Youth Coaches Research Articles

Which former professional football players become successful professional head coaches?

ABSTRACT One of the potential avenues for former professional football players to pursue their career is to become a head coach of a club’s first team. An important question is how to best prepare for such a reconversion. This letter is the first in the academic literature quantifying the association between success as a professional head coach and prior experience of former professional players as a youth coach, player-coach, head coach at a lower division, assistant coach, in other staff positions and in club management positions. Our regression analyses, based on unique coach career data, show a significant positive association for the jobs of assistant or youth coach.

Capturing coaches' identity leadership within youth sport

The social identity approach discusses leadership as a repetitive and multi-dimensional group process relying on leaders' abilities to represent, advance, create, and embed a shared sense of social identity amongst their followers (Haslam, Fransen, & Boen, 2020). PurposeTo conduct an in-depth exploration of youth coaches' use of identity leadership in a naturalistic setting. MethodsThe Electronically Activated Recorder was used to sample and record conversations between eight head coaches (Mage = 44.88 years, SD = 6.08; Mexperience = 11.25 years, SD = 6.18) and members of their teams, other teams, and officials during a three-day competitive youth ice hockey tournament in Central Ontario, Canada. A total of 597 audio observations captured coaches’ sport-related conversations at the tournament. We followed Fletcher’s (2017) analysis guidelines involving the identification of preliminary trends or patterns in the data, theoretical redescription, and contextual considerations. ResultsCoaches’ conversations aligned with the four principles of identity leadership, and thus the observational data were organized into the higher-order themes of identity prototypicality, advancement, entrepreneurship, and impresarioship. The findings illuminate the potential of identity leadership to promote and undermine youth athletes' positive experiences in sport. ConclusionCoaches engaged in identity leadership behaviors in a variety of social environments (e.g., car ride to/from competition, locker room, during competition). The findings provide new details about identity leadership in practice and caution its potential to undermine positive athlete experiences in youth sport.

Investigation of licensed athletes’ differentiation of personalities beliefs as regards those who do not sport

This study was carried out to examine the personality beliefs of licensed athletes according to those who do not do sports. The research group consisted of 311 participants aged 15 and over (154 licensed athletes and 157 non-sports). The licensed athletes participating in the study are the athletes prepared by Isparta Youth and Sports Provincial Directorate coaches for competitions. Participants who did not play sports were selected as similar to the group doing sports in age and gender. The Personal Information Form was used to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of the individuals participating in the study. SPSS 22.0 package program was used in the data analysis of the study. T test was used for the analysis of independent samples. As a result of the study, there were no significant differences in the personality belief sub-dimensions of paranoid, borderline, shy, dependent, passive-aggressive, antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic between licensed athletes and the non-sports group (p> 0.05), while schizoid and obsessive-compulsive personality belief sub-dimensions were significant differences (p <0.05). Keywords: Personality; sports; personality beliefs; athletes;

The Influence of Shoe and Cleat Type on Lower Extremity Muscle Activation in Youth Baseball Pitchers

Background: Baseball pitching is a dynamic movement where the lower extremities generate and sequentially transfer energy to the upper extremities to maximize ball velocity. The need for lower body muscular strength to produce adequate push-off and landing forces has been documented; however, the influence footwear and surface inclination has on muscle activation remains unknown. Objectives: Determine how pitching in molded cleats and turf shoes from a pitching mound and flat ground affects stride-leg muscle activation in youth baseball pitchers while determining percent activation during each pitching phase. Methods: Cross – sectional study analyzing mean muscle activity and percent activation of the vastus medialis, semitendinosus, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius on the stride-leg of 11 youth baseball pitchers when pitching fastballs. Results: Footwear did not significantly alter vastus medialis or semitendinosus muscle activation (P 0.05). The turf shoe x pitching mound interaction elicited significantly (P 0.05) greater mean muscle activity in the medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior from stride foot contact to maximum glenohumeral internal rotation. Molded cleats produced greater activation levels in the tibialis anterior on flat ground from stride foot contact (0.374 ± 0.176 mV) to ball release (0.469 ± 0.150 mV). Conclusion: Findings suggest footwear significantly alters the activity level of the ankle stabilizing musculature. Youth baseball pitchers and coaches should be cognizant of what footwear is worn on a pitching surface. Maximal activation of the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius can ensure the stride leg is adequately stabilized to absorb the momentum generated by trail leg.

Connecting Theory to Practice: How Psychological Need-Supportive Coaching Improves Athlete Motivation

This article will help youth coaches utilize theory-driven motivational strategies to benefit their athletes and themselves. Researchers and coach educators can also use the stories as educational intervention tools to teach coaches about motivational theories.

Tajik Coaches’ experiences in a sport for development program using systems theory: a longitudinal investigation

ABSTRACT Purpose We used systems theory with the structural, attitudinal, and transactional (SAT) model of peace building to explore coaches’ process and content of change after receiving sport for development and peace (SDP) training in Tajikistan. Research methods Six Tajik grassroots youth coaches from the Sport for Social Change Tajikistan (SSC-T) program participated in data collection over a four-year span. A longitudinal participatory approach utilizing interviews, journals, and guided discussion was analyzed using content analysis. Results and Findings Data indicated that in early stages of the program, micro-attitudinal changes were being made by the participants, with more transactional changes over time with a hint of structural, macro-level changes in the schools and community at the four-year mark. More specifically, we identified five themes across time: (1) girls’ involvement, (2) positive coaching approaches, (3) incorporation of peaceful living skills, (4) cultural awareness, and (5) collaboration and community impact. Implications Results revealed that over time participants moved from micro-level individual change to more structural level change in local Tajik communities; thus, providing evidence for the SAT model of peace building as a framework (Ricigliano, 2012. Making peace last: A toolbox for sustainable peacebuilding. Routledge).

Using Concepts from Self-Determination Theory to Enhance the Application of an Already-Existing Coach Assessment in Youth Coach Professional Development: Autonomy Support and the CoachDISC Profile

ABSTRACT Grounded in self-determination theory, the purpose of this study was to determine the existence of autonomy-supportive coaching characteristics within the CoachDISC Profile evaluation system. Expert researchers in autonomy support with a familiarity with sport coaching were recruited for this study (N = 11 participants; 4 males, 7 females; Mage = 40.45, SDage = 8.27). Participants had on average 12 years of experience in working with self-determination theory in both research and applied settings. After providing demographic information, each participant completed a full CoachDISC profile as if they were acting as an autonomy-supportive coach. Across all categories (dominance, influence, steadiness, and conscientiousness) a distinct profile emerged, verified via intraclass correlation, ICC = 0.97, p < .001. These results indicate that an autonomy-supportive profile exists, which allows coach developers to potentially utilize the assessment to provide feedback and contribute to reflective practices that are grounded in motivational theory.

Relative Age Effect in Physical Fitness during the Elementary School Years.

Age-groups are commonly implemented in education and sports in order to provide fair and equal opportunities. Various studies, however, have shown a competitive advantage for early born children over their relatively younger peers, which is referred to as relative age effect. The present study examined differences in various components of physical fitness in Austrian elementary-school children. A total of 18,168 children (51% boys) between 6 and 11 years of age provided valid data on anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness. Specifically, children completed eight fitness tests that assessed cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and power, speed, agility, flexibility and object control. Across age-specific quartiles, older children were significantly taller and heavier than their younger peers. Older children also displayed better performance for strength and power, speed, agility and object control, while differences in cardio-respiratory endurance were less pronounced. These results highlight the presence of a relative age effect during the elementary school years and emphasize the need to consider individual differences in the evaluation of children’s performance. As all children should be given equal opportunities to engage successfully in physical education and sports, physical education teachers and youth coaches need to be educated on the implications of a relative age effect.

Analisis Relasi Fenomena Kriminalitas Dengan Kebijakan Publik

This study revealed the phenomenon of crime in North Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. The aim, in addition to getting a complete picture, is to analyze the relationship between empirical phenomena and local government policies. This type of research is "descriptive-analytic" using a qualitative approach. The techniques used are mostly based on in-depth interviews, documentation, observation and focus group discussion. The results of the study show that the crime rate in North Lampung Regency in the past 5 (five) years was quite alarming, although in the 2017-2018 range there was a significant downward trend.This decrease was caused by (1) District Government policies in the field of public security, which were implemented in the form of intensive government apparatus (police) in effort to eradicate crime, and (2) policies in the field of non-Public Security in the form of developing a creative economy and youth coaching. This study concludes that out of the 2 (two) types of policy, the handling of the public security sector is only effective in tackling crime for short-term needs. While for long-term needs, the District Government needs to develop a policy of economic development based on local potential.

“Is it fun and does it enhance my performance?” – Key implementation considerations for injury prevention programs in youth handball

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the use of injury prevention exercises and injury prevention exercise programs in Danish youth handball and investigate coach and player experiences, beliefs and attitudes of injury and their prevention. DesignA mixed-methods design consisting of cross-sectional quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. MethodsWe surveyed 481 youth (14–18 years old) handball players and their 33 coaches about their use of injury prevention exercises, and attitudes towards injury and their prevention. Additionally, we interviewed five coaches and three players about barriers and motivational factors for implementing injury prevention programs. ResultsPlayers (71%) and almost all coaches reported performing injury prevention exercises for the shoulder, knee, and ankle. Yet few players (4%) and coaches (1%) reported performing the established full injury prevention programs systematically. Players were willing to implement programs to reduce injury risk (84% agreed) and enhance performance (88% agreed). Key factors influencing program uptake were lack of awareness of evidence-based injury prevention programs and lack of handball-specific exercises. Coaches and players identified continued education and training as vital facilitators in this setting, and all coaches agreed that injury prevention should be an essential part of coach education. ConclusionsWhile Danish youth handball players and coaches seemed to recognize the importance of injury prevention, the use of established programs was marginal. Experiences, beliefs, and attitudes about injury and injury prevention influenced program uptake and should be addressed through continued education and training in this context in combination with making the programs more handball specific.

Introduction to Feature Series: Development of Youth Athletes

Many youth coaches may not have training in pedagogy or coaching methodologies to guide their practice activities and long-term planning for development within sport. This feature series will provide evidence-based practice for youth coaches, physical education instructors, and parents to aid in the development of young athletes. The need for organized, programmed, science- and research-based methods of development for adequate development is growing. The premise of this project is to provide the reading audience with 1) a foundation of knowledge for long term developmental for young athletes, 2) goals and applications for youth training programs, and 3) tips and ideas for improved daily practice activities.

Warm-Ups and Coaches' Perceptions: Searching for Clues to Improve Injury Prevention in Youth Basketball.

Introduction: Regular use of neuromuscular training (NMT) warm-up programs improves performance and prevents injuries. However, low level of adoption of these programs remains a problem. Understanding the current warm-ups in youth basketball and coaches' perceptions on injury prevention can guide the design of superior implementation strategies. This study describes warm-ups in youth basketball and coaches' injury prevention-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and information sources.Methods: Youth basketball coaches (n = 50) completed a preseason questionnaire. The questionnaire covered warm-up length, use of aerobic/agility/balance/strength/other exercises in the warm-up, injury-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and sources of information.Results: Typical warm-up duration was ≤ 10 min (48.0% of coaches, 95% CI: ±13.8%). All coaches included aerobic exercises in their warm-up. Agility, strength, and balance exercises were utilized by 80.0% (95% CI: ±11.7%), 70.7% (95% CI: ±13.6%), and 26.8% (95% CI: ±13.6%) of coaches, respectively. Most coaches agreed to some extent that basketball injuries are preventable (94%) and that participating in a NMT warm-up program would reduce player's risk of injury (92%). Other coaches were identified as the most common source of information on warm-ups and injury prevention.Discussion: Coaches use parts of effective NMT warm-up programs, but balance exercises are not well adopted. Considering the level of evidence supporting the importance of balance exercises in injury prevention, it is crucial to improve the implementation of NMT warm-up programs in youth basketball, for example, through educational courses. As fellow coaches were identified as the most important source of information, coaches' role in knowledge translation should be emphasized.

Key Nutritional Considerations for Youth Winter Sports Athletes to Optimize Growth, Maturation and Sporting Development.

Despite a wealth of sport nutrition guidelines for adult athletes, there are currently no nutrition guidelines for youth winter sports athletes. Whilst it may be pragmatic to apply nutrition guidelines for adult athletes to youth winter sports athletes, it is inappropriate. Due to a paucity of research on youth athletes, it is impossible to provide evidence-based guidelines for this population, so careful extrapolation from the theoretical and practical considerations that apply to other athletic groups is necessary. Youth winter sport athletes undergo rapid biological growth and maturation which influences their nutritional requirements. A varied and balanced diet that ensures sufficient energy availability for optimal growth and maturation as well as sporting performance is the cornerstone of youth athlete nutrition and should also allow for youth athletes to meet their micronutrient requirements. In some cases, micronutrient status (e.g., vitamin D and iron) should be monitored and optimized if appropriate by a medical professional. Dietary supplement use is prevalent amongst youth athletes, however is often unnecessary. Education of youth athletes, their parents and coaches on best nutritional practices as well as the risks associated with dietary supplements is vital for their long-term athletic development. Further research in youth winter sports athletes across different stages of growth and maturation competing in a variety of sports is urgently required in order to inform nutritional guidelines for this population.

Fidelity and flexibility of care activities in child-centered youth care for children growing up in families experiencing complex and multiple problems

Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of child and family welfare have emphasized the need for child-centered services for children growing up in families experiencing complex and multiple problems (FECMP). However, the provision of evidence-based services for these children requires knowledge of the care activities of these services. The aim of this study was to investigate care activities and considerations related to the care provision of child-centered care for children growing up in FECMP. To study these care activities and considerations we investigated the care process of a program called Child and Youth Coaching. Hybrid coding was used to identify and compare care activities from multiple sources. In the first phase of analysis a coding scheme of care activities was derived from the program manual. Secondly, these care activities were identified from practice using daily care reports, intake forms, and interviews with coaches and the developers of the intervention. During this stage additional care activities were identified from practice. All care activities were compared across sources to assess whether care provision in practice adhered to the program manual (fidelity), and to investigate whether care provision varied across cases (flexibility). Furthermore, considerations that played a role in care provision were identified (considerations). The results showed treatment fidelity for most care activities. However, some treatment standards were only broadly defined in the program manual. Flexibility in treatment was mainly observed in the adaptation of problem assessment to the capabilities and interests of the child. Overall, Child and Youth Coaching promoted child participation by focusing on children’s perspectives in problem assessment, setting care goals, and determining care activities. However, several barriers to child participation were identified such as non-disclosure about the family situation, young age, and a lack of motivation. Although children experiencing these barriers to participation need additional attention in future intervention development and research, we conclude Child and Youth Coaching is a promising program in promoting the participation and wellbeing of children growing up in FECMP.

STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI REMAJA MASJID SYUHADA DALAM MELAKUKAN PEMBINAAN AKHLAK REMAJA DI DUSUN MENSEMAT DESA MEKAR JAYA TAHUN 2020

Islamic preaching is an activity of communicating the teachings of Allah Almighty which are contained in the Al-Quran and Sunnah, so that people can take it as their way of life. Given the many problems that occur among adolescents, ranging from moral and moral crises. To overcome this problem, of course there is a training that is carried out. In the process of coaching adolescents, special abilities are needed. One of them is the communication strategy carried out in the youth coaching process. The purpose of this study in general is to find out the communication strategies of the Syuhada mosque youth in conducting adolescent morals development in the Mensemat Hamlet, Mekar Jaya Village. Whereas specifically, knowing the communication planning and communication management carried out by the teenagers of the Syuhada mosque in developing youth morals in the Dusun Mensemat, Mekar Jaya Village, and knowing the supporting and inhibiting factors for the success of the Syuhada mosque youth communication strategy in developing youth morals in the Mensemat Village Mekar Jaya Village. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. In this study, the data consisted of primary and secondary data. The data collection techniques are observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique used was data reduction, data presentation, verification and conclusion drawing. After being analyzed, the validity of the data is tested by mamber check, and triangulation. The conclusions of the results of the research ari: Communication planning carried out by teenagers of the Syuhada mosque in adolescent moral development in Menemat Village, Mekar Jaya Village is in the form of determining activities in adolescent morality development, determining messages to provide guidance, and selecting media in the process of building morals for adolescents, Communication management that is carried out is planning and evaluating the communication strategy undertaken. Supporting factors and obstacles to the success of the Syuhada Mosque youth communication strategy are in the form of external and internal Tractors including adequate facilities and infrastructure, inadequate use of time, adolescents who are difficult to provide guidance, poor signal quality in conveying messages, and parents.

MODEL PEMBINAAN REMAJA DI ERA PANDEMIK DENGAN PA BGA

This Community Service is aimed at the youth category for Bible study activities. In the pandemic era since the end of February 2020, various activities in the realm of stewardship must also participate in government recommendations as part of breaking the chain of coronavirus transmission. Therefore, online media is used to create youth coaching by selecting the zoom application in its implementation. The coaching method starts with planning, implementing, finding partners for cooperation, and implementing activities. Of course, it ends with an evaluation of the activities. The Bible study model used this time is reading the Bible from the narrative genre. The community service team found great passion in youth while participating in Bible study coaching using the Bible Digging Method (BGA). The method was felt to be simple, practical, and able to bring Bible readers to find text messages. The implementation of community service must be carried out and pursued even in a pandemic situation. Youth spirituality is very important to build their future. The Word of God is a powerful material for developing youth spirituality, for a fresh, strong, and alert spiritual life

EFEKTIVITAS METODE DAKWAH SISTEM LANGSUNG (DSL) DALAM MENANGKAL RADIKALISME PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

This research discusses radicalism in the name of religion that is increasingly emerging in recent decades. The radicalism is growing and grabbing the public's attention. One of them is the case of the recruitment of innocent children and youth in hardline and extreme organizations for purposes that endanger the public. This group of teenagers is usually still psychologically unstable so it is easy to be indoctrinated with incorrect religious teachings and understanding. Looking at the case, the authors was interested in researching the Islamic Youth group Baitul Ma'mur Mosque (RAISMA) Sampora Village, Cilimus District, Kuningan Regency whose coaching system is carried out through the Direct System Da'wah method (DSL). Uniquely, the youth coaching of this mosque continues to survive in the midst of the Covid-19 outbreak, by of course implementing health protocols. The question then: Does the Group of Islamic Youth Baitul Ma'mur Mosque (RAISMA) fall into the category infiltrated by radicalism or vice versa, the silencer? Then, how exactly is DSL model developed and run? This research method uses qualitative approach with literature study analysis. To explore the data, the authors also used data collection techniques through interviews and the dissemination of questionnaires. The data obtained are then arranged regularly and systematically to be analyzed with qualitative approach.

Mobility and migration experiences of transnational coaches within the Israeli handball context

ObjectivesDespite a growing body of literature on athletes' migration, the mobility and migration experiences of coaches have received limited attention. In this study, we explored the mobility and migration experiences of transnational coaches operating within the Israeli handball context. DesignA qualitative study was conducted, underpinned by our relativist ontology and a constructionist epistemological position. MethodsEight male professionals (e.g., national team coaches, senior team coaches, youth coaches), working (currently, or most recently) in national teams and clubs, who migrated to Israeli handball within the past five years were interviewed. A thematic analysis, integrating inductive and deductive reasoning, was applied in data analysis. Meticulousness was enhanced by focusing on a worthy topic, maintaining credibility, critical friends, producing generalization, and making a significant contribution. ResultsThe analysis yielded raw-data codes, further organized into lower-order themes and three higher-order themes reflecting transnational coaches' migration and mobility experiences within the Israeli handball context, including (a) cultural transition, (b) cultural adaption, and (c) coaches' personal insights about mobility and migration. The findings are conceptually analyzed and discussed in relation to the previous research on coaches' career migration. Discussion and conclusionThe findings emphasize the complexity of the migration process, accompanied by varying motivations, demands and barriers, active decision-making; all within the framework of cultural adaptation. The participants endorsed a transnational coaching career, driven by their open-mind mentality and personal-professional growth.

Youth identity formation: (Mis)alignment between urban male youth and sport coaches

A critical process of healthy youth development is the formation of a positive sense of identity. An individual’s holistic identity is comprised of a variety of differing identities related their social group membership. Due to systemic racism and false stereotypes, urban youth – specifically African American/Black youth – are socially vulnerable and at-risk for the development of negative self-identities. Furthering this disparity, the mechanisms that contribute to the formation of youth identity are not well understood. The current study explored the mechanisms, from multiple perspectives, that contribute to youth identity formation across multiple domains. The study took place at a faith-based youth sport program designed for urban male youth, which used sport activities to facilitate conversations about faith and teach principles of healthy masculinity. In total, 14 youth and 10 coaches engaged in the study through individual semi-structured interviews. The majority of youth and coaches self-identified as Black/African American. Through two separate thematic analyses, findings demonstrate mechanisms that enhance or conflict with youth identity formation related to the domains of race/culture, faith, masculinity, and athletics. Further, areas of (mis)alignment between youth and coaches were recognized. For example, regarding race/culture, youth and coaches discussed the importance of popular culture and the negative influence of stereotypes. However, related to masculinity, youth discussed the positive influence of male family members, while coaches believed that the lack of male role models inhibited healthy masculinity. Using these findings, programs can be designed and facilitated to leverage positive mechanisms while mitigating negative factors that contribute to youth identity.

A Preliminary Examination of Shoulder Joint Function Following Shoulder Complex Training and In-Season Play in Youth Baseball Players

Background: As shoulder care continues to be a concern for youth baseball players, coaches, parents, researchers and clinicians, shoulder complex care should remain a point of emphasis especially for in overhead athletes. The impact of throwing volume and shoulder care is important for us to understand. Objective: The purpose was to examine the changes in shoulder complex function during a playing season combined with shoulder complex training in young male baseball players. Methods: Eleven male baseball players (11-15 y/o) served as subjects. Pre-testing included shoulder joint internal/external rotation peak torque and average work as measured with isokinetic dynamometry (Biodex System 4Pro). Training over the 18-week project duration was Crossover Symmetry “Activation” and “Strength” protocols completed per manufacturer recommendations. Adherence was tracked via a weekly email sent to the subject’s guardian to self-report completed training. Post-testing was conducted at the conclusion of the 18th week. Paired sample t-tests compared pre-test and post-test mean differences for peak torque and average power (p&lt;0.05). Results: All-subject average for training was 54 sessions over the 18 weeks. Estimated number of throws completed during practice and games over the 18 weeks was 8,400. For both testing speeds and for both internal and external shoulder joint rotation, peak torque increases ranged from ~50% for external rotation at 60 deg/s up to ~200% for internal rotation at 120 deg/s. Statistical differences (p&lt;0.001) were noted between all pre-test and post-test internal and external rotation peak torque values. For both testing speeds and for both internal and external shoulder joint rotation, average power increases ranged from ~38% at 60 deg/s for external rotation up to ~200% at 120 deg/s for internal rotation. Statistical differences (p&lt;0.005) were noted between all pre-test and post-test internal and external rotation average power values. Conclusions: Substantial increases in shoulder joint rotation peak torques and power were seen across the 18-week study duration. As this was a preliminary investigation, we have yet to discern if these increases are due to the shoulder complex training or volume of throwing that was completed.