Youth Participation Research Articles

Musical Literacy in the Historical Development of the Chinese Pipa in Beijing

The pipa, a traditional plucked string instrument with over two millennia of history, embodies China’s cultural heritage and artistic values. This study investigates musical literacy in the historical development of the Chinese pipa in Beijing. As a political and cultural hub in Beijing, the pipa has undergone transformative changes in its pedagogy, performance practices, and cultural significance. Employing a qualitative research design, the study investigates how musical literacy has adapted to societal, political, and technological shifts. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with four expert informants, participant observations of performances and educational practices, and archival analysis of historical documents and music scores. Findings reveal that the pipa’s literacy has expanded from oral traditions to formalized education, cross-cultural collaborations, and technological innovations. Key phases, including the post-1949 reconstruction era, the Reform and Opening-Up period, and the contemporary globalized era, highlight the interplay between tradition and modernity. The research underscores the pipa’s role as a cultural symbol, adapting to changing contexts while preserving its heritage. Suggestions for future research include comparative studies with other instruments, youth engagement strategies, and the use of emerging technologies in pipa education. This study contributes to ethnomusicology and music education by demonstrating the enduring relevance of musical literacy in cultural preservation and innovation.

Impact of Agricultural Science Education on Youth Engagement in Agribusiness in Northeast Nigeria

This study investigates the impact of Agricultural Science education on youth engagement in agribusiness in Northeast Nigeria, focusing on its role in fostering entrepreneurial skills, enhancing practical training, and addressing challenges that hinder youth participation in agribusiness ventures. The research employed a questionnaire administered to 704 respondents, including 320 students and 384 youths, to assess the effectiveness of Agricultural Science education in preparing youth for agribusiness. The findings reveal that Agricultural Science education significantly contributes to the development of key entrepreneurial skills, equips students with essential knowledge, and cultivates an entrepreneurial mindset, encouraging youth to pursue agribusiness ventures. Despite these positive outcomes, challenges such as limited access to financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient exposure to modern farming technologies impede youth engagement in agribusiness. The study also found that integrating modern agribusiness practices into the curriculum enhances students’ readiness to engage in agribusiness ventures. The study recommends improving hands-on training, incorporating modern agricultural technologies into the curriculum, increasing government support for agripreneurs, and fostering public-private partnerships to address the identified challenges. This research underscores the critical role of Agricultural Science education in promoting youth participation in agribusiness and its potential to contribute to the economic development of Northeast Nigeria.

Single-Session Interventions for Mental Health Problems and Service Engagement: Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

Most people with mental health needs cannot access treatment; among those who do, many access services only once. Accordingly, single-session interventions (SSIs) may help bridge the treatment gap. We conducted the first umbrella review synthesizing research on SSIs for mental health problems and service engagement in youth and adults. Our search yielded 24 systematic reviews of SSIs, which included 415 unique trials. Twenty reviews (83.33%) reported significant, positive effects of SSIs for one or more outcomes (anxiety, depression, externalizing problems, eating problems, substance use, treatment engagement or uptake). Across 12 reviews that meta-analytically examined SSIs' effectiveness relative to controls, SSIs showed a positive effect across outcomes and age groups (standardized mean difference = -0.25, I2 = 43.17%). Per AMSTAR 2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews), some methodological concerns emerged across reviews, such as low rates of preregistration. Overall, findings support the clinical utility of SSIs for certain psychological problems and populations. Implementation research is needed to integrate effective SSIs into systems of care.

Addressing System Challenges in Mental Health Services Research for Youth in the Child Welfare System: Insights From the Foster Care Family Navigator Trial

ABSTRACTChild welfare‐involved (CWI) youth have high rates of unaddressed mental health needs, and system‐level barriers (e.g., inadequate coordination between child welfare agencies and other systems designed to serve CWI youth) are one major reason why disparities in mental health services' access continue to persist for CWI youth. This Research Note aims to inform the mental health services field about system‐level challenges to conducting real‐world, health services research with CWI youth and their families. We present challenges experienced in conducting our NIMH‐funded Foster Care Family Navigator (FCFN) trial focused on development and preliminary testing of a clinic‐embedded navigation intervention designed to improve detection of foster care youth services need, linkage to and engagement in community‐based mental health services. Systems‐level challenges that impacted proposed research trial design and data collection included: (1) Limited system staff time and compensation processes; (2) Staff training and knowledge; and (3) System disruptions. Health services research geared toward increasing access to mental health services to CWI youth must incorporate multiple complex design considerations prior to intervention development and delivery including longer (than 12 months) intervention development phases, detailed contingency plans for intervention delivery and integrated tailored, ongoing support and training for staff with existing clinic workflows. In this way, structural challenges to access to care that researchers are trying to ameliorate for CWI and other underserved, minoritized populations are not being inadvertently perpetuated through research study designs.

Back to work? The impact of education as vocational rehabilitation for work-impaired youth

ABSTRACT We investigate the effect of regular education as vocational rehabilitation for young work-impaired adults in Norway. On 1 January 2004, the age limit for receiving support for regular education as a rehabilitation measure was raised from 22 to 26. This led to a substantial shift in the type of vocational rehabilitation offered – from education to subsidised employment – allowing us to address the issue of whether vocational rehabilitation through more education or work practice is best suited to increase the labour market participation of work-impaired youth. We find that the change led to a short-term (2–3-year) increase in employment (0.06–0.92-month increase per year), likely due to the lock-in effect of education. In the medium run (5–6 years), the effect turns negative (0.3–0.98-month decrease per year), consistent with education being superior to subsidised employment. However, we do not detect any effect on employment in the long run (8–9 years), suggesting that these effects fade out over time.

The Effects of Substance Abuse and Youth Involvement in Property Crime in Nigeria

This study investigates the relationship between substance abuse and youth involvement in property crime in Yelwa area of Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria. The objectives of this research is to examine the nature of substance abuse among youths, identify the causes leading to their involvement in property crime, assess the effects of substance abuse, explore factors influencing drug use, and provide solutions to combat the problem. The study provides insights in to the socio-economic factors driving substance abuse and its contribution to property crimes such as theft and burglary. The research adopts a quantitative approach, using a survey design. The population consists of 800 youths aged 18 to 35 in Yelwa, and a sample size of 334 was determined using the Taro Yamane formula. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires, containing both demographic information and targeted questions to assess the relationship between substance abuse and crime. The findings revealed that substance abuse, particularly involving marijuana, alcohol, and inhalants, is prevalent among youths and closely linked to property crimes. The key contributing factors include peer pressure, unemployment, and socio-economic hardship. The study highlights the detrimental impact of substance abuse on both individuals and the community, with increased property crimes and insecurity in Yelwa. The study concludes that comprehensive interventions are needed, including community awareness programs, stronger law enforcement, and youth rehabilitation initiatives. The study recommended that implementation of family-based interventions, youth engagement programs, and greater policy focus on substance abuse prevention at local and national levels.

Reels to Remembrance: Attention Partially Mediates the Relationship Between Short-Form Video Addiction and Memory Function Among Youth

Abstract: Background and Purpose: The proliferation of short-form video content on social media platforms has led to increased user engagement but also raised concerns about potential addictive behaviors and cognitive consequences, particularly among youth. This study explored the prevalence of short-form video addiction (SVA) among Jordanian youth, its correlates, and its impact on attention and memory function, with an emphasis on understanding the mediating and moderating role of attention in the relationship between SVA and memory. Methods: Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 1029 university students across 25 higher-education institutions in Jordan. Results: Half of the participants exhibited moderate to high levels of SVA. The findings indicated a significant increase in SVA scores among female students (p = 0.003), those of a younger age (p = 0.045), those with lower GPAs (p = 0.013), and those who dedicated fewer hours to study (p = 0.006). Notably, there was a significant and large correlation between SVA scores and students’ perceptions of user-generated content (p < 0.001). Attention partially mediated the relationship between SVA and memory function with excellent model fit indices (χ2(12) = 14.11, p = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.03, GFI = 0.99, IFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, CFI = 0.99). However, attention did not moderate this relationship, suggesting that the impact of SVA on memory is consistent across varying levels of attention. Discussion: The findings underscore the significant engagement of Jordanian youth with short-form video content and the potential cognitive risks associated with SVA. Interventions to manage attention could mitigate the adverse effects of SVA on cognitive functions. This study calls for a comprehensive approach to address SVA among youth, including the development of digital literacy programs, mental health support services, and policy interventions that promote a balanced digital ecosystem and responsible media consumption.

Understanding Participation in Integrated Youth Mental Health Service Research: Lessons Learned From a Feasibility Study With Jigsaw.

Research with integrated youth mental health services (IYMHS) has been criticised for low quality, with difficulties in recruiting and retaining participants in studies which can introduce bias. This feasibility study aimed to investigate the "real-world research" barriers and facilitators to recruitment and retention arising in a longitudinal study with Jigsaw, the National Centre for Youth Mental Health in Ireland, and to provide recommendations for conducting IYMHS research in future. A qualitative study was conducted to investigate recruitment and retention difficulties. Participants were young people attending Jigsaw (n = 14) and members of clinical staff (n = 29), who provided feedback on facilitators and barriers to recruiting and retaining participants in a wider youth mental health intervention study. Data were collected via online surveys. Content analysis was conducted on the findings. Facilitators included the prosocial motivation of young people to support others through research, providing incentives for participants, clear communication and information sharing, and the supportive role of parents/guardians. Identified barriers included the timing of recruitment, communication difficulties, gatekeeping, and reluctance to participate in research. Suggestions provided to address barriers in future were integrating research teams into services, addressing communication difficulties, and timing the recruitment of youth participants appropriately. Where possible, IYMHS should conduct research in person in services to improve communication and reduce gatekeeping. In addition, services should consider remunerating participating young people in research and involve parents/guardians when designing research in this context.

“We want to help our community”: fostering youth civic agency in a third space

This study explores the conditions that provide new opportunities for youth of color to develop civic agency, paving the way to enact change in their schools and communities. This article shares findings from a qualitative study of an after-school program designed and implemented by the authors, in which 15 middle school-aged youth—including a majority of Latinx youth—participated in an after-school youth participatory action research (YPAR) program that included young adult literature alongside critical theories by authors and scholars of color. The authors used ethnographic methods to examine how three practices in the program—discussing YA literature and critical theories, conducting action research, and presenting findings and recommendations to peers and faculty—encouraged civic agency among youth participants. Drawing on the theory of third space, the authors argue that these practices fostered dynamic moments that opened new opportunities for civic agency that might lead to broader social justice-oriented change.

Students as subjects. Resistance, youth agency, and inclusive education through participatory action research

This article explores the importance of student voice in fostering equity and inclusion within schools. The study explores the efforts of 16 Spanish secondary school students who, through a year of online meetings, developed a guide for students to make their schools more inclusive. The group consisted of young individuals of diverse social classes, abilities, nationalities, ethnicities and genders, among others, who engaged in a Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) process to collectively analyse and reconstruct their realities, forming a resistance group. Four years on, they stand as a benchmark in activism for inclusive education, where, despite the ongoing oppressive reality, their positions have undergone significant changes. Research, as a tool for educational change, enables students to transition from being “objects” of an exclusionary school to subjects with agency.

Mental health and help-seeking behaviors among Mozambican youth: insights from a post-pandemic National Survey Amidst Internal Conflict.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among Mozambican youth aged 15-24 years, as well as their help-seeking behaviors. Data from 8,154 youth participants in the 2022-23 Mozambique Demographic Health Survey were analyzed. MDD and GAD were assessed using the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between sociodemographic factors and mental health outcomes and health-seeking behaviors. The prevalence of MDD and GAD among Mozambican youth was 7.5% for each condition. However, only 9.3% of those with either MDD or GAD sought help for their symptoms, primarily from family and friends. Females had significantly higher odds of experiencing both MDD and GAD but lower help-seeking behavior as compared to males. Unemployment, lower household wealth, and being single were associated with higher odds of both disorders and lower odds of help-seeking behaviors. Higher education increased the odds of GAD and help-seeking behaviors. Significant regional variations were observed, with conflict-affected regions including Cabo Delgado, Nampula, and Zambezia showing the highest prevalence of MDD and GAD. This study reveals substantial mental health challenges among Mozambican youth, with notable disparities across sociodemographic groups and regions. The low rates of help-seeking behavior underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve mental health awareness and access to services for socio-demographically vulnerable youth.

Longitudinal sex-at-birth and age analyses of cortical structure in the ABCD Study®.

While the brain continues to develop during adolescence, such development may depend on sex-at-birth. However, the elucidation of such differences may be hindered by analytical decisions (e.g., covariate selection to address brain-size differences) and the typical reporting of cross-sectional data. To further evaluate adolescent cortical development, we analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development StudySM, whose cohort of 11,000+ youth participants with biannual neuroimaging data collection can facilitate understanding neuroanatomical change during a critical developmental window. Doubly considering individual differences in the context of group-level effects, we analyzed regional changes in cortical thickness, sulcal depth, surface area, and volume between two timepoints (∼2 years apart) in 9- to 12-year-olds assigned male or female sex-at-birth. First, we conducted linear mixed-effects models to gauge how controlling for intracranial volume, whole-brain volume (WBV), or a summary metric (e.g., mean cortical thickness) influenced interpretations of age-dependent cortical change. Next, we evaluated the relative changes in thickness and surface area as a function of sex-at-birth and age. Here, we showed that WBV (thickness, sulcal depth, volume) and total cortical surface area were more optimal covariates; controlling for different covariates would have substantially altered our interpretations of overall and sex-at-birth-specific neuroanatomical development. Further, we provided evidence to suggest that aggregate change in how cortical thickness is changing relative to surface area is generally comparable across those assigned male or female sex-at-birth, with corresponding change happening at slightly older ages in those assigned male sex-at-birth. Overall, these results help elucidate neuroanatomical developmental trajectories in early adolescence.Significance Statement While most of our brain's development happens early in life, much of it still happens in adolescence. Because many factors can alter those developmental trajectories, it is important to evaluate the shape/timing of those trajectories (i.e., what generally constitutes typical brain development). Here, we showed that our understanding of those trajectories can be affected by how we choose to analyze them. First, we showed that the way researchers address differences in brain size affects how we interpret regional variation in brain change over time. Further, we showed that it is important to consider how similar patterns of development may simply be happening at different ages in different groups. These results support a relatively novel way of analyzing adolescent brain development.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat melalui Inisiatif Pengadaan “Keranjang Sedekah Sampah” dan “Budidaya Maggot” untuk Pelestarian Lingkungan

This community empowerment activity aims to increase awareness and involvement of youth and mothers in systematic waste management, as well as to realize a structured waste management strategy through the "Keranjang Sedekah Sampah" and "Maggot Cultivation" initiatives. This activity is carried out by providing socialization to provide basic knowledge about waste management, workshops to train practical skills such as waste sorting and maggot cultivation, mentoring to ensure effective program implementation, and evaluation to assess the success and sustainability of the program in the community. The results of this community service activity show the enthusiasm of participation, especially from mothers, in sorting waste and adopting maggot cultivation as a solution to organic waste management. This community service activity also succeeded in establishing "Keranjang Sedekah Sampah" points and a pilot site for "Maggot Cultivation". However, youth participation still needs to be improved, and there are challenges in the form of resistance to maggot cultivation. This program significantly improved the community's understanding of sustainable waste management, but further efforts are needed to increase youth involvement and optimize the program's sustainability

Reflections of Foster Youth Engaging in the Co-Design of Digital Mental Health Technology: Duoethnography Study.

Current research on digital applications to support the mental health and well-being of foster youth is limited to theoretical applications for transition-aged foster youth and support platforms developed without intentional input from foster youth themselves. Centering the lived expertise of foster youth in digital solutions is crucial to dismantling barriers to care, leading to an increase in service access and improving mental health outcomes. Co-design centers the intended end users during the design process, creating a direct relationship between potential users and developers. This methodology holds promise for creating tools centered on foster youth, yet little is known about the co-design experience for foster youth. Understanding foster youth's experience with co-design is crucial to identifying best practices, knowledge of which is currently limited. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the experiences of 4 foster youth involved in the co-design of FostrSpace, a mobile app designed through a collaboration among foster youth in the San Francisco Bay Area; clinicians and academics from the Juvenile Justice Behavioral Health research team at the University of California, San Francisco; and Chorus Innovations, a rapid technology development platform specializing in participatory design practices. Key recommendations for co-designing with foster youth were generated with reference to these reflections. A duoethnography study was conducted over a 1-month period with the 4 transition-aged former foster youth co-designers of FostrSpace via written reflections and a single in-person roundtable discussion. Reflections were coded and analyzed via reflexive thematic analysis. In total, 4 main themes were identified from coding of the duoethnography reflections: power and control, resource navigation, building community and safe spaces, and identity. Themes of power and control and resource navigation highlighted the challenges FostrSpace co-designers experienced trying to access basic needs, support from caregivers, and mental health resources as foster youth and former foster youth. Discussions pertaining to building community and safe spaces highlighted the positive effect of foster youth communities on co-designers, and discussions related to identity revealed the complexities associated with understanding and embracing foster youth identity. This duoethnography study highlights the importance of centering the lived expertise of co-designers throughout the app development process. As the digital health field increasingly shifts toward using co-design methods to develop digital mental health technologies for underserved youth populations, we offer recommendations for researchers seeking to ethically and effectively engage youth co-designers. Actively reflecting throughout the co-design process, finding creative ways to engage in power-sharing practices to build community, and ensuring mutual benefit among co-designers are some of the recommended core components to address when co-designing behavioral health technologies for youth.

Working-class youth participation in climate action: networks, civic experience, and equity

Research on individual participation in climate action largely focuses on middle class environmental activism around protest events. To better understand the expansion of civic engagement on climate issues, more work needs to be carried out on wider sectors of the population. This study examines the drivers associated with involvement in climate action at the individual level with a survey sample of working-class youth of color. The findings suggest that youth embedded in pro-climate social networks, a history of civic engagement, and an equity belief system increase willingness to participate in several forms of climate action, including climate meetings, demonstrations, and inviting others to participate. For larger climate action initiatives to overcome the barriers of participation, linking to specific pools of sympathy in civil society that value economic equality may provide a mass base of support for policies consistent with just transition perspectives.

Asian American youth co-designing heritage language workshops for immigrant families: a community-based participatory research study

This paper is part of a larger community-based participatory research (CBPR) project in which three teacher educators and educational researchers collaborated with four Asian American youth to co-design and co-lead workshops aimed at fostering heritage language (HL) learning and maintenance among immigrant children and families. We focus on the perspectives and experiences of the youth participants who grew up maintaining Korean or Chinese as their HL. Specifically, we examine how they view HL learning, reflect on their own HL learning journeys, and draw on their HL knowledge and experiences in co-designing and co-leading the HL workshops. The key findings of this paper include: 1) shared belief and diverse paths in maintaining HL, 2) the HL workshops as spaces to leverage knowledge and expertise, and 3) building a community of HL support to sustain HLs in a predominantly monolingual society.

The Trends of Peace Education Research in Indonesia: A Bibliometric Analysis Aligned with Quality of Education

Introduction: This bibliometric analysis examines the trends and development of peace education research in Indonesian universities from 2014 to 2024. Utilizing data from reputable databases such as Web of Science and Scopus, the study identifies key characteristics of published works, including authorship, subject areas, and trends in scientific production. The findings reveal a growing interest in peace education, with a significant increase in publications over the years. The research primarily focuses on the religious and philosophical foundations of peace education in Indonesia, emphasizing the influence of cultural values on this field. The analysis also identifies prominent authors, influential journals, and collaborative networks within the field. Finally, the study concludes by highlighting key themes and trends in Indonesian peace education research, emphasizing the importance of character education, diversity, religious moderation, conflict resolution, and youth engagement. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the evolving landscape of peace education research in Indonesian universities and offer insights that will inform future research and practice. Objective: This study conducts a bibliometric analysis to explore trends and developments in peace education research at Indonesian University from 2014 to 2014. Theoretical Framework: The stuudy is grounded in key theories and models relevant to peace education, focusing on religious, philosophical, and cultural influences that shape this field in Indonesia. Method: The study utilizes a bibliometric approach, analyzing data from databases such as Web of Science and Scopus. It examines authorship, subject areas, and trends in scientific production through a comprehensive review of published works from 2014 to 2024. Results and Discussion: Findings show a significant increase in peace education publications over the decade, highlighting key themes like character education, diversity, religious moderation, conflict resolution, and youth engagement. The discussion contextualizes these findings within the theoretical framework, identifying implications and limitations. Research Implications: The study offers practical and theoretical insights, particularly on how cultural values inluence peace education in Indonesia. It provides valuable guidance for future research and educational practices. Originality/Value: The research contributes to the literature mapping out the evolving landscape of peace education in Indonesia, identifying influential authors, journals, and collaborative networks. It underscores the growing importance of peace education themes in Indonesia academic discourse.

Engagement in child psychiatry department appointments: An analysis of electronic medical records in one safety-net hospital in New England, USA.

This study examined whether being scheduled in a screening clinic versus scheduled directly with a long-term provider to conduct a mental health intake (MHI) is associated with engagement in child psychiatry services in New England, USA. We used electronic medical record data from one safety-net hospital serving a predominantly low-income and minoritised population. The study sample included 815 youths aged 0 to 25years, referred or scheduled for a MHI between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2016. We used chi-square and t-tests to examine the association between referral pathways and engagement, logistic regression to understand the relationship between youth's socio-demographic characteristics and referral pathways, and logistic and Poisson regressions to assess potential moderating effects of socio-demographic characteristics on engagement. The mean age of the study population was 12years; 46% were female, and the majority had public health insurance (84%) and lived in high social vulnerability areas (65%). Less than half of the youth attended the first scheduled MHI visit. Those scheduled with the screening clinic were less likely than those scheduled with the provider to ever attend a MHI appointment. Spanish-speakers were more likely to be directly scheduled with a provider (Odds Ratio, OR 0.48; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.73), while those with public health insurance were more likely to be scheduled with the screening clinic (OR 0.56; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.96). Spanish-speaking status and areas social vulnerability scores moderated the relationship between the referral pathway and engagement in psychiatric appointments. The study highlights the need for psychiatric services to evaluate how MHI referral procedures may mitigate barriers to care and facilitate engagement for youth at high risk of not attending psychiatric service appointments.

Innovating to amplify the voices of young people from marginalized ethnic migrant backgrounds.

The meaningful participation of young people from marginalized ethnic backgrounds in civic processes is central to the social cohesion of increasingly diverse liberal democracies, but their participation is compromised by a range of barriers resulting in decision-making that is disconnected from their lives. To address participation barriers, a group of young people from marginalized ethnic migrant backgrounds joined a team of researchers, social innovators, and community leaders to co-design and pilot an innovation to increase youth participation in policymaking. Delivered in phases over an 18-month period, the project followed an approach that combined social innovation and evaluation methods. The process revealed factors that help and hinder young people from marginalized ethnic backgrounds' genuine engagement in partnerships with adults. The project learnings informed principle-based guidelines for marginalized young people's civic engagement, which are offered to policymakers, practitioners, and researchers interested in inclusive youth participation.

If They Talk, Will You Listen? How Youth Perspectives Should Inform Behavior Management Practices Towards Sustainable School Climate Improvement

Student behavior management remains a pivotal area of consideration for pre- and in-service secondary teachers and administrators alike. Hoping to gain deeper insight into the intersection between student behavior and school climate an action research methodology is employed to invite students into the debate as active school stakeholders. A case study from one inner city high school engaged 25 youth participants in a 6-week long focus group to learn about the research process through the creation and analysis of three arts-based data collection methods: timeline, relational map, and photovoice. Student led analysis of the data demonstrated that student behavior is inextricably linked to the quality of the social aspect of school climate. Healthy school climates which inspire positive student engagement and behavior are ones which: 1) foster positive student-staff relationships; 2) incorporate pedagogical practices which allow for student voice and choice; and 3) encourage the opportunity for redemption following infractions. While restorative measures are presented as effective ways to promote positive student behavior and healthy school climates, stakeholders wishing to authentically transform school systems are cautioned to reflect deeply on power and privilege to dismantle traditional structures for sustainable growth.