Radical Youth Research Articles

Radikalisme dan Kaum Muda Dalam Perspektif Sosiologi

Lately radicalism in Indonesia is still warmly discussed. This phenomenon is a serious problem for the community. The organizational network of radicalism does not appear to be conspicuous, but if further examined lately the real threat of radicalism reemerged in Indonesia. This can not be separated from the other side of freedom of democrati- zation. The character or the soul of Indonesia as a nation, often called religus, friendly, tolerant, peaceful, gotong royong, and so on, is now being eroded and experiencing massive degradation. This paper will review the develop- ment of radicalism in Indonesia which in fact young people become agents in the process of the birth of radicalism in the perspective of sociology—the identity of young people as the next generation of the nation is at stake; how far they understand the question of radicalism in Indonesia; and youth radicalism can be seen as a response, criticism and antithesis, to orthodoxy and the mainstream that occurs in power relationships that can take the form of violence and nonviolence.

Volunteer movement in modern Ukraine as a strategy for the development of youth leadership

This article represents the stages of the emergence and problems of the formation of volunteering, youth leadership through the participation of young people in the volunteer movement of modern Ukraine. The concept of volunteering as a strategy for leadership development proceeds from the fact that volun- teering and leadership are in a close interaction. This may mean that the realization of the tasks of the development of volunteering solves the problem of leadership development in the youth environment. The article reviews and analyzes the results of a nationwide research on the state of volunteering in Ukraine (July 20-26, 2014), which was carried out by GfK Ukraine on request of the UN Organizations in Ukraine. There is a representative sample of the Ukrainian population (with the exception of the Crimea) by region, the size of the settlement, sex and age, according to the data of the State Statistics Service as of January 01, 2013. The sample was 1,000 respondents aged 16 and over. According to the results of the research, we can conclude that Ukrainians recognize the great role of the volunteer movement in the social processes. The most relevant areas of activity before the events of the Maidan were the assistance to socially vulnerable groups of the population and the improvement of public space. This survey showed that volunteer activity in Ukraine is the most important mechanism that exists within civil society and is capable of taking an initiative at any moment in any crisis situation. The largest volunteer group in Ukraine, which is currently volunteering, is mostly student youth, though, due to the political situation and antiterrorist operation that takes place in eastern Ukraine, during the 2014-2018 period, the participation in volunteering activities of people aged 36 and under 60 increased significantly (although at the beginning of 2016 there is a decline in volunteer activity in this direction). As a conclusion, it can be noted that the youth leadership, which arises at this time on the background of military confrontation, is extremely rapidly growing. Young activists, who saw their further activities only in the field of politics, begin to reorient themselves to somewhat different conditions for entry into this sphere. At the same time, the overwhelming majority views participation in the leadership of the volunteer movement primarily as one of the possible channels of mobility for political growth and political formation in the future. Active volunteer activity develops life skills and professional experience among young people, ability to interest and organize other volunteers, learn how to interact with other people and organizations, find support from partners and sponsors, government and commercial structures, etc. In the process of volunteer activity, young people are expanding their vision, develop their intellectual level, realize the opportunity to implement their creative plans and leadership potential. A special role in shaping leadership qualities belongs to the social design, namely, through developing skills for their volunteer project, joining efforts with associates for the collective development and implementation of the project, which contributes to enhancing social competences and the development of skills and abilities of the volunteer. Again, the rethinking of the essence and fundamental role of volunteering over the course of several decades has led to an understanding and recognition at the global level that volunteering is the basis for improvement of civil society, an instrument that promotes social capital, economic growth and social well-being of societies. The state policy of Ukraine should focus more on maintaining the youth movement, support various youth initiatives. This will depend on the direction of the youth movement, the expansion and emergence of new youth radical movements, the formation of subcultures that will bring in the traditional culture as new trends, and new, perhaps even negative forms of struggle for their place in the public space of the state.

Preventing violent radicalization of youth through dialogic evidence-based policies

Radicalization of youth leading to violent extremism in the form of terrorism is an urgent problem considering the rise of young people joining extremist groups of different ideologies. Previous research on the impact of counter-terrorism polices has highlighted negative outcomes such as stigmatizing minority groups. Drawing on qualitative research conducted under the PROTON project (2016–2019) by CREA-UB on the social and ethical impact of counter-terrorism policies in six EU countries, the present article presents and discusses the ways in which actions characterized by creating spaces for dialogue at the grassroots level are contributing to prevent youth violent radicalization. The results highlight four core elements underlying these spaces for dialogue: providing guidance to be safe in the exploration of extremist messages and violent radicalization; the rejection of violence; that dialogue is egalitarian; and that relationships are built on trust so that adolescents and young adults feel confident to raise their doubts. If taken into account, these elements can serve to elaborate dialogic evidence-based policies. The policies which include a dialogue between the scientific evidence and the people affected by them once implemented, achieve positive social impact.

Countering Terrorist Narratives: Winning the Hearts and Minds of Indonesian Millennials

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Combating Hate Speech and Youth Radicalization

On December 30, the UK's Security Minister Ben Wallace harshly criticized tech giants like Google, Facebook, and YouTube for not doing enough to combat "terrorism online". He called on them to remove online content that could lead to radicalization. "2018 is a time to deliver. We know they can do more," he said in remarks carried by the local press. The introduction of digital communication tools initially heralded greater access to information and greater expression of freedom. This was particularly poignant in countries were restrictive policies implemented by authoritarian governments curbed the sharing of ideas and opinions.

Cultural Humility in Art Therapy and Child and Youth Care: Reflections on Practice by Sikh Women (L'humilité culturelle en art-thérapie et les soins aux enfants et aux jeunes : Réflexions sur la pratique de femmes sikhes)

ABSTRACTArt has the political potential to create change on both an individual and systemic level. The realization of this comes through in a therapeutic practice that is anti-oppressive and accounts for power in relationships and institutions. As a child and youth care practitioner and an art therapist, we have respectively used cultural humility as a conceptual framework with which to undertake radical youth work. This framing of youth work acknowledges the power in relationships between adults and youth as being a colonial construct and uses relational practice as a means of deconstructing it. By reflecting on our experiences in practice, we propose a set of critical tools, from the healthcare framework of cultural humility, for working with underserved populations. By highlighting the populations we work with as being underserved, we acknowledge that their oppression is a result of the systems in which they exist, and which fail to serve them equitably.

The Primal Is the Political: Psychotherapy, Engagement, and Narcissism in the 1970s

Arthur Janov’s best-selling book The Primal Scream (1970) announced an ambitious new psychotherapy in which patients relived repressed childhood trauma in the belief that this would free them from neurotic suffering. In The Primal Revolution (1972), Janov used the ensuing prominence to suggest that primal therapy demanded a struggle against social as well as personal repression. Nevertheless, primal therapy has been consistently held up as a symptom of the counterculture’s inward turn and part of the “awareness movement’s” deviation from the hope for social transformation represented by the radical youth movements of the 1960s. Historians have reclaimed the 1970s as a period of vibrant grassroots politics, but the role of the awareness movement is rarely reevaluated. Where Janov’s therapy is concerned, this is a significant omission, since in its early years the narcissistic elements that later came to the fore were outweighed by primal therapy’s potential for political critique. By examining Janov’s publications, interaction with other primal practitioners, and influence on John Lennon and other leftists, this essay knits primal therapy into the story of 1970s radicalism.

Global Citizenship Education: A Potential Contributing Factor to Youth Radicalization and Terrorism Engagement

Radicalization and terrorism engagement studies are complicated waters to swim in due to the complexity of many involved variables. I argue that global citizenship education contributes to youth radicalization and terrorism engagement once they realize that global citizenship values are incongruent with local and global adult economic and sociopolitical practices. The discussion elaborates on global citizenship values promoted by global citizenship education and its potential link between youth radicalization and terrorism engagement. The discussion suggests the stronger youth global values the more likely they will radicalize and engage in terrorism.

МОЛОДЁЖНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И МОЛОДЁЖНЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ: ПОНЯТИЕ И ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ

<p><span>The paper introduces some Russian and foreign researches connected with current position and a role the young play in the society, as well as with youth policy and the youth </span><span>organizations in social and political structure. According to the author, one can distinguish </span><span>three groups of youth movements, according to their forms, the areas of work and the methods of activity, in relation to the present stage of development of the youth organizations: moderate, centrist and radical. The current studies in this field are gradually moving from social and psychological terrain into the political one. The author assumes this might be connected with growth of political culture among the youth, their desire to become specialists in the vocation they have chosen and their readiness to act not only as an object of socio-political processes, but also the active co-author of political changes in the state. Therefore, the term «left youth organizations» finds more and more application in this regard. The term is connected with the work of moderate and radical youth movements and the organizations that pay attention in their program documents to the matters of social justice, the principles of solidarity and internationalism in the Russian political practice.</span></p>

The Almajiri System and Insurgency in the Northern Nigeria: A Reconstruction of the Existing Narratives for Policy Direction

The Almajiri phenomenon represents one of the messy and wicked problem thwarting the policy maker’s effort of addressing the problems of youth restiveness, disaffectedness and insurgency in Northern Nigeria. While there is lack of empirical studies on the linkage between the Almajiri system and violence in Northern Nigeria, three conflicting narratives on the issue exists which instead of unrevealing the dilemma has further throw the policy makers into conundrum. While the first narrative has it that the Almajiri system in itself is an instrument of youth radicalization. The second narrative argued that such claims are rather flawed and problematic. The third narrative argued that relative deprivation and destitution are the main causes of radicalization among Almajiri. This work therefore intends to put the issue into proper perspective by providing a balance argument based on empirical evidence. The work employs an ethnographic design where qualitative data were generated through interviews and focus group discussions. It is the contention of this work that, though the Almajiri system in itself does not radicalize the Almajirai cohort but so many decades of bad governance have invariably transformed it into a mechanism for the production of jobless, traumatized and alienated large youth cohort who apparently becomes the target for recruitment by the insurgence leaders. The work concludes by suggesting a policy direction and implication.

Revolt in the Novel: Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ghandūr’s Thaʾr al-damm (Blood Revenge) and the 1936-1939 Rebellion in Palestine

Contrary to the inveterate opinion of most scholars, a Palestinian author actually dealt with political issues before the Nakbah in the novel Thaʾr al-damm (Blood Revenge). Published in Damascus in 1939 by Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ghandūr from Acre, this work of fiction remained in oblivion for decades because the French Mandate authorities confiscated most of its copies soon after publication. It narrates the story of a young physician who forms an armed band to avenge the rape of his younger sister by British soldiers during the 1936-1939 uprising in Palestine; the woman, disguised as a man, joins the rebels and eventually dies in a fight. Through the symbolism behind the retaliation for the maiden’s rape, Thaʾr al-damm provides a literary interpretation of the Palestinians’ shift to organized insurgency against the British Mandate in the late 1930s. By pivoting the plot around the tropes of injury and revenge, Ghandūr translated the feelings of humiliation and threat, and the consequent quest for revenge and liberation shared by many Palestinians into a novel. The action of this story takes place in the Palestinian countryside, in a village community portrayed as a spotless model of national solidarity and harmoniously merged with its environment. Ghandūr sketches a protagonist who exemplifies the theme of the political radicalization of modern-educated youth and argues for the leading role that they should assume in the struggle, while the only female character illustrates village women’s actual involvement in the revolt.

World Making, Critical Pedagogies, and the Geographical Imagination: Where Youth Work Meets Participatory Research

AbstractRenewed interest in the critical geographies of education has raised productive yet under‐examined synergies with reflections taking place among radical youth work and participatory research practitioners. In particular, such intersections point to important ways that the geographical imagination might advance a critical yet creative means of learning through the living material forces of everyday worlds. This paper examines this common ground through a collaborative, London‐based case study exploring young people's sense of home and belonging in the inner‐city. It argues that cross‐overs between the praxis of participatory research and youth work offer generative potential to act alongside young people in the production of autonomous geographical knowledges. Specifically, the case is made for prioritising an imaginative, experiential and intersubjective pedagogical process of “world making”, as an alternative to practices that intervene in, act upon and ultimately “other” the everyday lives of young people.

Changing Radicalization to Resilience by Understanding Marginalization

Public rhetoric about the radicalization of youth into violent extremism has been bifurcated into two competing explanations. In the first version, a radical religious leader within a mainstream re...

Biopolitics, Toxic Masculinities, Disavowed Histories, and Youth Radicalization

Since the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the subsequent American “War on Terror,” now in its sixteenth year, and the extraordinary expansion of U.S. military...

Early Warning and Response for Preventing Radicalization and Violent Extremism

Addressing radicalization and recruitment of youth in violent extremism (VE) has become a principal aim of the policy and programs of what is known as countering violent extremism (CVE). Yet, much ...

James Montgomery’s Waterloo: War and the Poetics of History

NEIL RAMSEY James Montgomery’s Waterloo: War and the Poetics ofHistory T he battle of Waterloo has long represented a historical watershed for nineteenth-century Britain, the victory over Napoleon mark­ ing a foundational moment in the nation’s rise to global imperial power. It is hardly surprising, then, that studies of Romantic literature have reflected at some length on the cultural and symbolic meanings attached to the bat­ tle. These studies have, however, taken two quite distinct approaches. On the one hand, as Philip Shaw has argued, Waterloo was viewed as an event of unparalleled sublimity that, nonetheless, resisted representation and failed to achieve its promise of consolidating national unity after twentytwo years of conflict.1 On the other hand, the battle has also been seen to have marked the termination of what Jerome Christensen defines as the condition of eventfulness characterizing Romantic wartime and its poetry.2 A product ofmodern mass media and daily news, wartime eventfulness de­ scribes not only the affective state of watching a war, but equally a time that is unable to secure a coherent narrative of how history will unfold. However, Waterloo allowed history to resume, the battle giving rise to a post-Waterloo Romantic historicism in which historical change came to be seen as determined by the slow progress of socio-cultural forces and a determining spirit of the age rather than the result of random contin­ gencies of violent conflict.3 In effect, the sublime event of Waterloo gave rise to a view of history that has no room for sublime events, the battle si­ multaneously defining and yet failing to define the course of the nation’s history.4 i. Shaw, Waterloo and the Romantic Imagination (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). 2. Christensen, Romanticism at the End of History (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000). 3. James Chandler, England in 1819: The Politics ofLiterary Culture and the Case ofRomantic Historicism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). 4. On Waterloo’s doubled existence as historical event and emblem of historical process, see alsoJan Mieszkowski, Watching War (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012), 43-44. SiR, 56 (Fall 2017) 361 362 NEIL RAMSEY For the Romantic poet James Montgomery, the mediatized eventfulness ofwartime was the very reason that the Romantic era could be understood as an “age ofpoetry.”5 In order to consider Waterloo’s relation to Roman­ tic poetry and history, this article turns to a series oflectures on poetiy that Montgomery published in the 1830s. While almost wholly forgotten today, the lectures not only provide an early effort to construct a periodized liter­ ary history ofthe era, but they also establish a relation between war and po­ etry in ways that have striking echoes in recent scholarship on Romanti­ cism and war. Montgomery proposes that war formed the historical grounds for Romantic poetry because, as he argues, war rendered ordinary life visionary. In making such a claim, however, he also poeticizes war in ways that call into question quite how war relates to its historical moment. Appearing as a markedly textual phenomenon, war in Montgomery’s ac­ count works both to shape the history of an era and to lift an era out of its historical chronology. Montgomery finds this tension embodied in Water­ loo, a sublime event that simultaneously completes and yet redirects his­ tory. Relating his views to similar reflections on war and history in the sub­ sequent thought of Michel Foucault and Reinhart Koselleck, this article argues that Montgomery’s reflections draw attention to an underlying ten­ sion in Romantic historicist understanding of the battle (or what Koselleck calls an “epistemological aporia”) between the aleatory event and the struc­ tural determination of historical necessity.6 Remembered today primarily as an author of devotional hymns and an apostate from his youthful radicalism in Sheffield at the start of the 1790s, Montgomery has been almost entirely forgotten in histories of British Ro­ manticism. It is an omission that ignores his quite remarkable prominence at the time. William St. Clair shows that Montgomery’s sales figures during the first decades of the nineteenth century approximated those of other leading poets, such as Samuel Rogers, Thomas Campbell and Robert Southey.7...

Youth Radicalization in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Radicalized Groups

A lot of efforts are being exerted by world’s governments and other stakeholders to achieve higher rates of Accessibility to Education. Militia groups the world over have recruited and radicalized the potential school going children into their militant outfits to either fight in battlefields, or use them as spies or suicide bombers denying them opportunities of accessing education that would have been very valuable in their development. These groups abduct torture and kill victims, cause untold sufferings of their captives. In Africa, BokoHaramu in Nigeria opposes modern formal education and hinders the youth from accessing benefits associated with formal education they kidnap students from schools, women from market places, rape and force them into marriages. Mungiki in Kenya has caused school enrolment in central Kenya to drop. Their forced initiations into the groups, doctrines and practice or threat of Female Genital Mutilations, the taking of drugs and the insecurity caused by the sect members are the major challenges the Kenyan Nation is facing as a threat to realization of the objectives of vision 2030 in its former Central Province. The groups, in their teachings, associate formal education with neo-colonialism or western imperialism. Al-Shabab enforces its own harsh interpretation of sharia law, prohibiting various types of entertainment, such as movies and music, the sale of khat, smoking, the shaving of beards, and many other “un-Islamic” activities. This paper examines historical and Philosophical backgrounds of some of the militia groups in Africa such as Al-Shabab in Somalia, Boko Haram in Nigeria and Mungiki in Kenya. Highlighting modes of recruitment, radicalization and how school aged youths are utilized by militia groups. The paper argues that use of strategies such as military force in Nigeria on Boko Haram has failed to bear any fruits. It suggests that skewed distribution of national educational funds could be an impetus to forces of radicalization of youth. Therefore, this paper suggests strategies that can be used to counter the recruitment and radicalization of youths in an effort to improve Educational Access and Equity in Africa.

Youth Radicalization and the Future of Terrorism in Nigeria

Radicalization of youth is becoming one of the most important threats to national and international security in the world today. Socially isolated, disenchanted young men turn to extremism in their search for identity, acceptance and purpose. Radicalization is a process by which an individual or group comes to adopt increasingly extreme political, social, or religious ideals and aspirations that reject or undermine the status quo or reject and or undermine contemporary ideas and expressions of freedom of choice. Radicalization is therefore seen as the process that leads to violence which, in the final analysis is what distinguishes a terrorist from other extremists. This process occurs over time and causes a fundamental change in how people view themselves and the world in which they live. In Nigeria, the problem of youth radicalization is rising and very few attempts have been made toward understanding this problem. Hence, the exact ature of this process is still misunderstood with researchers having developed a number of different theories and conceptual models that seek to explain the process. This paper addresses the phenomenon of youth radicalization and its implication for the future of terrorism in Nigeria.

Future of Islamic Civilization, Emerging Issues and New Horizons: A Study of Malaysian Islamic Movements

This paper investigates four dimensions of Islamic Movements in Malaysian context. The first one is about the impacts of Islamic Movements instigating the development of Islamic civilization in Malaysia. Second one deals with emerging issues and modern trends in their futuristic approach and strategy. Third one evaluates sanity and diversity in issues and conflicts both in local and global perspectives. Finally, it examines the Western response and transformational role of the external world. General elections 2013 in Malaysia has marked a huge sign on the future politics of the country. National Front (BN: Barisan Nasional) faced major setback of fifty years in the history of Malaysian politics, government was unable to amend the constitution due to the absence of two third majority in the parliament because opposition collation Pakatan Rakayat (PR) grown more than fifty percent votes and more seats in federal and state legislative assemblies. Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) is one of the major fragments of opposition alliance. Among other Islamic organizations of the country PAS has achieved better growth and proved itself a distinguished Muslim political power of the country. Political process seems to be a better and safe way to achieve their ultimate goal of Islamic Resurgence for prominent Islamic movements of the world including PAS. We observe lot of bindings, barriers and challenges for them in different countries like, Egypt, Algeria, and Tunisia etc. The paper analyses ideological commonalities of different Islamic Movements of the world and concludes that specific circumstances demand certain approaches and finds out that Islamic movements asserting on peaceful process to attain massive support andhandlings challenges both from world powers, Muslim secularists and radical youth groups.

Mentorship in the 21st Century: Celebrating Uptake or Lamenting Lost Meaning?

Mentorship in the 21st Century: Celebrating Uptake or Lamenting Lost Meaning?