Younger Siblings Research Articles

Spillover effects of gestational age on sibling’s literacy

ABSTRACT Adverse health events within families can harm children’s development, including their early literacy. Using data from a longitudinal Wisconsin birth cohort, we estimated the spillover effect of younger siblings’ gestational ages on older siblings’ kindergarten-level literacy. We sampled 20,014 sibling pairs born during 2007-2010 who took Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening-Kindergarten tests during 2012-2016. Exposures were gestational age (completed weeks), preterm birth (gestational age <37 weeks), and very preterm birth (gestational age <32 weeks). We used gain-score regression – a fixed effects strategy – to estimate spillover effects. A one-week increase in younger siblings’ gestational age improved the older siblings’ test score by 0.011 SD (95% confidence interval: 0.001, 0.021 SD). The estimated spillover effect was larger among siblings whose mothers reported having a high school diploma/equivalent only (0.024 SD; 95% confidence interval: 0.004, 0.044 SD). The finding underscores the networked effects of one individual’s early-life health shocks on their family members.

Sibling Death in Childhood and Early Adulthood and Risk of Early-Onset Cardiovascular Disease

Sibling death is a highly traumatic event, but empirical evidence on the association of sibling death in childhood and early adulthood with subsequent risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains limited. To evaluate the association between sibling death in the early decades of life and subsequent risk of incident early-onset CVD. This population-based cohort study included 2 098 659 individuals born in Denmark from 1978 to 2018. Follow-up started at age 1 year or the date of the first sibling's birth, whichever occurred later, and it ended at the first diagnosis of CVD, the date of death, emigration, or December 31, 2018, whichever came first. Data analyses were conducted from November 1, 2021, through January 10, 2022. The death of a sibling. The outcome was early-onset CVD. Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs. This study included 2 098 659 individuals (1 076 669 [51.30%] male; median [IQR] age at death of sibling, 11.48 [4.68-21.32] years). During the median (IQR) follow-up of 17.52 (8.85-26.05) years, 1286 and 76 862 individuals in the bereaved and nonbereaved groups, respectively, were diagnosed with CVD. Sibling death in childhood and early adulthood was associated with a 17% increased risk of overall CVD (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10-1.23; cumulative incidence in bereaved individuals, 1.96% [1.61%-2.34%]; cumulative incidence in nonbereaved individuals at age 41 years, 1.35% [1.34%-1.37%]; cumulative incidence difference: 0.61% [95% CI, 0.24%-0.98%]). Increased risks were also observed for most type-specific CVDs, in particular for myocardial infarction (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.12-2.46), ischemic heart disease (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.22-1.90), and heart failure (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.00-2.26). The association was observed whether the sibling died due to CVD (HR, 2.54; 95% CI, 2.04-3.17) or non-CVD (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06-1.19) causes. The increased risk of CVD was more pronounced for individuals who lost a twin or younger sibling (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.15-1.36) than an elder sibling (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.20). In this cohort study of the Danish population, sibling death in childhood and early adulthood was associated with increased risks of overall and most type-specific early-onset CVDs, with the strength of associations varying by cause of death and age difference between sibling pairs. The findings highlight the need for extra attention and support to the bereaved siblings to reduce CVD risk later in life.

Experiences of cisgender youth with a transgender and/or nonbinary sibling.

While recent research has begun to address the effects of family support on transgender and/or nonbinary youth (TNY), almost no studies have directly examined how cisgender siblings in families with TNY navigate their sibling's gender disclosure and affirmation within both their families and their larger communities. We conducted an exploratory secondary analysis of in-person, semi-structured interviews with 15 adolescent and young adult siblings (age 13-24 years) of TNY from the northeastern United States from the baseline wave of the community-based, longitudinal, mixed methods Trans Teen and Family Narratives Project. Interview transcripts were analyzed using immersion/crystallization and template organizing approaches. Analyses yielded three main themes: gender-related beliefs and knowledge, peri- and post-disclosure family dynamics, and assessing responses to their sibling. Subthemes included anticipation of their sibling's TN identity, expectations post-disclosure, participants' level of involvement in gender-related family processes, perceptions of changes in family relationships, concern for their sibling (including a high degree of attunement to gender-affirming name and pronoun usage), and concern for themselves. Findings from this study suggest the need to engage directly with siblings of TNY to further elucidate their intrapersonal, intra-familial, and extra-familial experiences related to having a TN sibling and determine their unique support needs. Implications for families, clinicians, and communities are discussed.

Caring for Chastity in Milton’s Mask

ABSTRACT John Milton’s Mask dramatizes a story of three young siblings, a sister and her two brothers, who find themselves lost in a magical forest. While they initially stick together, the brothers accidentally lose their sister, who is then pursued sexually by the sinister figure of Comus. Her brothers try in vain to rescue her, but instead she must be liberated from literal bondage by a benevolent goddess. Though her virginity triumphs, the solution is inherently messy and improvisational, raising questions about what caring for chastity really means in a social world of shared vulnerability. Scholars have long overlooked the importance of the sibling collective to the Mask’s representation of chastity, which is regarded, I think wrongly, as a private virtue. Rather this article reads chastity not as a theory, or a monastic self-practice, but as a strangely communal practice of care. I ask: why do the brothers lose their sister, and what is the nature of their obligation towards her? Are they to blame when they are not yet legal adults? What is their duty of care, and how does chastity test the limits of collective practice?

Variant Analysis in LDLR Gene Uncovers Genetic Basis of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Case Report

Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a hereditary disorder characterised by elevated blood cholesterol levels, predominantly Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C). This condition poses a significant risk for early-onset atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. A critical step toward effective clinical management is the precise identification of pathogenic variants responsible for FH. The present study aimed to unravel the genetic cause of FH through comprehensive variant effect prediction and comparison with clinical manifestations in a nine-year-old girl with hyperlipidemia. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) was performed on the proband, and a set of three key genes associated with hyperlipidemia {Apolipoprotein E (APOE), Low -density Lipoprotein Receptors (LDLR), Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin /Kexin type 9 (PCSK9)} were evaluated for the presence of pathogenic mutations. The data were meticulously analysed based on the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines for variant classification. The analysis revealed two pathogenic variations in the LDLR gene: c.1A&gt;C (p.Met1Leu) in exon 1 and a splice site variant c.1187-10G&gt;A in intron 8. Sanger sequencing of family members confirmed the presence of one mutation each in the father and mother, while a younger sibling also carried both pathogenic variants. Genetic testing confirmed Heterozygous FH (HeFH) in the parents and Homozygous FH (HoFH) in both siblings. Proper classification of genetic variants is crucial for informed clinical decision-making and patient management. The study provides valuable insights into the molecular basis of FH in an Indian patient and contributes to the growing knowledge of the LDLR gene mutation spectrum.

Clinical variant in three families with unique mutation in RB1 gene

Herein, we present a case series encompassing three families characterized by a diverse phenotype and a distinctive genotype. In the first family, the patient exhibited bilateral retinoblastoma, while the elder sibling manifested retinocytoma; both parents displayed no abnormalities. In contrast, the second family featured a mother with bilateral retinoblastoma and the older sister showed retinocytoma. The third family presented cases of retinoblastoma in both the patient and the younger sibling, with the father exhibiting retinocytoma. Genetic analysis uncovered mutations in the blood of the proband, elder sibling, and mother in the first and second families, while the third family exhibited mutations in the father and both offspring. Notably, this series underscores the presence of variable expressivity and penetrance, particularly evident in the first family’s experience with retinoblastoma.

Quality of Life in Ugandan Children and Young Adults After Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease: Mixed Methods Approach.

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a critical issue for patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) but has never been assessed in a low-income country. We conducted a cross-sectional mixed methods study with age-matched healthy siblings serving as controls at the Uganda Heart Institute. One-hundred fifteen CHD pediatric and young adult patients and sibling control participants were recruited. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4.0 in participants ages 5-17 and 36-Item Short Form Survey for young adults aged 18-25. A subset of 27 participants completed face-to-face interviews to supplement quantitative findings. Eighty-six pediatric (age 5-17) sibling and parent pairs completed Peds QOL surveys, and 29 young adult (age 18-25) sibling pairs completed SF-36 surveys. One third of patients had surgery in Uganda. Ventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot were the most common diagnoses. Health-related quality of life scores in patients were lower across all domains compared to control participants in children. Reductions in physical and emotional domains of HRQOL were also statistically significant for young adults. Variables associated with lower HRQOL score on multivariate analysis in pediatric patients were younger age in the physical and emotional domains, greater number of surgeries in the physical domain and surgery outside Uganda in the school domain. The only predictor of lower HRQOL score in young adults was surgery outside Uganda in the social domain. Qualitative interviews identified a number of themes that correlated with survey results including abandonment by family, isolation from peers and community, financial hardship and social stigmatization. Health-related quality of life was lower in Ugandan patients after CHD surgery than siblings. Younger patients and those who had surgery outside of Uganda had lower HRQOL. These data have important implications for patients undergoing CHD surgery in LMIC and have potential to inform interventions.

Spatial Similarity of MRI-Visible Perivascular Spaces in Healthy Young Adult Twins.

This study aimed to determine whether genetic factors affect the location of dilated perivascular spaces (dPVS) by comparing healthy young twins and non-twin (NT) siblings. A total of 700 healthy young adult twins and NT siblings [138 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, 79 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, and 133 NT sibling pairs] were collected from the Human Connectome Project dataset. dPVS was automatically segmented and normalized to standard space. Then, spatial similarity indices [mean squared error (MSE), structural similarity (SSIM), and dice similarity (DS)] were calculated for dPVS in the basal ganglia (BGdPVS) and white matter (WMdPVS) between paired subjects before and after propensity score matching of dPVS volumes between groups. Within-pair correlations for the regional volumes of dVPS were also assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The spatial similarity of dPVS was significantly higher in MZ twins [higher DS (median, 0.382 and 0.310) and SSIM (0.963 and 0.887) and lower MSE (0.005 and 0.005) for BGdPVS and WMdPVS, respectively] than in DZ twins [DS (0.121 and 0.119), SSIM (0.941 and 0.868), and MSE (0.010 and 0.011)] and NT siblings [DS (0.106 and 0.097), SSIM (0.924 and 0.848), and MSE (0.016 and 0.017)]. No significant difference was found between DZ twins and NT siblings. Similar results were found even after the subjects were matched according to dPVS volume. Regional dPVS volumes were also more correlated within pairs in MZ twins than in DZ twins and NT siblings. Our results suggest that genetic factors affect the location of dPVS.

A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Studying Portuguese Ethnic Media in Montreal: ‘Autosiociobiographie,’ Sibling Relations, Brotherly Love and ‘Emotional Episodes’ in Research

How does the dynamic of sibling relations affect researching and dissemination of research findings? How can we best capture the unfolding of this dimension in researching? We discuss these questions via the description of a community event where the siblings were directly implicated and an “emotional episode” arose leading to humor in one sense but also stress on the other as the younger sibling struggled to intervene and interrupt his older brother’s presentation. We discuss and analyze this “key emotional episode” by placing it in the cultural upbringing of the siblings involved in the study as well as co-authors’ reactions to the same episode. We conclude by stating the necessity to know your audience and the approach most conducive to fit the culture of community engagement. Further, we argue that in this time when so much emphasis is placed on team research, we know so much about the academic credentials and skills of our project team members, but little about their personal upbringing and how this can influence relationships and interpretations of findings.

THE CULTURE OF THE CO-EXISTENCE OF A PLANNED WIND FARM IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Offshore wind power (OWP) as a renewable energy source (RES) is expected to have a significant share in the green energy market in the upcoming decades. Onshore energy generation is already a mature and proven technology, while its younger sibling is still in its infancy in the realities of our country. The development of OWP is a quantum leap towards using the natural energy potential of the Baltic Sea. It is supported by the government and is part of the country's energy transition plan. Experts make optimistic claims whereby the first energy from the Baltic Sea will flow into the national power grid in the middle of the next decade at the earliest. Economists and environmentalists agree that the development of energy technology in the Baltic Sea is an opportunity for the economy. It will be powered by another portion of clean energy. All parties claim that their primary task is to support environment protection from the point of view of sozology and avoid making a negative impact on the environment, including destructive events caused by natural forces and human activity, with considerations for socio-economic needs. The article contains the results of research conducted by the students of the University of Rzeszów as potential future consumers of electricity. They assessed the impact of OWP on Poland's energy security and ecological security through the lens of culture, manifested as the lack of excessive consumerism.

The Prevalence of and Responses to Infectious Diseases in No Sangchu Ilgi.

This paper examines the patterns of infectious diseases during the Joseon dynasty in the 18th and 19th centuries, as described in No Sangchu Ilgi (the diaries of No Sangchu) and the responses of No Sangchu and his family. During this period, infectious diseases such as smallpox and measles were prevalent. No Sangchu's diaries detailed accounts related to his family and hometown. For example, the diaries show that the infection rate was high among young children, such as No's younger siblings and nephews. The process of nursing them is meticulously documented. To address infectious diseases, No sought medical assistance by meeting with doctors or visiting pharmacies for prescribed remedies. Additionally, he and his family would relocate to temples or relatives' homes to avoid areas with severe outbreaks. When engaged in official duties, updates about his family and hometown were received through letters, and the diary primarily focused on the circumstances at his workplace. In 1799, while working in the central government, No encountered a large-scale outbreak of infectious diseases. He extensively documented the resulting damage, including the loss of his own family members. An examination of his diaries not only reveals No Sangchu's individual responses but also sheds light on the state's efforts to maintain a relief system. In summary, No Sangchu Ilgi provides detailed records of infectious diseases directly related to household well-being and the state's to infectious diseases, making it a valuable source for understanding the experience of infectious diseases in the late Joseon period.

Women in Empowered India; Challenges and Prospects

The expanding economy greatly benefits from the contributions of women in India. Women make up about half of our population. Over the past ten years, women’s literacy has increased at a rate that is 3% higher than that of men. Consequently, the number of illiterate women has decreased from 200.7 million in 1991 to 190 million in 2001. Nonetheless, the gender gap in schooling remains significant at 21.7%.There are several reasons for this, including restricted access to schools and inadequate restroom and drinking water facilities. In addition, as agriculture becomes more and more feminized, girls are burdened with caring for younger siblings, gathering water and fuel for cooking, and maintaining the home, all of which impede their ability to learn and grow. Women’s economic independence or self-reliance encourages women’s empowerment; nevertheless, chances for women are restricted by factors such as poverty, ill health, and discrimination, gender inequity and other issues, which eventually cause obstacles to women’s empowerment. Given that women are still discriminated against on many fronts, women’s empowerment is crucial. Several ministries and departments have created and implemented a variety of programs and initiatives to empower women. Attempts have been also made to go beyond empowerment and acknowledge women as agents of sustainable socio-economic growth and transformation. This paper aims to examine contemporary concerns and challenges facing women, as well as strategies and tactics for achieving women’s empowerment.

Clinical and molecular heterogeneity of VPS13D-related neurodevelopmental and movement disorders

BackgroundThe VPS13 family of proteins has been implicated in lipid transport and trafficking between endoplasmic reticulum and organelles, to maintain homeostasis of subcellular membranes. Recently, pathogenic variants in each human VPS13S gene, have been linked to distinct human neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders. Within the VPS13 family of genes, VPS13D is known to be implicated in mitochondria homeostasis and function. MethodsWe investigated a Pakistani sibship affected with neurodevelopmental impairment and severe hyperkinetic (choreoathetoid) movements. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify potential candidate variants segregating in the family. We described clinical phenotypes and natural history of the disease during a 3-year clinical follow-up and summarized literature data related to previously identified patients with VPS13D-related neurological disorders. ResultsWe identified by WES an homozygous non-synonymous variant in VPS13D (c.5723 T > C; p.Ile1908Thr) as the potential underlying cause of the disease in our family. Two young siblings developed an early-onset neurological impairment characterized by global developmental delay, with impaired speech and motor milestones, associated to hyperkinetic movement disorders as well as progressive and non-progressive neurological abnormalities. ConclusionIn this study we delineated the heterogeneity of VPS13D-related clinical phenotypes and described a novel VPS13D homozygous variant associated with severe neurological impairment. Further studies will be pivotal to understand the exact VPS13D function and its impact on mitochondria homeostasis, brain development and regulation of movements, to further clarify genotype-phenotype correlations and provide crucial prognostic information and potential therapeutic implications.

Founder's birth order and triple bottom line in B2B SMEs

Leveraging upper-echelon and post-traumatic childhood experience theories, this study analyses the influence of CEOs' birth order in the family on firms' triple bottom line management. Conducting our study in the B2B market and SME context during the COVID-19 pandemic, we assert that the eldest sibling tends to adopt more prosocial behavior than younger siblings. When first-born individuals become entrepreneurs, their values get reflected in the firm's organizational culture and the strategic choices they make as CEOs. We further suggest a mediating mechanism of a sustainable marketing orientation for sibling birth order and triple bottom line management and a moderating role of CEO childhood trauma experience. Childhood trauma experience moderates the mediating effect of sustainable marketing orientation, i.e., a moderated mediating mechanism. Heeding calls for research in marketing to become more interdisciplinary, we leverage the family science and upper echelon theories to expand the B2B marketing literature.

Does early nutrition predict cognitive skills during later childhood? Evidence from two developing countries

The existing evidence linking early undernutrition to educational outcomes in developing countries is largely focused on assessing its impacts on grade attainment and achievement test scores, with limited evidence on the foundational cognitive skills required to perform well at school. We use unique data collected in Ethiopia and Peru as part of the Young Lives Study to investigate the relationship between early undernutrition and four foundational cognitive skills measured later in childhood, the first two of which measure executive functioning: working memory, inhibitory control, long-term memory, and implicit learning. We exploit the rich longitudinal data available to control for potential confounders at the household and individual level and for time-invariant community characteristics. We also take advantage of the availability of data for paired-siblings to obtain household fixed-effects estimates. In the latter specification, we find robust evidence that stunting at ∼age 5 is negatively related with executive functions measured years later, predicting reductions in working memory and inhibitory control by 12.6 % and 5.8 % of a standard deviation. Although the main cohort of Young Lives was around 12 years old when executive functions were measured, complementary results and analysis of the data available for the younger siblings suggest that the impact of stunting on executive functions—specifically, on working memory—starts at an earlier age. Our results shed light on the mechanisms that explain the relationship between early nutrition and school achievement tests suggesting that good nutrition is an important determinant of children’s learning capacities.

Breastfeeding in Iceland: Changes in prevalence and duration over a century

Worldwide, the health-promoting effects of breastfeeding on children and their mothers are indisputable. The frequency and duration of breastfeeding varies greatly internationally but studies on prevalence and influencing factors of breastfeeding in Iceland are scanty and the published ones deal with small groups. The aim of this research is to describe the epidemiology of breastfeeding duration and its influencing factors in Iceland among a large cohort in a whole population over almost one century. This is a historical cohort study, using data from The Cancer Detection Clinic Cohort of The Icelandic Cancer Society, collected retrospectively by questionnaires during the years 1964-2008. The data consisted of mothers´ reported information on breastfeeding of their 81,889 children, 36,537 first-borns and 45,352 younger siblings. The frequency and duration of breastfeeding was calculated and the effects of the following exposure variables were assessed: Maternal age, BMI (N=4950, data collected 1979-2008) and smoking (N=32.087, data collected 1995-2008), the child's year of birth and its order in the sibling group. The children were born in the period of 1917-2008. In the late 1970s, the average duration of breastfeeding began to increase, in all age groups of mothers, increasing rapidly from 3 months to 7-8 months. At about the same time, the breastfeeding duration increased depending on the birth order of the children, younger children were breastfed for longer than their older siblings. Women with normal weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9) breastfed their babies the longest, while obese women breastfed the shortest. Women with any history of smoking reported shorter duration of breastfeeding than women who had never smoked. The increase in the average duration of breastfeeding in Iceland a few decades ago is in accordance with the information in the World Health Organization's database from European countries 1975-2000, where the Nordic countries and most Northern European countries promoted breastfeeding at a similar time. High BMI and maternal smoking are important variables when studying breastfeeding and this study indicates their negative association with the duration of breastfeeding.

Urethral reconstruction using amniotic membrane allograft in hereditary androgen insensitivity syndrome: a case series

Abstract Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome is a rare X-linked disorder. While most cases are sporadic, familial cases are less frequent. The management of this syndrome follows a multidisciplinary approach involving hormone substitution, psychological counseling, and surgical procedures. We present a case series of three young siblings with familial partial androgen insensitivity syndrome who presented with a female phenotype. All of them were managed with hormonal treatment for 6 months followed by surgical reconstruction. The operative procedure involved phalloplasty and urethroplasty using amniotic membrane transplant, which is considered a novel technique in this group of patients. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed and good results were achieved within 2 years of follow-up.

Leukoencephalopathy with Brain stem and Spinal cord involvement and Lactate elevation (LBSL): Report of a new family and a novel DARS2 mutation

BackgroundLBSL is a mitochondrial disorder caused by mutations in the mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase gene DARS2, resulting in a distinctive pattern on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy. Clinical presentation varies from severe infantile to chronic, slowly progressive neuronal deterioration in adolescents or adults. Most individuals with LBSL are compound heterozygous for one splicing defect in an intron 2 mutational hotspot and a second defect that could be a missense, non-sense, or splice site mutation or deletion resulting in decreased expression of the full-length protein. AimTo present a new family with two affected members with LBSL and report a novel DARS2 mutation. ResultsAn 8-year-old boy (Patient 1) was referred due to headaches and abnormal MRI, suggestive of LBSL. Genetic testing revealed a previously reported c.492 + 2 T > C mutation in the DARS2 gene. Sanger sequencing uncovered a novel variant c.228-17C > G in the intron 2 hotspot. Family studies found the same genetic changes in an asymptomatic 4-year-old younger brother (Patient 2), who was found on follow-up to have an abnormal MRI. mRNA extracted from patients' fibroblasts showed that the c.228-17C > G mutation caused skipping of exon 3 resulting in lower DARS2 mRNA level. Complete absence of DARS2 protein was also found in both patients. SummaryWe present a new family with two children affected with LBSL and describe a novel mutation in the DARS2 intron 2 hotspot. Despite findings of extensive white matter disease in the brain and spine, the proband in this family presented only with headaches, while the younger sibling, who also had extensive white matter changes, was asymptomatic. Our in-vitro results confirmed skipping of exon 3 in patients and family members carrying the intron 2 variant, which is consistent with previous reported mutations in intron 2 hotspots. DARS2 mRNA and protein levels were also reduced in both patients, further supporting the pathogenicity of the novel variant.

Abstract #1604700: A Heterozygous LDLR Mutation in 2 Young Siblings Presenting to a Tertiary Children’s Hospital in United Arab Emirates

Abstract #1604700: A Heterozygous LDLR Mutation in 2 Young Siblings Presenting to a Tertiary Children’s Hospital in United Arab Emirates

Types and Predictors of Young Children’s Problem Behaviors Following the Birth of a Sibling

Objectives: To verify the predictors that affect problem behavior trajectories, this study examines how the problem behavior patterns of young children change over time before and the birth of their younger sibling, and the types of trajectories they are classifien into.Methods: The participants were 202 pregnant mothers who had a child over 18 months old. Questionnaires on the child’s problem behaviors were conducted one month before, one month after, and the three months after childbirth. A growth mixture model and logistic regression analyses were performed for classification and predictive analytics.Results: A total of three latent groups of children’s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors were identified: group at low risk for problem behaviors, group at potential risk for problem behaviors and group at high risk for rising problem behaviors. Logistic regression analyses revealed that children’s temperamental emotionality and sociality, mother’s warm and encouraging behaviors, and depression were significantly associated with trajectory classes of problem behaviors.Conclusion: Our results suggest that to mediate problem behaviors in young children when a younger sibling is born, a variety of supports that consider their individual characteristics and provide affectionate parenting behavior are needed.