Youth Policy Research Articles

청년들의 시간결핍, 누가 얼마나 경험하는가?

The purpose of this study is to analyze the time deficit experienced by the young generation. To this end, the factors affecting the time deficit of unmarried young people aged 19 to 34 were analyzed using the 2019 Time Use Survey data. Sleep, personal care, and leisure time were set as sub-dimensions of time deprivation, and the criteria for time deficit were 75% and 90% of the sample median. Tobit regression analysis was performed because the left truncated problem appeared in the distribution of the dependent variables. As a result of the analysis, the degree of time deprivation of young women was more serious, and when the time burden for other essential activities such as paid work, unpaid work, and study was high, the degree of time deprivation of young adults increased. Life-related cognitive variables such as life satisfaction and lack of time were also variables that had a significant effect. In the case of young people living with their parents, the statistical significance of household head-related variables was also confirmed. These results raise the need for youth policies that can alleviate the time deficit of young people.

Determination of the directions of the state youth policy as a foundation for the provision of legal guarantees for the realization of the right to work: the methodology of the problem during the period of martial law

The purpose of the article is to characterize the direction of the state youth policy as a foundation for providing legal guarantees for the implementation of the right to work from the point of view of the methodology of the problem during the period of martial law. In science, the question of determining the directions of the state youth policy as a foundation for the provision of state legal guarantees for the realization of the right to work has been touched upon by scientists. However, their works related to the realities of peacetime, but there were no studies that would consider this issue in the plane of the war and post-war period. The article notes that already now, almost a year after the start of the war in Ukraine, it is becoming obvious that Ukrainian youth need the adoption of a legal document, a separate direction of which should be solving the problems of youth unemployment and increasing the attractiveness of Ukraine as a country of employment. It is concluded that in the modern plane of development of Ukraine during the period of the martial law regime and existing military operations, a mutual problem can be traced for both the state and its young citizens regarding the normal functioning of the labor market, which negatively affects the country's economy and the well-being of young people. It is noted that young people have always been one of the most vulnerable categories of the population in the labor market, and with the beginning of the war, their problems in this area became even more acute. Being objectively unable to compete on an equal footing in the labor market, young people are unable to realize their opportunities in the field of exercising the right to work, and therefore the state must provide them with special, increased protection in the form of special legal guarantees for the realization of the right to work as ways of realizing the state youth policy that will solve the problem of youth unemployment. It is also concluded that a mechanism for increasing the attractiveness of employment and employment in Ukraine should be developed separately at the state level, which would facilitate the return of young people who went abroad

Impact of financial behaviour on financial well-being: evidence among young adults in Malaysia

The high cost of living and prolonged lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic made the financial well-being of individuals vulnerable, especially young adults. This paper examines the impact of financial behaviour on financial well-being (FWB) among young Malaysians during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study collected variable data on financial literacy, financial behaviour, financial socialisation, self-control, financial technology and FWB. To collect a representative sample of Malaysian young adults, a multi-stage random sampling method was used, and 360 young adults aged 18–29 years old completed the questionnaires. Structural equation modelling was adopted to investigate the factors influencing young adults' FWB. The empirical findings revealed a significant mediating effect of financial behaviour in the relationships between financial literacy, financial socialisation, self-control, financial technology, and FWB. The research concluded that the mediation analysis yields a clear and firm conclusion that financial behaviour is important in empowering young adults’ FWB. Thus, the present study adds value to the existing literature on the relationship between financial behaviour and FWB. Furthermore, the paper’s findings will assist government agencies and non-governmental organisations in developing outreach programmes for young adults per the strategies outlined in the Twelfth Malaysia Plan and the aspirations pledged in the Malaysian Youth Policy 2015–2035.

For Sake of Youth and for Sake of Policies and Programmes. Why Youth Participation is a Right, a Requirement and a Value Comment on "Between Rhetoric and Reality: Learnings From Youth Participation in the Adolescent and Youth Health Policy in South Africa".

This commentary discusses an article by Jacobs and George which investigated how youth participation can be an important component of health policy-making by conducting a case study based on qualitative interviews. We appreciate the methodology and the main findings of the study, which contribute to advancing our understanding of the challenges and opportunities of youth participation in health policy-making. We note that this article raises several questions and issues that we must address to advance research and practice: (i) is there is a substantial gap between rhetoric and reality in terms of youth participation? (ii) do youth policies have a direct impact on youth participation? (iii) can we define and operationalise meaningful engagement? (iv) who is included and who is excluded in youth participation projects? and (v) is youth participation a right, a requirement and a value?

Youth Policy and Educational Activities in Russian Universities: Stages of Development and Key Contradictions

In the context of escalating geopolitical tensions, increasing information confrontation, an important factor in the preservation of the Russian state is systematic activity for the social integration of the younger generation, the development of adequate civic attitudes and values. According to the author of the article, today there is a change in the model of implementation of the state youth policy, the focus of which is increasingly shifting to the education system, including Russian universities. In this regard, an important research task is the analysis of models of youth policy and educational activities in Russian universities. The purpose of the article is a brief overview of the historical models of student education in our country, as well as an analysis of the attitudes of the top management of Russian universities regarding the organization of youth policy and educational activities at the university. The article is based on a series of in-depth interviews conducted with the leadership of Russian universities in July–September 2022. It offers criteria for analyzing the effectiveness of educational work with students, presents a typology of models of such work in Russian universities in different historical periods, highlights the main dysfunctions of youth policy implementation in Russian universities at the present stage. In conclusion, the author proposed several key principles to improve the effectiveness of youth policy and educational activities at the university as an important mechanism for the social integration of the younger generation.

YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP: FROM FORMATION TO FUNCTIONING

The legislative and applied problems of implementing youth policy in Ukraine are clarified. Using a comparative method of researching legislative norms on the formation and development of youth, it is concluded that during all the years of Ukraine's independence, this was a priority task of all state authorities. It is noted that not always enough measures are taken to effectively achieve the result. Comparing statistical data on youth employment in different years, it is concluded that the level of employment remains the same. The level of entrepreneurial activity among young people is also not high. It is argued that the legislative establishment of the need for professional training of young people to carry out entrepreneurial activity, as well as the available financial support for its initiation, are important components in the formation of youth entrepreneurship. Based on the analysis of various educational platforms, such as the National Online School, Prometheus, EdEra, «Build Your Own», Krok Business School and others, the need to systematize educational programs, to divide them into basic and advanced ones, is proven. That will allow young entrepreneurs to easily find the necessary information not only by content, but also by complexity. It is argued that government and international grant programs relate to supporting the establishment of entrepreneurial activity. At the same time, the first years of entrepreneurial activity are ignored, which is an additional obstacle. It is proven that in the conditions of war, the popularization of social youth entrepreneurship, which aims to achieve a social goal, and only then to make a profit, is of special importance for both youth and society.

다문화청소년의 학업성취도와 진로결정성의 관계

Objectives The purposes of this study is verifying the longitudinal mediation effects of social support between academic achievement and career determination in multicultural adolescents. Through verification, this study presents the social discussion in improving the career determination of multicultural adolescents.
 Methods In this study, the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study(MAPS) from the National Youth Policy Institute was used, and the subjects were 1,068 multicultural adolescents. The Autoregressive Cross-Lagged(ARCL) model was set for the verification of the longitudinal mediation effects. the significance of the longitudinal mediating effect was verified by the Sobel test and Bootstrapping.
 Results The self-regression effect of academic achievement and career determination was significant, so it was confirmed that attention should be paid to improving career determination by intervention. In addition, teacher support and peer support were found to completely mediate the relationship between academic achievement and career determination.
 Conclusions It provided social discussions and alternatives for improving career determination of multicultural adolescents by identifying individual variables and environmental variables. In particular, it suggests that teacher support and peer support play an important role in career determination of multicultural adolescents.

부모와 자녀의 행복감과 그릿, 학업무기력, 학업열의, 학업성취 간 관계

Objectives The purpose of this study is to verify the structural relationship between happiness and grit of parents and children, academic helplessness, academic engagement, and academic achievement through multi-group analysis across genders.
 Methods Using the 1st and 3rd year data of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 of the Korea Youth Policy Institute, a structural equation model analysis was conducted on 2,095 middle school students and their parents without missing values. Furthermore, the short and long-term effects of happiness and grit were verified in the relationship between happiness and grit of parents and children on the academic achievement of the 1st grade of middle school(simultaneous effect) and the academic achievement of the 3rd grade of middle school(delayed effect).
 Results First, parents' happiness and grit in both groups showed positive effects on their children's happiness and grit. Second, children's grit had a negative effect on academic helplessness and a positive effect on academic engagement in both groups. Third, it was found that the happiness and grit of children in both groups had a significant effect on the academic achievement in the 1st and 3rd grades of middle school by mediating academic helplessness and academic engagement. The path difference between groups was significantly confirmed in the path of children's happiness on academic helplessness and the path of the academic achievement of the 1st grade of middle school on academic achievement of the 3rd grade of middle school.
 Conclusions As children's happiness and grit in the first grade of middle school are identified as factors that continuously affect not only their 1st grade but also their 3rd grade of middle school, it suggests the need for various educational measures to improve their happiness and grit.

Value determinants of youth professional self-realization

The article is devoted to the theoretical and empirical analysis of professional self-realization of students and the definition of its value determinants. According to the author, the professional self-realization of young people is a stage of socialization, where professional potential is formed and realized; it includes a set of professional competencies and special personality traits necessary for the effective implementation of labor activity. Professional self-realization is impossible without the creation of appropriate conditions, which is as part of the State Youth Personnel Policy: an institutionally organized socio-managerial activity of the subjects of youth policy aimed at regulating personnel processes in the youth environment of the country.The effectiveness of the organization of personnel processes depends on how much this process responds to the values of youth.To determine the value conditions for the professional self-realization of students, the results of a sociological study were analyzed. The study was conducted in 2022 under the guidance of the author among Russian students (N=18,392). As a result of the analysis, two groups of value determinants of professional self-realization were identified: primary and secondary.Primary value determinants are strategic, they should be considered when the personnel policy of the organization building, they are in the area of responsibility of the head of the organization; these groups include the value conditions through which respondents reveal the content of self-realization.Secondary value determinants of professional self-realization are tactical. They should form the basis of adaptation practice for each new employee of the organization and be in responsibility of the immediate supervisor; this group includes the most important value conditions in employment for students who need the opportunity for professional self-realization.The revealed value determinants of professional self-realization can be included in the program of adaptation of young specialists in the organization.

Constitutional rights and duties of youth: problems of implementation in Modern Russia

The subject of the research of this article is the analysis of the problems of the realization of the constitutional rights and duties of the younger generation in modern Russia. The object of the study is youth as a special social group. The author notes that young people play a key role in the development of any country, but face a number of barriers in the implementation of their constitutional legal status. The following groups of problems are considered. In the socio–economic sphere – difficulties with employment, obtaining housing, health protection. In the political and legal sphere, there is a low political activity of young people, obstacles to youth initiatives. Special attention is paid to the factors of legal nihilism and social passivity among young citizens. The paper emphasizes the complex of the problems under consideration. It is noted that the implementation of the constitutional status of youth in modern Russian conditions is becoming particularly relevant and of scientific and practical importance due to the reasons identified in the conclusions of this work. The conclusion is made about the need for a systematic youth policy that unites the efforts of authorities, civil society and the youth themselves. There is a significant probability of an increase in the risks of restrictions on the socio-economic rights of young people in the light of anti-Russian sanctions and a special military operation in Ukraine. The necessary task is to minimize the risks of destructive impact on the legal consciousness of young people, to improve education in order to strengthen patriotic education, legal culture.

Деятельность молодежных политических организаций

The article examines the activities of youth political organizations (YPO), the purpose of which is the political socialization of youth. Since political parties benefit from working with young people for electoral campaigns, political parties create their own youth organizations. In particular, the largest YPOs are the Young Guard of United Russia and the Leninist Communist Youth Union under the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. For political parties, the ultimate goal of youth policy is to get loyal supporters who are close to party values. The author reviews the changes in activities of YPOs in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.

A Study on Korean National Policies on Youth with Multicultural Background in Terms of Mental Health

Korea has been demographically transformed into a multicultural society for recent decades. Accordingly, Korean government has prepared the societal transformation through law and policy. However, these laws and policies need to be reviewed in terms of multicultural counseling, which was recognized as one of the most necessary policies by immigrants. In this sense, this research intends to focus on multicultural youth’s mental health while tracking and comparing the change of main national multicultual policies like Multicultual Family Policy, Multicultural Education Policy, and Youth Policy. This study’s results are as follows: first, Korean national policies have chronologically developed from the perspective of youths in crisis with maladjustment and marginalization to the perspective of youths as talented person with human right and social contribution. Second, Korean national youth policies have reflect each policy’s unique perspective of youth. Therefore, this research can help expand the depth and width of discussion for the next 5-years policy plans (2023-2028) by measuring the past and current Korean policies in terms of youth’s mental health.

PROBLEMS OF MODERN YOUTH POLICY IN RUSSIA: TO THE QUESTION OF INCREASING EFFICIENCY

The purpose of this work is to determine the nature of the influence of modern youth policy on the political behavior and types of political activity of young people, the processes of formation of youth citizenship in modern Russia in the context of a new geopolitical reality and information confrontation, the widespread use of new social media and a sharp increase in the role of the media. The problems of value orientations of the Russian youth policy are analyzed, the problem of effective technologies for the formation of a socially responsible political culture of the Russian youth in the conditions of informational confrontation of the actors of the political process is considered.

청소년이 지각한 차별피해경험과 자살생각과의 관계에서 부모 및 보호자의 자녀의견존중 조절효과

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of discrimination victimization experience perceived by adolescents on suicidal ideation and to verify moderating effects of parents’ or guardians’ respect for children's opinions. This study used 3,775 middle school students from the KSRYC(Korean Survey on the Right of Youth and Children in 2016) data of the National Youth Policy Institute of Korea. The moderating effects was verified using PROCESS macro. The main results of the research are summarized as follows. First, female was statistically significantly more likely to experience discrimination, Second, discrimination victimization experience perceived by adolescents had significance effect on suicidal ideation. Third, parents’ or guardians’ respect for children's opinions shows moderating effect on suicidal ideation. According to the result, discrimination victimization experience perceived by adolescents and parents’ or guardians’ respect for children's opinions were suggested that important factors on suicidal ideation in adolescent. Based on these finding, the paper concludes it’s implications and limitations.

Multilevel factors associated with depressive mood among multicultural adolescents in South Korea

ABSTRACT Applying a social-ecological model (SEM) approach, we examined different factors associated with the depressive mood of multicultural adolescents in South Korea, including if engaging in transnational ties with the mother’s home country is associated with depressive mood. We included multicultural adolescents (n = 1,160) in the 2017 Multicultural Adolescent Panel Survey of the National Youth Policy Institute. We found an association between depressive mood and multicultural adolescents in South Korea at different levels of the SEM. Maintaining transnational ties with the mother’s home country may have a detrimental impact on the psychological well-being of multicultural adolescents, especially female adolescents.

Роль социологических исследований в грантовой деятельности

Every year the share of scientists who participate in grant activities increases. Participation in grants becomes a priority in the professional activity of a scientist. Despite the availability of publications on the topic of grants, there are practically no studies on highlighting the place of sociological research in grant activities. The purpose of this study is to show the role of sociological research in the development of projects and typical mistakes in the preparation of applications. Research methodology - the main method was desk research. To solve particular problems, a content analysis of Russian and foreign literature on sociological research and grant activities was used. As a result of the study, the legal framework governing grant activities, the main funds of grantors, the main provisions of the grant application, and the specifics of using sociological research in grant activities were considered. The results of the study can be applied in the field of social and youth policy, in the development of methodological and practical recommendations for the development of applications for grants. The materials of the study formed the basis of the Retraining Program on "Organization of work with youth", advanced training courses "Research work".

Представления о настоящем и будущем страны как фактор эмиграционной активности студенческой молодежи: кросс-культурный анализ

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective.</strong> Analysis of the relationship between perceptions of the present and future of the residence country and the emigration activity of students in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.<br><strong>Background.</strong> The study of the perceptions of residence country as predictors of students’ emigration activity can improve the effectiveness of youth policy in preserving valuable human capital at the country level. <strong>Research design.</strong> Using multiple regression analysis, the results of the January-April 2021 online survey identified the specifics of the relationships between perceptions of the present and future of the residence country and emigration activity of young people in three countries.<br><strong>Participants.</strong> University students are citizens of Belarus (208 people), Kazakhstan (200) and Russia (250) aged 18 to 25 years.<br><strong>Measurements.</strong> Research questionnaire included 6 statements, based on the theory of planned behavior, developed by I. Ajzen, for studying emigration intentions and behavior in their realization, as well as two sets of characteristics from “Scale of temporary attitudes” by J. Nutten for studying the present and future of the country of residence.<br><strong>Results.</strong> Factors of emigration activity of Russian student youth are perceptions of the present of their residence country as not long-lasting, not free, significant, but boring, as well as perceptions of future in Russia as significant, but not eventful and not innovative. Belarusian emigration-oriented youth perceive their country's present as related to the past, not cohesive, but their own, and the country's future as not cohesive and related to Belarus' present. Kazakhstani emigration-oriented students perceive the present of their country as beautiful, active, but not close, not chaotic and not bright, and the future as not their own and not related to the present of Kazakhstan.<br><strong>Conclusions.</strong> There are differences in the relationships between perceptions of the present and future of the residence country and emigration activity of young people in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. The effective implementation of youth policy to preserve valuable human capital at the country level requires considering the social and cultural context in which these relationships are formed.</p>

The modern legal definition of a young specialist: a look through the methodology of scien-tific research in the field of law

The purpose of the article is to characterize the modern legal definition of a young specialist through the prism of the methodology of scientific research in the field of law. It is noted that at all times one of the most urgent problems of the state that needed to be solved was the problem of employment of graduates of educational institutions. Because it is precisely this category – representatives of the youth - who most acutely felt the various changes that were taking place in the economy, politics and, accordingly, resolved the issue of their choice of life path, the results of which reflected on the future of the state. It is noted that to date, changes have been made to the legislation regulating the legal status of a young specialist, but the problem of the definition of a "young specialist" has been solved by them, unfortunately, there were no current scientific studies that would consider this problem. Attention is focused on the fact that guarantees of youth labor rights, being important ways of implementing the state youth policy, have a positive effect on the process of youth socialization, however, their effectiveness largely depends on the legal certainty of the category to which these guarantees are provided. Therefore, a rule of law containing a definition of a concept must be qualitative, based on the needs of practice and the results of modern legal science, in particular methodology, as its component. It is concluded that high-quality legal regulation takes place in the case when legal norms are formed taking into account the achievements of modern science, based on its methodology, which allows obtaining high-quality results in the form of high-quality legal norms, clear and understandable, which form a single legal mechanism that allows it is possible for individuals to exercise their rights without hindrance. In the course of the conducted research, it was established that the modern legal definition of a young specialist through the methodology of scientific research in the field of law, at the moment, does not differ in those qualities that would indicate high-quality legal regulation, and therefore needs updating. The author provided suggestions for improving the current legislation regarding the definition of the concept of "young specialist".

"May 4th Movement" of 1919 in speeches of Chinese Communist Party's leaders

Object of the study is the image of the May 4th Movement of 1919 in the official interpretation of history of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in PRC. The goal is to trace changes in the interpretation of the Movement in speeches of Chinese Communist Party's leaders on the occasion of its anniversary. To do this, author conducts qualitative and quantitative content analysis of the relevant speeches of 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019. There are five main conceptual blocks present in every speech: attitude towards tradition, assessment of past mistakes of CCP and role of Mao Zedong, "spirit of May 4th Movement", development goals and youth policy. In the course of analysis, changes in content of these blocks are traced. Thus, ideological transformation of PRC is viewed in the context of changes in official interpretation of a significant historical event. Memory of this event in China is filled with various meanings, including themes of democracy and youth rebellion, inconvenient for the ruling Communist Party. Author comes to the conclusion that at least since late 1990s CCP has begun to rely on nationalism as a new source of legitimization of its power. In the analyzed speeches it can be seen how, with a greater emphasis on the patriotic component of the "Movement", other meanings associated with it, primarily democracy and science, have fallen by the wayside. At the same time, there has been a transition from rejection of traditional culture to its acceptance.

Features of the formation of value orientations of modern youth in Russia

The article discusses the distinctive features of the process of formation of value orientations characteristic of modern youth in Russia. For young people of the XXI century, it is the features of behavior that can have a significant impact on the nature of decision-making in different spheres of their life, and therefore require more detailed study. The purpose of the article is to identify the characteristic features of this process in relation to the youth of Russia at the present stage of its development. Based on the analysis of scientific theoretical and empirical sources, it is concluded that the government youth policy carried out in Russia does not achieve its goal and has certain costs in the forms, methods and means used. As a result, young people in Russia do not always respond adequately to changes in social space and in some cases of their behaviorism, conflicts are observed. The methodological basis of the study was a systematic approach, which allowed to reveal the problems of modern youth, from the point of view of their value orientations and to determine the basic values for conducting a sociological study. The application of the activity approach made it possible to identify the structural elements of the process of forming value orientations and the connections between them, as well as to build its model. The main scientific result is the conclusion that the basis of the value-oriented behavior of the youth of Russia is a humanistic orientation based on the desire for self-determination and responsibility to the family, an identical group, society and the state, and the necessary component is a cultural and ideological tradition that has its origins in the family. As characteristic features of the formation of the value orientation of young people, high trust in social networks as the main means of this process, as well as a certain trust in the educational context as an environment for instilling certain traditional values are highlighted. The ranking of subjects, methods and means of forming value orientations of Russian youth identified and carried out in the course of the study will provide practical assistance in further improving the effectiveness of this process.