once, when walking after an early spring rain,we stirred up a foul odor in the thick, fallen leaves.Hu Xian and I simultaneously uttered the same word: rot. Nanjing has many memorials to the dead:Zhongshan Mausoleum, Meiling Palace,Flower Terrace Martyr Cemetery,Memorial Hall of Crossing the River,the Holocaust Memorial Museum.Last night, between spring and summer, the rainrevived the bloody smell from nineteen years ago,spreading it north to south, south to north, for thousands of miles. It’s been nineteen years, and if Hu Xian were still alive,he would be middle-aged, his youthful aspirations fulfilled.He would see the survivors living a happy life,their records purged. What would he be doing, if he had lived?How would he have spent his young life? If there had been a new beginning instead of death,many other nineteen-year-olds would be grownups.Their thoughts would awaken every day full of life,full of innocence. Look at me now. I’m no differentfrom every other person, living a materialistic life.I appear much the same as I did then.I get up at 10 a.m. each morning,eat three meals a day, like any of the peopleyou see in the streets, in offices, or classrooms. [End Page 165] But inside me there’s a bloody bowland a small, lit candle.I walk through a city square inside me...At noon, suddenly it’s dark... I am wasted, empty. . .I try to keep from spilling the bowl of blood in my hands.I try to pretend that I’m no different from everyone elseyou see in the streets, in offices, or classrooms. Nanjing2008.6.4 [End Page 166] Zhao Siyun Zhao Siyun was born in Shandong in 1967. He is a poet, literary critic, professor at the Communication University of Zhejiang, and deputy director of the Academy of Literature. His recent volumes include A Serious Book (2016). Copyright © 2019 University of Hawai‘i Press

A New Direction for U.S. Foreign Policy in Africa

A New Direction for U.S. Foreign Policy in Africa Zachariah Mampilly (bio) and Jason Stearns (bio) President Trump's approach to Africa rightly elicits outrage. His conception of the continent ranges from disinterest—he has only mentioned it three times out of around 20,000 tweets—to outright contempt, such as when he referred to African nations as "shithole countries." For eighteen months, the office of the assistant secretary of state for African affairs was empty or occupied by a temporary official. Almost two years into his administration, there was no ambassador deployed to twenty of Africa's fifty-four countries. Trump has only met with two heads of state from sub-Saharan Africa in the White House. He has proposed large budget cuts for humanitarian funding—including for the flagship President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and UN peacekeeping operations—although these attempts were mostly foiled by bipartisan efforts in Congress. In January, he extended his travel ban to four additional African countries, including Nigeria, the continent's most populous nation and its largest economy, affecting nearly a quarter of the 1.3 billion people on the continent. Appearances, however, are deceptive. While Trump's Africa policy may seem to be a departure, its broad contours have changed little from recent administrations. Since the end of the Cold War, both Republican and Democratic administrations have embraced a mixture of military intervention, free trade, and humanitarian aid on the continent. As a result, Washington has often ended up backing authoritarian regimes, all the while halfheartedly projecting democratic values. Meanwhile, the continent is undergoing transformative changes. Much like Latin America during the 2000s, many African countries once drawn into the U.S. orbit are drifting out of it. With COVID-19 threatening to destabilize African economies and political systems, now is the time for a progressive reset in relations with the continent: a new foreign policy, centered on economic justice and the democratic aspirations of African youth. With the presidential election looming and Joe Biden, the Democratic Party nominee, expected to place Obama-era stalwarts such as Susan Rice and Samantha Power in top foreign policy positions if he wins [End Page 107] Click for larger view View full resolution A Nigerien soldier wearing a U.S. military uniform waits during a training exercise in 2004 in Samara, Niger. (Jacob Silberberg/Getty Images) [End Page 108] in November, progressives must push for a new direction for U.S.–Africa relations or risk entrenching the problematic policies of the past. Beneath the Turmoil, Continuity U.S. foreign policy in Africa has its roots in the Cold War, when it was dominated by fears of communist encroachment. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the continent was viewed as peripheral to core U.S. interests. As a 1995 Defense Department assessment summarized, "Ultimately we see very little traditional strategic interest in Africa." The same dismissive attitude held in the economic sphere. By 2017, exports to the continent stood at just above 1 percent of the U.S. total and direct investment by U.S. companies was even lower. Disengagement was also spurred by missteps and the thorny realities of local politics. In 1993, the deployment of Army Rangers to Somalia in support of a UN peacekeeping intervention ended when eighteen U.S. soldiers were killed and some of their mutilated bodies were dragged through the streets of Mogadishu. This influenced Bill Clinton's refusal to back a more robust UN engagement to prevent the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. His administration instead enthusiastically supported a new generation of rebels-turned-rulers in Rwanda, Uganda, and Ethiopia, only to see them entrench themselves as authoritarian leaders. This trend of opportunistically backing authoritarian regimes solidified after 9/11, when African countries came to be key, albeit secondary, battlegrounds in the global War on Terror. During the 2000s, several militant groups emerged on the continent that were eventually designated as errorist organizations by the Bush and Obama administrations, including the predecessors of al Shabaab in Somalia and al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in the Sahel. In 2002, to combat this perceived threat, the United States set up the Combined Joint Task Force...

Performing Arab Saints and Marketing the Prophet: Habaib and Islamic Markets in Contemporary Indonesia

Post-Soeharto Indonesia has witnessed the proliferation of young Arab preachers along with their sermon groups (majelis ta‘lim and zikr) in urban areas. The preachers who claim descent from the Prophet are popularly called habib (sing.) or habaib (pl.) Their sermon groups are highly mobile in various public spaces and have attracted thousands of followers predominantly from among Muslim youths. This essay locates the proliferation of habaib sermon groups in the context of burgeoning Islamic commodification in Indonesia. It considers habaib as religious entrepreneurs who promote their religious products in an expanding religious market. Focusing on Habib Hasan’s da‘wa and his marketing strategies it argues that, unlike other celebrity preachers who largely capitalize on their public speaking skills, the habaib preachers gain their religious authority and popularity through commodification of their habib status (as descendants of the Prophet) and their Arabness through adept use of new media and popular culture that accommodates the aspirations of Muslim youth.

Demographic Dividend: Skill Development Evidence in India

The demographic profile of the country is changing and increasing youth aspirations for better jobs, and increasing employers' expectations of the well-trained and efficient workforce have led to India's focus on skill growth. Recognizing the importance of capturing the rewards of these generational dividends, on 15 July 2015 Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled a Skill India drive. This campaign goal is to train, by 2022, more than forty crore candidates in India in different skills. It includes various programs of the government like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, National Skill Development Mission, National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship and the Skill Loan scheme. As a result, the skill acquisition initiative was created as a primary mechanism for imparting skill-based training to youth of the country and allowing them to gain and withstand for nation's anti-poverty programs. Over the last two decades, the government of India has initiated several broad national programmes for technical education, training, and skill growth to boost the opportunities for youth in term of jobs and earnings. In light of the above, it is essential to determine whether Skill Development program is associated to the increase in productivity and performance outcomes (evidence) of youth. Present research flings lights on contemporary skill development evidence in India.

IFAD RESEARCH SERIES 48 Rural Youth, Today and Tomorrow

What would it mean to develop a youth-inclusive agricultural and rural development agenda? Agriculture, and particularly smallholder farming, remains the single largest source of youth employment in most low- and middle-income countries but today’s young rural men and women express little interest in agricultural futures. Research on rural youth aspirations suggests that many young people are not averse to agriculture as such, but to agriculture’s current neglected condition and the near impossibility of becoming an independent farmer while still young, due to lack of access to land. A youth-inclusive agricultural and rural development agenda means approaching young people not as instruments of development, but as subjects, actors and citizens.

Young men, poverty and aspirational masculinities in contemporary Nairobi, Kenya

Building on recent calls for more focus on street-level optimism about life and the world, we address the question of ‘aspirational masculinities’ among poor urban young men in Kenya. Our data and material come from ethnographic work with young men in two slum communities in the country’s capital city, Nairobi. While acknowledging that, in their neighborhoods, ‘proper’ masculinity is constituted in traditional terms of marriage, hardiness, provisioning, breadwinning and self-reliance, youth in our study aspired to masculinities characterized by ‘abler’ breadwinnerhood, caring, positive emotions, relationality, and the rejection of violence. The masculinity aspirations of poor Nairobi youth are complex; fashioned at the crossroads of structural constraints and agentive projects for a good life, and simultaneously supportive and resistive of traditional hegemonic manliness ideals. These aspirations are limited by and reflect an objective condition of everyday and enduring inequality while also signifying a deep unmet yearning for positive social and livelihood changes.

Factors Influencing the Youths’ Interest in Agricultural Entrepreneurship in Sri Lanka

Aversion to working in agriculture by the youth, is prima facie evident in the country. The declining interest of the youngsters to work in the agriculture makes a great impact on the future sustainability of this sector. Given this context, the main objective of this research is to explore non–plantation agriculture sector to examine the youth aspirations towards agricultural employment choice in Sri Lanka. Data were collected from a multi stage cluster sample of 400 youth and their parents using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics revealed that insufficient income, insufficient lands, limited opportunities, low social acceptance are the driving force of the farmers’ reluctance on encouraging their children towards farming. Estimated binary logistic model found that the youth aspirations towards the agricultural entrepreneurship was strongly influenced positively by attitude, acceptance, parental satisfaction on agricultural income, parental income, agro machine ownership, land ownership, expected government support and credit facilities while parental education showed a negative effect. Effective awareness raising campaigns to improve parents and society’s attitudes, well-designed training and knowledge enhancing programs to detail the opportunities which secure the trust, address the issues faced by the sector in terms of advancing the technology; marketing and seeking international opportunities, forming of effective young farmers’ organizations and empowering them to raise necessary bargaining power, providing necessary facilities such as water conservation/harvesting and irrigation systems, local seed banks and so on are suggestions made by the study. Keywords : Youth aspirations; Employment choice; Agriculture; Farmers’ willingness; Sri Lanka DOI : 10.7176/DCS/9-12-05 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

Youth Unemployment and The Rentier Economy in Brunei: Lessons from Norway

This study is a comparative analysis between two rentier economies namely Brunei and Norway. Brunei is an oil-rich country however currently experiencing growing youth unemployment; recorded at 28.4%, the highest value recorded by International Labour Organization (ILO) so far for Brunei over the years. This qualitative study uses focus groups to investigate the issue of youth unemployment and occupational aspirations. The thematic analysis conducted revealed that occupational aspirations of youths in Brunei are very much related to the economic conditions, more specifically the rentier economy. This gives rise to a ‘rentier mentality’ of youths in Brunei whereby there is a tendency for youths to aim towards prestigious occupations. Norway’s education and labour market policies can be seen as a role model for Brunei due to its similar rentier economy and more so for having one of the lowest youth unemployment level in the world i.e. 9.4% in 2017. This study found that the key lessons from Norway for Brunei lie in the diverse education system which not only focuses on the academics but places greater emphasis on vocational training and entrepreneurial skills. This results in youths that are ready for the labour market and a smooth transition from education to work.

The dilemma of mobility: on the question of youth voluntourism in times of precarity

ABSTRACTIn this essay, we ask whether there has been a revival of ‘youthful aspirations’ in the age of precarity, by examining youth groups’ transnational civic participation in the form of ‘volunteer tourism’ (hereafter, VT). Mobility is central to VT practice, yet is often tainted to various degrees by an associated complex of commercial, extractive, neoliberal, and even racialized interests. Understanding the ‘perils of mobility’, we argue, helps us clear the way for a critical inquiry of VT, rather than closing it down. Without discounting the reality of neoliberal complicity, we want to look a little harder at the possibility of youth enacting change within the contradictions of voluntourism. This project is based on a case study of a Hong Kong-based VT organization called Voltra (established in 2009), especially thirty in-depth interviews with the ‘voltrateers’. We reflect on their first-hand experiences, motivations, challenges, and aspirations to discover a ‘strange synergy’ that is expressed through complex affects that, on one hand, still hold on to the state to be responsible for social change, but on the other hand, develop their own aspirations to freedom generated by a sense of existential authenticity.

ROLE OF SELF-EFFICACY IN IMPROVING THE LIVES OF YOUTH IN PUBLIC HOUSING

Purpose of Study: Having a sense of hope and aspirations for the future are often conceptualized as components of resilience for youth in urban environments. However, less is known about the factors that may influence how young people develop their future aspirations, and how those aspirations may impact their actions in achieving their goals. This study is a conceptual paper to identify the factors that influence the youth future aspirations and how self-efficacy acts as a moderator. Self-efficacy being defined by Albert Bandura as one's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. Through preliminary studies conducted by informal interviews with youth in four (4) PPR in Kuala Lumpur it was found that the youths in the PPR are divided into 3 segments firstly the illiterate youth, secondly literate youth with a few years of formal schooling and third group of youth who completed their formal schooling. Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as a theoretical framework we hope to identify factors that contribute towards the youth future aspirations.
 Methodology: In this paper, literature relating to the development and characteristics of youth in public housing, self-efficacy, and factors that influence the youth future aspirations are reviewed to ascertain if any relationship exists between them.
 Results: A conceptual framework is developed to propose the relationship between success factors as the independent variables and youth future aspirations as the dependent variable, with self-efficacy as the moderator. This study identified success factors that could influence the future aspirations of youth in public housing in Malaysia. We propose a model for developing youths’ future aspirations.

2030 Global Education Agenda and Challenges Before India

Education of which both the individual and society are beneficiaries has a key role in the implementation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Education is the foundation of development and all sustainable development goals (SDGs) have educational dimensions. This imparts added significance to the pursuit of Goal 4 on Education, SDG4, of the agenda. Safeguarding education against forces of privatisation and preserving it as a public good is imperative if governments are respectful of their commitments to SDG4 as well as to the 2030 Education Agenda adopted under the auspices of UNESCO. It is incumbent upon the government to expand opportunities of good quality public education to build an inclusive system of education, with positive measures in support of the poor for the eradication of widespread poverty in India. Empowering adults and youth, with a special focus on skills development and pursuit of professional excellence in the drive towards ‘skilled India’ to respond to rising aspirations of youth is central to the pursuit of SDG4. Actions for the implementation of SDG4 as well as 2030 Education Agenda must be guided by the principle of social justice which is enshrined in the Constitution of India.

Aspirasi Pemuda Kelas Bawah dan Reproduksi Sosial Di Jawa Tengah

Central Java is one of provinces that is progressive in developing its industries, especially in manufacturing. However, the unemployment rate among youth in this province turns out to be considerably high. The high number of unemployment rates and low participation in the labor market among youth are caused by various factors. One of them is the gap between human resources and demand in the labor market. The gap in education, skills, and access to information triggering the condition whereas youth are not counted to involve in the labor market. This gap certainly emerged based on the social class differences inherent in each young people. In addition, gender differences also affect opportunities and freedom in choosing a job. This research uses qualitative methods with the process of observation, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussion as techniques for data collecting. Through the selection of two female and two male informants (purposive sampling), this research concludes that social class factors, gender, and changing contexts, especially in the conditions of Labor Market Flexibility (LMF) became the main factors in shaping and influencing the transition process related to future aspirations of youth. The application of neoliberalism and Labor Market Flexibility perpetuates the social reproduction based on class and gender which enables social gaps to increase in the future. This condition is predicted to marginalize poor and vulnerable young people even more

Campus Immersion: Supporting Youth Agency and Aspirations for Higher Education

Encouraging aspirations for higher education among young people who are marginalized is a common youth program strategy for addressing educational and social disparities. However, data on educational attainment suggests that these aspirations often go unfulfilled and that there is a need for a different approach—one that more deeply considers the ways in which social context influences youth agency. Within this paper, I show that while marginalized youth have aspirations for higher education, they have fewer opportunities to take action to achieve them. Conceptually, this paper draws from Bourdieu’s concept of “habitus” and Sen’s capability approach in order to understand the aspirations for higher education among marginalized youth and how they can be supported through youth programs. A case from an overnight, campus-based youth program highlights how youth programs can support youths’ agentic abilities to achieve their aspirations. The findings from this study suggest that both future-planning activities and emulating student life prepared youth to navigate socio-cultural barriers to aspiration achievement. The presented findings offer insight into the nature of aspiring and have implications for how youth programs can be designed to effectively support agency and aspiration development among youth who have been marginalized.

Planning for the Future

The purpose of this study was to explore the postsecondary educational and occupational expectations of work-bound rural youth. Three groups of work-bound youth were identified (work-bound, work-bound with future educational plans, and work-bound but unsure/undecided about postsecondary education), and each group was compared to college-bound rural youth using results from a recent national investigation of the educational and occupational aspirations of rural youth. Results indicated that the majority of rural youth in this study planned to continue their education after high school (56%), followed by 34% who planned to work and further their education. Results of logistic regression analysis indicated that family characteristics and students’ schooling experiences were the strongest predictors of work-bound status. Work-bound youth were more likely to report greater family economic hardship, lower parental expectations for completing college, and more negative schooling experiences than college-bound rural youth. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by a grant from the U.S. Department of Education’s Institute of Education Sciences (R305A04056) awarded to the NRCRES at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the granting agency.

Youth aspirations in Kakuma Refugee Camp: education as a means for social, spatial, and economic (im)mobility

ABSTRACTThis study documents the aspirations and apprehensions of youth as they complete secondary schooling in Kakuma Refugee Camp. Navigating contradictory discourses about the value of education, school-leavers approach postsecondary opportunities with attention to social status hierarchies, economic viability, and collective expectations for nation-building goals. This work contributes to understandings of formal education interacting with culturally bounded expectations for normative adulthood, examining how youth respond when they are unable to adhere to a linear trajectory of success. I argue that foregrounding democratic purposes of schooling in exile can expand conceptions of nation-building and successful adulthood, opening and de-stigmatizing multiple future pathways.

Transitions: exploring aspirations of BME Muslim youth exiting compulsory education

ABSTRACTThis paper presents insights from a qualitative case study in Glasgow, Scotland, using semi-structured paired interviews to explore the aspirations of BME Muslim young people labelled by policy as requiring More Choices, More Chances as they prepare to leave compulsory education. The young people were identified by their schools and affiliated agencies as having the propensity to fall out of education, employment and training upon exiting compulsory education, therefore requiring support to transition from compulsory education to a positive destination of further or higher education, employment or training. The study found that five of the 11 young people perceived themselves to be treated differently from other students in school, where they were overlooked, ignored, discriminated against and offered limited support with studies and transition. Three young people spoke of conflict and miscommunication, but were supported with their studies and transition, and were not aware of any discrimination from their teachers. Three students chose not to answer questions. This paper adds to evidence in England that although the Muslim population is diverse, and there is no single Muslim ‘experience’, young Muslims face similar challenges of ‘othering’ in Scotland.

Slezkine, Yuri The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution (review)

REVIEWS 585 Slezkine, Yuri. The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ and Oxford, 2017. xvii + 1104 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliographical references. Appendix. Index.£29.95: $39.95. The sudden, unexpected demise of the Soviet Union and Russian Communism poses questions that will exercise historians for many years to come. But all future chroniclers and analysts seeking an answer to the riddle of Soviet dissolution will have to contend with Yuri Slezkine’s huge, complex and compelling book, The House of Government. Slezkine’s work is a fruitful combination of architectural history, literary analysis, religious/philosophical disquisition and collective biography wrapped in brilliant, moving prose. In Slezkine’s hands the apartment building called the House of Government, constructed in Moscow in the early 1930s, becomes a microcosm of the Soviet system, a metaphor for its fate, and a microscope through which to view the struggles, dreams, loves and ultimate destruction of many of the building’s residents, men and women who sought to realize the prophecy of Karl Marx and raise the world on new foundations. Slezkine sees Bolshevism as a millenarian sect whose adherents preached, suffered and struggled in the hope of witnessing ‘the Real Day’. And then it came — or so it seemed. The apocalypse of World War One, the collapse of tsarism, the October seizure of power, all appeared to herald the ‘end of times’. This was followed by the ‘Exodus’ from the old world during the Civil War and the simultaneous effort to leap from ‘the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom’. The Bolsheviks sought to destroy the ‘prison of peoples’, abolish private property, outlaw traditional marriage and usher in a new existence. But despite the exertions of this ‘heroic period’ of War Communism, the millennium did not arrive. The Bolsheviks retreated into the New Economic Policy, a partial acceptance of capitalism. Then came the death of Lenin, the beloved leader; the ‘Great Disappointment’ ensued. The millenarian expectations were unrealized, and the Bolsheviks learned to wait and ultimately to adjust the prophecy. The ‘most immediate tasks were to suppress the enemy, convert the heathen, and discipline the faithful’ (p. 273). The final apocalypse and the fully Communist millennium might be slow to arrive, but the Bolsheviks could establish clear and correct doctrine and build ‘socialism’ in one country. In a ‘transitional period’ of Five Year Plans they might collectivize the peasantry and industrialize the Soviet Union, laying the steel and concrete foundations for the new world to come. Slezkine employs architecture, literature and biography to explain the course and fate of the Bolshevik sect, making the House of Government, its inhabitants and their family histories his focus. Like the Lenin Mausoleum, SEER, 96, 3, JULY 2018 586 the design of the House expressed the ‘transitional’ moment of the Five Year Plans, combining classical forms with elements of the avant-garde. Standing above a swamp, it lay physically and symbolically between the old Moscow and the projected Palace of Soviets, which was to rise on the site of the destroyed Church of the Redeemer and be ‘the ultimate wonder of the world’ (p. 361). It was ‘transitional’ in another important way. If the Communist house of the future was to be ‘a true-believing, hardworking, coeducational monastery that permitted procreation and incorporated a day-care center’ (p. 335), the House of Government’s 507 apartments were homes to families resembling traditional types, albeit often with shifting boundaries and memberships. The ‘sagas’ of these families, members of the ruling elite of the Soviet Union, make up the heart of Slezkine’s book. In telling the stories of their labours, loves, domestic travails, moral struggles, happy childhoods, youthful aspirations and personal tragedies, Slezkine utilizes, in addition to government documents, a vast collection of intimate sources — diaries, memoirs, letters — many still in private hands. Interviews and a large array of photographs supplement the written record. Slezkine shows the Bolsheviks to be a literate and literary bunch; they wrote and wrote, but they also read and read, not only the Marxist classics, but even more important, the ‘treasures of world literature’, great works of the past from which they drew the...

El ’68 más allá de las Primaveras Boreales: Representaciones en la esfera pública de los estudiantes universitarios brasileiros en acción

Los movimientos estudiantiles que a escala planetaria se desarrollaron durante el ’68 tuvieron un considerable impacto en Brasil, donde se revelaron como uno de los grupos sociales a la vanguardia de la resistencia cívica frente a la dictadura y de la modernización del sistema universitario. En este artículo se estudian las representaciones en la esfera pública de los estudiantes universitarios brasileiros en acción construida y diseminada por la prensa diaria. Se presta atención a (1) las motivaciones, los reclamos y las aspiraciones de la juventud universitaria, (2) su capacidad de movilización social, integración de actores políticos alternativos y negociación con el Estado, (3) los espacios, tiempos e intensidades de sus acciones, y (4) las narrativas generadas por la prensa diaria a partir de los testimonios, opiniones e intereses de sí, de sus protagonistas y del resto de actores sociales implicados en la cuestión estudiantil. El recorte temporal seleccionado está delimitado por la Misa del Séptimo Día, que marcó el final de los sucesos de Calabouço, y la Passeata dos Cem Mil, que puede considerarse el horizonte de sucesos que derivaron en el AI-5. La fuente principal ha sido Correio do Povo, representativo de los sectores liberal-conservadores del sur de Brasil.

Illegitimate Elites and the Politics of Belonging at a Korean University

Abstract Universities are undergoing a transformation in which higher learning intersects with a class of cosmopolitan elites. Certainly within South Korea, universities are launching international colleges as a way to position themselves as choice institutions that cater to elite students seeking global opportunities. Yet little work has been done to examine what happens to the students within these spaces of globality and privilege. This article reveals the interconnections between globalizing higher education and the global aspirations of Korean youth by focusing on the students who enter into an international learning space of a Korean university that itself desires global status. Not quite accepted by the other students but still considered an elite group, these individuals have to negotiate complex campus-based norms where the risk of marginalization from key social networks is magnified by the university’s pursuit of global status. Meanwhile, the university transforms into an ideological battleground and a critical site in the construction of social membership in South Korea.

THE ROLE OF MINISTRY OF MANPOWER VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTERS IN HABILITATION JOB SEEKERS WITH LABOUR MARKET NEEDS - COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS

The phenomenon of unemployment is a humanitarian phenomenon that complicates many studies because it is one of the engines of change that may go beyond the limits of the problem and become a threat to the apparent security. This concern is due to the fact that the issue of reducing unemployment has become one of the main objectives of the Egyptian labor market. The study aims to shed light on: The outputs of higher education are an additional burden on the Egyptian labor market. There is a clear imbalance between the skills required and the existing skills due to the inflexibility of the current education system. The modern requirements of the labor market are not limited to updating the scientific material, The professional market depends on information technology, which led to the low employment opportunities of these young people, who remained in the confusion between delivery to the extent and waiting for new opportunities for rehabilitation and training to keep abreast of progress. Problem and knowledge of the reasons for inadequate outputs of university education for the labor market. There is a conflict in which the student lives in the labor market after graduating from the university to the labor market is the result of either a weakness in the absorption of the labor market to prepare the graduates and I research this scientific rationality in the disclosure of the relationship between the outputs of education and the labor market and I graduates suffer from social problems such as the problem of unemployment and migration problems Which is considered to have a negative impact on society and its relations. And employment policies in Egypt and reduce unemployment and thus achieve sustainable development, which aims to consolidate a national program aimed at combating unemployment and development and opening new outlets for employment are available to young people with certificates through the following questions: To what extent did methodological programs achieve employment policies in the vocational aspirations of youth in the labor market? Did these programs solve the problem of unemployment? Employment and unemployment are important indicators of production?