Juvenile Detention Research Articles

A study on measures to support self-reliance of students discharged from juvenile correctional facilities based on a correctional welfare perspective

A study on measures to support self-reliance of students discharged from juvenile correctional facilities based on a correctional welfare perspective

The Risk for Readmission to Juvenile Detention: The Role of Trauma Exposure and Trauma-related Mental Health Disorders

The Risk for Readmission to Juvenile Detention: The Role of Trauma Exposure and Trauma-related Mental Health Disorders

Religious coping or coping with religion? Religious belief and practice during incarceration in German youth prisons

Prisoners’ religiosity can be a helpful resource for a successful reintegration into society. Yet, the Christian-focused institutional concepts do not meet the religious needs of Muslims. We assumed that Muslim inmates would find strategies to deal with this lack of religious opportunity structure and postulated that the association between religious practice and belief would change over time. We chose a multi-method approach and collected data of 766 Christian and Muslim inmates from four different youth prisons on religious belief and practice via questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative data illustrates how Muslim inmates experience inequality when it comes to practicing their religion. Religious practice and time served was found to predict religious belief. Time served moderated the association between religious belief and practice. Steeper slopes for Muslims with longer time spent in prison indicated two different coping styles: ‘engage’ and ‘retreat’. However, inmates favored ‘retreat’ over ‘engage’. Further research on Muslims’ religious coping mechanisms is needed to build an understanding of religiosity as a resource during and after incarceration.

Migrant and Marginalized Body in Connection with Digital Technologies as a Prosthesis of the Monstrous

This article situates the (human) body as a signifier for society at large, arguing that developments in many societies of structural and systematic violence that targets minorities such as refugees and first nation peoples, points to a failure of democratic values. Using two examples, we elaborate technology and digital devices as prosthesis of the body, that are also acting as proxy for state violence. The first example is from the carceral archipelago of Manus Island as a site of remote detention of refugees carried out by the Australian government. Refugees held on Manus Island describe the treatment they experience as torture. The second example is drawn from the Australian mainland, telling the stories of First Nations children subjected to abuse and violence in juvenile detention centers. A judicial inquiry (Royal Commission) found that a systematic approach aimed at punishing children constituted torture. The concepts developed in this article are those of bordering and racialization, while the intertwining of human and “more than human life” helps to understand and challenge the necropolitical power evident in (liberal) capitalism.

INCARCERATION HISTORY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH COGNITION AND ISOLATION AMONG OLDER BLACK AMERICANS

Abstract Incarceration is a risk factor for adverse health and disproportionately affects Black Americans. Little is known about its implications for later life functioning. This study investigated the associations between incarceration and social isolation and cognition among older Black Americans. Sample included African American and Caribbean Black respondents aged 50+ from the National Survey of American Life, 2001-2003 (N=1,561; 12.6% with incarceration history). Lifetime incarceration history (yes/no) was defined as having been in jail, prison, or juvenile detention. Continuous cognitive score was measured using the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule-II, with higher scores indicating higher cognitive difficulty. Binary isolation was assessed by combining two indicators of frequency of contact and feelings of closeness, for friends and family, using a 4-point Likert scale. Multivariable weighted linear and logistic regressions were fit for the associations between cognitive score and social isolation, respectively. All models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, poverty, education, marital status, and drug use; model for cognition further adjusted for mental health and traumatic experiences and models for isolation further adjusted for discrimination. Moderation by nativity (U.S. versus foreign born) was assessed using interaction. History of incarceration was associated with worse cognition (β = 0.09, 95% CI: -1.48, 1.66) and higher odds of social isolation for frequency (AOR: 1.48 95% CI: 0.89, 2.46) and closeness (AOR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.52, 2.15). Results not moderated by nativity. Findings suggest contexts surrounding incarceration, like social supports, may be important engagement points for successful transitions and promotion of psychological and cognitive health in this population.

Self-Forgiveness, Servant-Leadership, and Religious Volunteers in a Juvenile Incarceration Setting

Engaging volunteers with religious backgrounds in a juvenile incarceration setting leads to encountering white saviorism (Raypole, 2021, para. 4) and white evangelicalism as expressed through the theology of these volunteers and their racial demographic. Additionally, white evangelicalism used the language and values of Christian nationalism (Boston, 2021). Servant-leadership is an antidote to white Christian nationalism and can balance the inequalities of relationships between volunteer and incarcerated youth. Specifically, self-forgiveness as a practice of servant-leadership and of incarcerated youth can lead to healing from white Christian nationalism and healing from a criminal background.

Addressing Prison Education and the Obstacles in Ensuring the Right to Education in Indonesian Juvenile Correctional Facilities

Reintegrating juvenile offenders into society with a positive reception is a primary objective of education, aimed at breaking the cycle of incarceration that results in recidivism. This article aims to delineate the prison education policies within Indonesian juvenile correctional facilities (LPKA), focusing on regulatory frameworks and their practical implementation. It focuses on the issue of the LPKA's capability in Indonesia to ensure access to education, which is a fundamental right of juvenile inmates, and on whether its benefits can be felt and realized. Data collection methods encompassed interviews, regulatory assessments, institutional report evaluations, and literature reviews. Findings indicate that, despite a 270% decrease in juvenile inmate numbers from 2018 to 2022, only 68% of this population was granted educational access. Contributing factors include specific regulatory constraints on educational access and a lack of innovative collaborations, even with the reduced workload in LPKA. The study advocates for the initiation of formal educational institutions within LPKA, minimizing reliance on the Ministry of Education and allowing for curriculum adaptation to prevailing conditions.
 Keywords: Prison Education, Right to Education, Juvenile Correctional Facilities, Juvenile Inmates, Social Rehabilitation

Family Socialization of Adolescents Convicted of Crimes of Varying Severity

Features of family functioning and parent-child interaction affect the success of the socialization process, because parental attitudes and habitual ways of behavior are subsequently reproduced by children in further interaction in society. Aspects of family socialization of adolescents who have committed crimes of varying severity have been little studied in Russia. The purpose of the study is to determine the nature of interaction with parents and the features of family socialization of male adolescents convicted of crimes of varying severity. The study involved 280 adolescents, of whom 120 were serving sentences in juvenile correctional facilities, 80 were given and were registered with the penitentiary inspection, 80 were studying in educational institutions in Moscow and had never been held brought before the law for offenses. The average age of the participants was 15.8±0.8 years, all the respondents were male. As main methods the authors used interviews and analysis of personal files as well as a number of psychodiagnostic methods, including: The Scale of Tactics of Behavior in Parent-Child Conflict (adapted by I.A. Furmanova); A Questionnaire on Family Emotional Communications (A.B. Kholmogorova, S.V. Volikova, M.G. Sorokova); Unfinished Sentences Sacks - Sidney Variant (modified by T.A. Zaeko). The results of the study revealed the following reliably significant characteristics of the family socialization of convicted adolescents: living in an incomplete family, dissatisfaction with the financial situation, narcotization and alcoholization of parents, deprivation of parental rights of one of the parents, problems with the law of one of the family members, and fewer children in the family. In the families of adolescents convicted of serious crimes, there was a high level of cruelty and violence against the child on the part of the parents manifested. In the families of probationers, there was a lack of clear rules and methods of discipline, neglect of the child’s needs. The families of all the adolescents with unlawful behavior were characterized by a dysfunctional nature of communication (communication on the part of the parents was dominated by criticism, causing anxiety, prohibiting the expression of emotions, fixating on negative experiences, etc.). The information obtained in the study can be used by employees of the psychological and educational services of the penitentiary system.

A Pilot Study of Yoga with Incarcerated Youth Using the Prison Yoga Project Approach.

In recent decades, there has been more significant implementation and research of yoga programs in prisons and correctional facilities. Existing literature suggests that adult and juvenile prison-based yoga programs may improve stress-management and self-regulation skills; reduce depression, anxiety, aggression, and addictive behaviors; and increase prosocial behaviors. However, yoga in juvenile correctional facilities is still understudied compared to adult populations. The Prison Yoga Project (PYP) and Yoga FLAME (Focus, Letting go, Anger management, Mindfulness, and Exhaling negativity) are two frameworks used to structure the implementation of prison-based yoga programs among incarcerated adolescents. The present study aimed to describe trauma-related stress and self-regulation levels in a sample of incarcerated youth and to explore yoga's effects on developing stress-reduction skills. The study collected measures on overall and in-session stress reduction and baseline self-regulation. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic and public-safety restrictions, the present study was prematurely terminated after 5 months. Only pre-assessment measures were collected. Across time, participants reported a 38% mean stress reduction from the beginning to the end of a yoga session. Incarcerated youth with higher initial self-regulation levels showed higher pre- to post-session improvements in stress. The present findings provide valuable evidence that yoga practice using the combined PYP and FLAME framework can deliver practical benefits to juvenile correctional facilities. Furthermore, yoga may be used to foster rehabilitation, enhance skill development, and facilitate greater success in youth transitioning back into the community.

Legal Protection For Juvenile, Female, and Elderly Prisoners in The Provisions of Facilities

A Penitentiary is an implementing institution of the criminal system that functions to foster prisoners, including in this case women who undergo criminal punishment are required to participate in a whole series of formation activities in prisons. In this case, the effectiveness of the formation of prisoners can set a good example and example to others, especially for women, children, and elderly prisoners. Then the supporting factors can be used as examples for better in the future and factors that can hinder the coaching can be found better solutions. The purpose of this study is to determine the pattern of coaching female, child, and elderly prisoners and determine the inhibiting and supporting factors of coaching. To overcome problems in the implementation of the development of women, children, and elderly prisoners, synergy is needed between all parties involved, ranging from prisoners, correctional officers, and related agencies to cooperate in the implementation of training for women, children, and elderly prisoners. For this reason, it is necessary to handle and coach to achieve better goals, and if the prisoner has come out, it will create an independent character and have a better leadership spirit

Prevalence of and Gender Differences in Psychiatric Disorders among Juvenile Detainees in South Korea: A Comparative Study.

Background and Objectives: High rates of psychiatric disorders and comorbidities have been reported in juvenile detainees, which have been associated with repeat offenses. However, research into this topic has been limited to Asian countries. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and sexual differences among juvenile detainees in a detention center in South Korea. Materials and Methods: The participants comprised 54 males and 46 females, with a minimum intelligence score of 80. Psychiatric diagnosis was determined using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID). The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-Version 2 (MAYSI-2) was used to investigate gender differences. Results: Using the MINI-KID, the most frequent diseases were conduct disorder (CD), alcohol dependence, suicidal tendency, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with statistically significant differences between men and women. Only alcohol abuse was higher in males, while the rest were higher in females. The items with a statistically significant gender difference in MAYSI-2 were alcohol/drug use, feeling depressed/anxious, somatic complaints, suicidal ideation, and traumatic experiences. All items for which gender difference was statistically significant were higher in the proportion of women. Conclusions: Juvenile detainees exhibit high rates of psychiatric disorders and comorbidities. CDs, alcohol dependence, and ADHD are the most common psychiatric disorders among juvenile detainees in South Korea. Assessment of and intervention in psychiatric disorders may help prevent further offenses. These findings highlight the importance of diagnosing and intervening in psychiatric disorders within juvenile detention systems.

Effectiveness of interventions to reduce sexually transmitted infections and blood-borne viruses in incarcerated adult populations: a systematic review protocol.

This review will identify, synthesize, and make recommendations regarding the effectiveness of interventions to reduce sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and blood-borne viruses (BBVs) in incarcerated adult settings. High-risk sexual behaviors, intravenous drug use, piercing, and tattooing are well documented within incarceration environments. Despite the World Health Organization's Global Health Sector Strategy on Sexually Transmitted Infections 2016-2021 and the Global Health Sector Strategies on, Respectively, HIV, Viral Hepatitis, and Sexually Transmitted Infections for the Period 2022-2030, STI rates within adult incarceration environments continue to rise. Identifying and implementing best-practice interventions to prevent and manage STIs and BBVs will aid infection reduction in correctional settings. The review results will inform the development of educational programs, health promotion, and policies and procedures to improve health outcomes for incarcerated populations. This review will consider studies in any language from any adult incarceration facility. Studies set in juvenile facilities or detention centers will be excluded. Any intervention for preventing or reducing STI and/or BBV transmission will be included. This review will follow the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of effectiveness. Databases to be searched will include PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), Ovid Library, PsycINFO (EBSCO), Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts and assess full-text citations against inclusion criteria. Methodological quality will be appraised using JBI's standardized critical appraisal instruments. Where possible, studies will be pooled using meta-analysis. Where statistical pooling is not possible, findings will be presented in narrative format. Certainty of evidence will be ascertained using the GRADE approach. PROSPERO CRD42022325077.

Utilizing a Logic Model for Planning, Implementing and Evaluating Sport Programs for Youth Who Are Incarcerated

Physical activity during adolescence is critical for disease prevention and health promotion. Studies show that youth who are incarcerated have lower levels of physical activity than their non-incarcerated peers, higher rates of overweight and obesity in adulthood, and worse general health over a lifetime. Sport programming is a promising intervention to address these health concerns. However, such programming is currently limited and varied across the juvenile justice system, and little is known about implementation. At the same time, there is a considerable interest in adopting sport programming among facility administrators throughout the United States (US). To address this opportunity in practice, this article describes the process of building a logic model based upon a case example for sport programming in a juvenile correctional facility in the US developed through an academic-community partnership. Findings demonstrate the utility of logic model development to support practitioners interested in designing and implementing sport programming within justice settings and have broader implications for practitioners looking to develop new programs or adapt programs for new populations where little guidance currently exists.

The effectiveness of cognitive bias modification in reducing substance use in detained juveniles: An RCT

Background and objectiveYoung offenders show high levels of substance use. Treatment programs within detention settings are less effective. Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a promising supplement to substance use treatment. This study tests the effectiveness of CBM in young offenders to reduce cannabis and alcohol use, and delinquent recidivism. MethodA randomized controlled trial added CBM to treatment as usual (TAU), among 181 youth in juvenile detention centers. In a factorial design, participants were randomly assigned to either active- or sham-training for two varieties of CBM, targeting attentional-bias (AtB) and approach-bias (ApB) for their most used substance. Substance use was measured with the Alcohol and Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Tests. Delinquent recidivism was measured with the International Self-Report Delinquency (ISRD) survey. ResultsAt pretest, participants showed AtB but no ApB for both substances. For alcohol, a decrease was found in AtB in the active-training group. For cannabis, a decrease was found in AtB for both active- and sham-training groups. Regardless of condition, no effects were found on substance use or ISRD scores at follow-up. LimitationsThe sample is judicial, not clinical, as is the setting. TAU and participant goals are not necessarily substance related. ConclusionsYoung offenders show a significant attentional-bias towards substance cues. CBM changed attentional-biases but not substance use. Combining CBM with a motivational intervention is advised. Follow-up research should better integrate CBM with running treatment programs. New developments regarding CBM task design could be used that link training better to treatment.

Groups of “slightest opportunities”: About the organisation and planning of educational work in juvenile detention centres

The article focuses on the organisation of educational work within the context of juvenile detention centres. By presenting the specificity and individuality of this institution compared to other rehabilitation centres, the difficulties and tasks faced by social rehabilitation educators were characterised. Based on (auto)ethnographic observations, the main part of the article discusses three key problem areas related to the dynamics and specificity of the functioning of the so-called “shelter groups”. The final conclusions suggest that working with this group, according to the other dimensions of work with minors, not only requires specific predispositions from the educator, but is also burdened with a specific dimension of “inevitable failures”.

진로장벽이 진로결정자기효능감에 미치는 영향에서 진로스트레스의 매개효과

This study was conducted with the purpose of confirming the annual correction of career stress in the effect of career barriers on career decision self-efficacy for adolescents in correctional facilities. Also, based on this, it was intended to be used as basic data for the development of educational programs to reduce career stress of adolescents in correctional facilities.
 The research subjects surveyed adolescents in G Juvenile Prison, and a total of 127 copies were used as the final analysis data. For analysis data, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and mediation regression analysis were performed using SPSS 24.0.
 As a result of the study, it was found that among the sub-factors of career barriers, indecisive personality, lack of job information, and lack of self-clearance had a significant positive effect on career stress. In addition, it was confirmed that career decision self-efficacy has a mediating effect in the relationship between career barriers and career stress.
 Based on the results of this study, by developing and applying an educational program to reduce the career stress of juvenile delinquents in correctional facilities, it will be possible to help the adolescents in correctional facilities to positively adapt to society after release.

Be Friendly, Never Friend – Quality of Relationship Between Juvenile and Educator

The educator profession at the Youth Detention Centre undoubtedly requires specific abilities, skills, and concrete knowledge since, from the beginning of their work, an educator must interact with youth who often exemplify pathological behaviour models. The article refers to the paradigms of social rehabilitation pedagogy. Referring to the social rehabilitation process of minors, it is worth presenting the figure of a social rehabilitation educator, who undoubtedly plays a vital role in this process. The role of an educator, perceived as a helping person, is not the easiest one, especially when working with demoralized people who do not comply with social and legal norms. The staff must have a positive attitude towards social rehabilitation goals. The article's primary purpose is a contemporary reflection on understanding the art of being an educator, a social rehabilitation pedagogue, communication, the relationship between the educator and the juvenile, and the barriers in everyday work with juveniles at social rehabilitation centres. As an autotelic value, juveniles staying in social rehabilitation institutions deserve subjective and understanding relationships with an educator whose competencies, desire for personal development, and knowledge of their weaknesses will contribute to creating an interaction initiating the juvenile's moral transformation process.

Alternative Sanctions and their Impact on Societal Security: A Field Study in the Directorate of Juveniles Reformatory in Baghdad

Crime is one of the most severe challenges facing States, and strives to find preventive measures, reduce its seriousness, and prevent them; due to developments, crimes have increased, and emerging new patterns of crimes, there is an urgent need to prevent crimes and reduce their effects. Modernizing its punitive system and diverting it to correctional rehabilitative justice to redress the prejudice caused by the crime and rehabilitate the convicted person by using alternative measures to short-term imprisonment. This research emphasizes alternative sanctions' value to minimizing short-term imprisonment penalties and their impact on societal security through several goals like, the negative consequences, justifications, and alternatives applied in Iraq, to identify their impact on societal security. The research was based on the analytical descriptive curriculum and the sample-style social survey. It was based on an intentional sample of (250) Research staff of the Directorate of Juvenile Reformatory in Baghdad to measure the role of alternative sanctions in the correctional aspect, statistically processed through the program (SPSS), one of our most important findings is that (92.33%) of researchers supported that alternative sanctions has a role to reduce overcrowding in correctional schools, and supported (91%) of researchers that they are prohibited from mixing with depositors, and that (90%) of researchers who supported that the application of the penalties would reduce the problems associated with the sentence of imprisonment, i.e., the researchers emphasized the importance of alternative sanctions to minimize the effects of the short-term imprisonment on the convicted person, his family, and his community.

Исправительная колония для малолетних преступников в Нижегородской губернии (1878–1917): неизвестные страницы истории

The article is devoted to the unknown pages of the history of the correctional colony for juvenile delinquents in the Nizhny Novgorod province in the late XIX — early XX centuries. The chronological framework of the study is determined by November 26, 1878 — the date of the colony’s foundation — March 2, 1917 — the time of the collapse of the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire during the February bourgeois Revolution. Unpublished office documents from the fund 394 “Committee of the Society of the Nizhny Novgorod Agricultural Correctional Colony for Juvenile Delinquents, Nizhny Novgorod” of the Central Archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region were used. The most important normative legal act is the “Charter of the Society of the Nizhny Novgorod Agricultural Colony for juvenile delinquents”, adopted in 1878 and defined the goals of the colony. Among the published clerical documents, we should highlight the Report on the Main Prison Administration for 1882, which gives an idea of the place of the Nizhny Novgorod agricultural correctional colony among penitentiary institutions for juvenile delinquents in Russia at the end of the XIX century. From the pre–revolutionary periodical press, we analyzed the journal “Prison Bulletin” — the publication of the Main Prison Administration. The “Prison Bulletin” raised questions about the organization of Russian correctional institutions for juvenile prisoners. The problem of studying the functioning of the Nizhny Novgorod correctional agricultural colony was addressed by domestic researchers Yu. G. Galai [1], S. Yu. Varentsov [2], L. Yu. Varentsova [3]. The novelty of this article is determined by the introduction of new historical sources into scientific circulation. The author came to the conclusion that the methods of re-education of juvenile delinquents and homeless children were teaching sciences, crafts, cultivation of the land, introduction to work, the formation of religious and moral values. Family education was introduced. The experience of the agricultural penal colony in the Nizhny Novgorod province was widely promoted not only in the Russian Empire, but also at the international level.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Behavior Modification Strategies on Physical Activity Levels Among Incarcerated Youth.

This study examined the impact of prompting only and prompting combined with independent group-oriented contingency on incarcerated adolescent males' physical activity level during a sport-leadership program. An alternating treatment design was employed to allow for the evaluation among multiple treatment conditions. The study occurred during 35 consecutive sport programming lessons at a juvenile correctional facility. Participants were 16 adolescent males (Mage = 18.79). Two behavior modification strategies, prompting only and prompting combined with independent group-oriented contingency, were employed. Data were plotted graphically so visual analysis could be determined in order to explore any functional associations between the treatment conditions (e.g., interventions) and target behavior (e.g., step count). Prompting only slightly increased physical activity, whereas prompting in conjunction with independent group-oriented contingency elevated activity levels by 36%, with a smaller standard deviation indicating that all participants were equivalently physically active. The results of this study underpin the expansive benefits of sport-leadership programming, not just in similar programs' ability to develop life skill integration, positively impact life during incarceration, improve attitudes, and promote physical activity, but also to provide elevated opportunities for youth to be physically active.