Youth Research Articles

Mental and physical health characteristics of older and younger adults receiving medication for opioid use disorder

BackgroundMethadone is an effective and widely used medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Within in the United States (US), older adults represent an increasing proportion of those receiving MOUD, yet little is known about characteristics of older individuals in these programs.ObjectivesTo evaluate mental and physical health characteristics of younger and older adults receiving MOUD and test whether age moderates the relation between physical and mental health variables.MethodsData for this secondary analysis are drawn from a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of individuals seeking methadone dosing as part of MOUD at four opioid treatment programs in two regions of the US. Descriptive statistics and correlational and moderation analyses examined outcomes of pain severity, pain interference, self-rated health, physical activity, depression, and anxiety across younger (18-49) and older (50+ years) participants.ResultsAnalyses included 469 participants (mean [range] age, 41.01 [20–70] years). Older participants reported higher pain severity and interference, less physical activity, and worse self-rated health than those in the younger age group (ps < 0.05). Associations between mental and physical health variables were generally weak-to-moderate in the older age group (r = 0.26 to r = 0.44, p < 0.01), and weak in the younger age group, although age did not moderate associations.ConclusionClinically significant mental and physical health variables are associated among individuals receiving methadone for MOUD, with older adults facing unique challenges.Clinical implicationsOpioid use treatment should include not only pain management but also assessment and treatment of depression and anxiety and optimization of other health behaviors (e.g., physical activity) across age groups. Pain management and health promotion are particularly relevant targets for aging individuals receiving MOUD.

EU Citizens’ Perception of Risks Posed to the Sustainability of EU Food Security

Food security is a core global sustainability challenge and priority of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Events like COVID-19, extreme weather, and global conflicts have significantly impacted food prices, as evidenced by the FAO food price index rising from 95.1 in 2019 to 143.7 in 2022, heightening EU food security concerns. The European Commission responded with a food supply contingency plan. According to Eurobarometer data, our study shows that EU citizens’ food security concerns vary by demographic, political, and socioeconomic factors. While men prioritize external factors like climate change, women express greater concern for local social issues, including small farm viability. Age influences the concern focus, with younger people worried about agricultural stagnation, and older individuals recalling past economic crises. Education and income also play roles, with educated and wealthier citizens worried about environmental risks, and less educated, poorer individuals more concerned about socioeconomic impacts. Political leanings and urban/rural divides shape concerns, as well as EU policy dissatisfaction, which links to worries over economic vulnerability and nationalism. Effective EU food security policies require understanding complex factors, stakeholder collaboration, and tailored strategies for diverse needs. Our findings suggest the need for EU policies to incorporate demographic nuances, ensuring food security sustainability across socioeconomic and political spectrums.

Strategic authenticity in the promotion of a protest action on social media: the case of the School Strike 4 Climate in Sydney

ABSTRACT Protest organisers around the world are increasingly trying to pressure governments to act on climate change. Young people have been at the forefront of the mobilisation to raise awareness about the issue and to call for change. Student movements across the globe are redefining the political through innovative and creative actions. I focus on one of these actions with a case study of how young people from the School Strike 4 Climate (SS4C) movement in Sydney use social media to promote a protest event. In doing so, I propose the concept of ‘strategic authenticity’ to define the balance between professional communication and authenticity in young peoples’ communicative action online. Such a balance is achieved by melding well-crafted content with humour and references to popularity and internet culture. Studying students’ practices of ‘strategic authenticity’ contributes to deepening our understanding of democratic renewal and young people’s political engagement in the context of the climate change movement.

The Upper Secondary School Act as legal violence in the Swedish welfare state: ‘I came to Sweden just so I could live’

In this article we investigate the harmful effects of the 2018 Upper Secondary School Act (the ‘Study Law’) upon young people in Sweden who have sought to regularise their stay with the help of this law. We analyse these harmful impacts as ‘legal violence’: structural and symbolic violence embedded in or intensified by law (Menjívar and Abrego, 2012), in the context of Swedish welfare regulation. The Study Law was ostensibly enacted to provide a new opportunity for some 7,000 young people, the majority of whom had fled Afghanistan. These young people had sought asylum in Sweden in 2015, but had not had their needs for protection recognised, instead being subjected to exclusionary laws, policies and growing racism. The Study Law substituted the possibility of protection with strict requirements of study, work and conduct, while the social and material support needed to fulfil these requirements largely was withheld. In our analysis, we draw upon interviews with young people collected as part of a doctoral research project, legal materials, and our own, earlier joint experiences as legal practitioners working with those affected by this law. The legal violence of the Study Law, we argue, has produced individual and social harms, particularly impacting the lives of young people seeking asylum. The law has created a complex and hard-to-navigate, legally-violent regime that, directly and indirectly, has exacerbated hardships and facilitated suffering and even death.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Conditioned Pain Modulation in Children and Young People with Chronic Pain

Background/Objectives: Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is a psychophysical experimental measure of the endogenous pain inhibitory pathway in humans, wherein one pain stimulus (the conditioning stimulus) is used to inhibit an individual’s perception of a second painful (test) stimulus. Research provides evidence of impaired endogenous inhibitory pain responses in adults with chronic pain. CPM is now increasingly applied in paediatric research and clinical practice. The primary aim of this systematic review was to examine the efficacy of CPM in paediatric chronic pain populations (6–24-year-olds) compared to pain-free children and young people (CYP). Methods: The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020221927). A systematic search of seven databases was conducted from database inception to 20th June 2024. Study inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) recruited a sample of CYP aged 6 to 24 (inclusive) with chronic pain or who were pain-free; and (ii) applied a CPM paradigm comprising both a painful test and conditioning stimuli that were sufficiently detailed to allow for replication,(iii) adhered to a study design of randomised control trial, case control or cohort study, including cross-sectional or longitudinal; (iv) available in the English language. Study exclusion criteria were: (i) The CPM paradigm used a non-painful test or conditioning stimulus only; and (ii) was only available as an abstract, letter, poster, editorial, case report, or review with or without meta-analyses. Risk of bias was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross Sectional Studies (AXIS). Meta-analyses were conducted in Comprehensive Meta Analysis 3.0 using random effects models to compare the overall CPM responses in CYP with chronic pain conditions to healthy control CYP. Results: Thirty-two studies were eligible for inclusion, six of which were included in one or more meta-analysis (n = 407 chronic pain, n = 205 control). Meta-analysis revealed significantly weaker CPM responses in CYP with a variety of chronic pain conditions compared to healthy controls (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.352), and significantly weaker CPM responses in CYP with abdominal pain conditions compared to healthy controls (SMD = 0.685). No significant difference in CPM response was found between CYP with migraine and healthy controls (SMD = −0.201). Conclusions: Variable results were found across individual studies, and the meta-analysis of the small number of eligible studies provides tentative evidence for impaired CPM in CYP with chronic pain compared to healthy controls. Further research is clearly needed. In particular, studies should present CPM results separately for different age groups, ethnic groups, and sexes, as these variables shape clinical pain responses.

QOL-24. NEUROLOGIC AND NEUROCOGNITIVE OUTCOMES AMONG SURVIVORS OF INFANT-TYPE HEMISPHERIC GLIOMA (IHG)

Abstract IHGs are large, hemorrhagic cerebral tumors associated with hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure, and herniation. Commonly diagnosed during early infancy, children with IHGs have an approximately 90% chance of overall survival when treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and, more recently, molecularly targeted therapies. However, there is limited understanding of long-term quality-of-life following treatment. Our study investigated long-term neurological and neurocognitive outcomes among IHG survivors. The medical database was reviewed for neurological sequelae and neurocognitive outcomes (intelligence [IQ], adaptive function, academic readiness) for 21 survivors. Median age of diagnosis and last follow-up were 0.8 (0.0-4.4) and 10.3 (4.8-17.6) years, respectively. Sixteen patients (76%) experienced atleast one neurological sequelae: 38% (8/21) had paresis/plegia; 24% (5/21) had spasticity, 26% (5/19) had abnormal speech, and 57% (12/21) had a long-term seizure disorder. Nine patients diagnosed with IHG at < 0.5 years had significantly higher rates of dysarthria (p = 0.019) and seizure disorders (p = 0.035) in follow-up in comparison to patients diagnosed at 0.5-1 year (n=4) and >1 year (n=8). Neurocognitive outcomes were available for 19 patients at a median of 6 years after diagnosis. Median IQ for the entire cohort was 68.0 (47.0-114.0), compared to normative expectations of 100 (SD = 15), with younger age at diagnosis associated with lower IQ (r = 0.36). Ten survivors experiencing seizures particularly had worse IQ scores (median 69.4 [47-101]). Survivors also had inferior outcomes in school readiness (median 46.0 [40.0-98.0]), compared to normative expectations of 100 (SD = 15), and adaptive function (median 48.0 [34.0-67.0]), compared to normative expectations of 50 (SD= 10), with younger age at diagnosis associated with lower performance for adaptive function (r = 0.45). CONCLUSION Children diagnosed with IHG have a high survival rate but experience substantial tumor-associated and treatment-related long-term morbidity. Future clinical trials should aim for better long-term quality of life for survivors through scientifically driven treatment modification.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Cardiac Findings in Young Persons Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection

We studied cardiac complications in young persons with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In a prospective cohort of 127 Military Health System beneficiaries 0–22 years old, 3.1% had cardiac abnormalities, all resolved within 6 months. Our findings support guidelines against routine cardiac screening in mild COVID-19 cases without cardiac symptoms.

The Importance of Sports Activities in the Formation of Skills for an Active and Healthy Lifestyle in Young People

Sports activities play a crucial role in developing the skills for an active and healthy lifestyle in adolescents, providing students with the opportunity to experience and engage in a variety of activities in order to develop their motor, social, and intellectual skills. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the essential role that sports activities have in skills training, necessary for an active and healthy lifestyle in adolescents. The objectives of the research include examining the physical benefits of sports activities on the health of adolescents, highlighting the development of motor skills through sports activities, and analyzing the impact of sports activities on the social and emotional development of adolescents, especially through identifying strategies and resources available to encourage adolescents to participate in sports activities and adopt an active and healthy lifestyle. Sports activities are essential for training the skills for an active and healthy lifestyle in adolescents, contributing to the improvement of physical and mental health, the development of social and emotional skills, and the increase of self-confidence and self-esteem.

INNV-23. UNDERSTANDING THE BURDEN OF MIDH1/2 DIFFUSE GLIOMA AND THE COMPLEXITY OF NAVIGATING THE PATIENT PATHWAY: INSIGHTS FROM PATIENTS AND CAREGIVERS

Abstract Diffuse gliomas with mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 (mIDH1/2) are characterized by a slow-progressing yet life-limiting disease predominantly in young people. We report interim findings from a qualitative study to describe the mIDH1/2 diffuse glioma patient pathway, experience of the disease, and treatment approaches. Patients, caregivers, and patient-association group (PAG) representatives undertook individual interviews, with patients also completing standardized exercises as pre-work. Materials were developed in collaboration with the International Brain Tumour Alliance. Patients were aged ≥12 years with mIDH1/2 glioma and last resection ≥6 months before enrollment, either undergoing active observation or receiving chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Caregivers were living with the patient. PAG representatives were active members of a brain tumor PAG. From November 2023 to March 2024, 30 patients (Australia: n=10; China: n=6; France, UK: n=5 each; Canada, Japan: n=2 each), two caregivers (China, Australia: n=1 each) and one PAG (UK) participated. Median age of patients was 41.5 years, with 17 astrocytoma and 13 oligodendroglioma diagnoses. Presentation symptoms, circumstances of diagnosis and treatment, access to care, and navigation in the healthcare system differed per patient and within countries. Surgical resection was perceived as a crucial stage, both feared and desired. A second opinion was more often sought for surgery than for subsequent treatment approaches. Patients undergoing chemotherapy/radiotherapy (n=17) or active observation (n=13) expressed substantial physical, socioeconomic, financial, and psychological burden. Patients receiving active observation experienced strong and ongoing anxiety, as the uncertainty of tumor recurrence took a toll on their emotional wellbeing in the long term. The experience of people living with mIDH1/2 diffuse glioma is heterogeneous regarding their pathway and complexity navigating the healthcare system, with a substantial psychological and socioeconomic impact. Improved education, as well as facilitating early navigation and prioritizing shared decision-making along the disease pathway, will better support people living with mIDH1/2 diffuse glioma.

Imitative inhibitory control is associated with psychotic experiences in a sample from the general population

Psychotic experiences (PE) are prevalent and associated with several negative mental health outcomes in both clinical and general population, particularly in young people. A promising avenue to understand the mechanisms underlying PE is to investigate functions that may be related to specific neural systems. One of these key cognitive mechanisms is the ability to control our imitative responses, which is strongly linked to an adequate social functioning. Emergent evidence suggests that impairments in this function might be involved in the early expressions of psychosis, but few studies have investigated its association with PE in a sample from the general population. Using an imitation-inhibition paradigm we examined this relationship in a community sample of young healthy individuals (N=204) and found that increased levels of PE levels were associated with lower imitative inhibitory control. These effects seem to be specific to imitation-inhibition as no correlation was found for a more general cognitive control as addressed by a Stroop-like task. In addition, these effects seem to be more evident for paranoid ideations. Overall, our results suggest that imitative inhibitory control can serve as a proxy to detect abnormalities associated with psychotic experiences.

Relevance of optic nerve B-mode sonography in multiple sclerosis diagnosis and follow-up

Abstract Background Among young people, multiple sclerosis (MS) accounts for the majority of non-traumatic neurological impairments. Almost all MS patients develop optic neuritis as the illness progresses. In MS, the optic nerve (ON) is vulnerable to demyelinating injury and is considered “eloquent” in comparison with the brain. Thus, it serves as a clinical model for MS. Since the eye is a suitable target for ultrasonography due to its high-water content, non-invasive trans-orbital sonography (TOS) can determine the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of ON ultrasonography as a simple, low-cost method for diagnosing and following up MS patients, facilitating their treatment plan. It correlates the findings of ONSD using TOS and visual-evoked potential (VEP), the number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) black holes, and other clinically significant parameters in 30 relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients versus 30 controls. Results We examined a total of 120 eyes. The ONSD values at 3 mm, 5 mm, and myelination index were significantly lower in the patients (4.7 ± 0.3, 5.5 ± 0.3, and 0.86 ± 0.03, respectively) versus the controls (5.6 ± 0.3, 6.2 ± 0.4, and 0.90 ± 0.03, respectively) (p < 0.001 in each). The mean P 100 latency was significantly delayed in the patients (125.5 ± 6.1 ms) than the controls (100.2 ± 3.3 ms), (p < 0.001). The mean VEP amplitude was significantly lower in the patients (4.9 ± 0.7 μV) than the controls (6.8 ± 0.8 μV) (p < 0.001). There was a highly significant positive correlation between the ONSD and P 100 amplitude, and highly significant negative correlations between the ONSD and disease duration, number of optic neuritis attacks, EDSS, MRI black holes number, and P 100 latency. Conclusions Trans-orbital sonography is a practical and easily accessible approach for assessing ON atrophy in MS. It can measure axonal loss and brain atrophy indirectly and is a reliable paraclinical diagnostic tool, suggesting that ONSD could be a biomarker of disease activity.

Kidney hyperfiltration and mitochondrial changes are associated with eGFR decline in young people with type 1 diabetes

Abstract Objectives To examine the relationship between kidney hyperfiltration during adolescence and subsequent changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) in a young cohort of participants with type 1 diabetes. Additionally, to explore urinary mitochondrial DNA:nuclear DNA ratio (mtDNA:nDNA) as a marker of metabolic stress and its association with early changes in kidney function. Methods Eighty adolescents were studied at baseline [mean (SD) age 14.2 (1.5) years; mean diabetes duration 6.7 (3.0) years] and followed up 9.2 (1.3) years later. Blood pressure, HbA1c, lipids, eGFR, UACR and heart rate variability were assessed at each visit. Urinary mtDNA:nDNA was measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results Overall, 4.2% of participants had diabetic kidney disease (DKD) at follow-up. Hyperfiltration at baseline (>135 mL/min/1.73m2) was seen in 31% of adolescents and was associated with a decline in eGFR at follow-up when adjusted for sex, diabetes duration and HbA1c [hyperfiltration -1.46 (3.07) mL/min/1.73 m2/year vs non-hyperfiltration -0.51 (2.48) mL/min/1.73m2/year, P=0.02]. Participants with hyperfiltration also had higher odds of undergoing rapid eGFR decline (>3 mL/min/1.73m2/year) compared to those without hyperfiltration [OR 14.11, 95% CI (2.30-86.60), P=0.004]. Baseline urinary mtDNA:nDNA was significantly associated with both greater annual rate of eGFR decline and rapid eGFR decline in univariable but not multivariable modelling. Conclusion Hyperfiltration during adolescence is significantly associated with greater reduction in eGFR and higher risk of rapid eGFR decline after ∼9 years, following transition into young adulthood in type 1 diabetes. Urinary mtDNA:nDNA measured during adolescence may be a novel predictor of early changes in kidney function.

Study on the Changes of Family Intergenerational Communication Mode in China from the Perspective of Social Media

This study explored the influence of social media on the intergenerational communication mode of China family through various methods, and found that social media improved the convenience and diversity of communication and promoted the interaction of family members of different ages. It breaks the limitations of traditional communication methods, provides a variety of communication forms, makes information transmission more intuitive and fast, and strengthens family cohesion. The functions of social media, such as group chat and sharing, enable family members to keep in touch anytime and anywhere, especially among teenagers and young people. However, the popularity of social media has also brought about problems such as digital divide, privacy leakage and over-reliance on online communication. Therefore, family members need to improve their social media literacy and balance online and offline communication to promote healthy and harmonious family relationships. Generally speaking, the application of social media in China's families has changed the traditional communication mode and had a far-reaching impact on the development of family relations.

New Trends of Thought in Response to Post-Pandemic Work Precariousness Among Second-Generation Romanian Citizens in Spain

Drawing on 65 in-depth interviews with young Romanians between 22 and 33 years old, the contribution of this article is to offer an innovative analysis of the work experiences of second-generation young people who, having studied and completed their degrees in Spain during the pandemic, are developing their skills and creativity in a difficult labour market. I argue that unlike their parents’ generation, who in many cases have returned home or practice mobility, this generation wishes to remain in Spain. Consequently, the (im)mobility experienced by second-generation young people has become a fundamental post-pandemic trend. Three interlinked profiles were identified: (1) young graduates doing work for which they are overqualified, who want to find better jobs; (2) young people who have completed master’s or doctoral degrees and now have their own business, are applying for research funding or are unemployed; and (3) unemployed graduates who are making a living from self-employment or aspire to have their own business. The conclusions highlight new trends of thought among young Romanians educated and trained during the pandemic in terms of how to overcome work precariousness and live in Spain.

Female students' participation (over the years) in esports and its implications on psychological conditions, communication, and virtual gaming risks

eSport is a sport of choice and is quite popular, especially among young people, including women. This virtual sport has been developed entirely with various ways to play. At the same time, there is a negative paradigm of eSport games for women in Indonesia, including damaging vision, causing numbness in the hands, forgetting to eat, being introverted, and using harsh language. From a cultural perspective, women who play eSport are considered to violate the nature of women because they reflect masculine characteristics. This study uses quantitative research with a causal-comparative design to examine the effect of female students' participation in playing eSports on psychological development, communication skills, and the risks of virtual games. The research data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially (Multivariate Analysis of Variance). The analysis results prove a simultaneous influence between eSport participation (duration of playing) and ​​female students' psychological conditions, communication, and virtual game risks. In partial testing, eSport participation only significantly affected the communication skills variable of female students, while the other two variables did not. Future research needs to conduct qualitative investigations to explore the clinical experiences of female gamers that help them train their communication skills. Given the existence of various gender discriminatory behaviours in eSports, female gamers may have good communication to protect themselves from the threat of discrimination, or vice versa.

Challenging Classical Music’s Genre Conventions: Findings from a Project on Youth Voice in Instrumental Education

Abstract This article explores classical music education through analysing findings from a project on embedding ‘youth voice’ within instrumental teaching and learning. Drawing on theorizations of classical music as a genre, I describe how the young people in this project saw classical music’s genre conventions as working against a youth voice approach. The article also outlines the ways in which youth voice was shaped through social relations in this space as well as the ‘institutional ecology’ of music education. I argue that embedding youth voice approaches in instrumental education will only be effective if the genre itself is open to transformation.

THE ROLE OF ENGLISH IN SPREADING ISLAM RAHMATAN LIL ‘ALAMIN VALUES: MILLENNIALS’ VOICES

The rapid development of Islam in the world cannot be separated from the role of the international language. Islam, a Rahmatan lil 'Alamin religion, has a negative stigma in the international world. Millennials are young people who are very attached to information technology. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the voice of millennials more deeply toward the role of English in the spread of Islam Rahmatan lil 'Alamin values full of affection and peace. This study is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The data were collected by conducting semi-structured interviews. The results showed that millennials' voices toward the role of language are: ease of communication, medium of communication, and ease the information access. Then, millennials' voices toward the role of English in the spread of Islam Rahmatan lil 'Alamin values are: ease the convey Islam Rahmatan lil 'Alamin values through various fields, expand the reach of areas and targets in the spread of the values, ease in obtaining information about the spread of the values which can be accessed on the internet, supports efforts to straighten out the negative stigma directed at Islam and ease capturing messages about the values from various sources. The research implications suggest that leveraging English as a medium can significantly enhance the dissemination of Islam's values of compassion and peace among global audiences, particularly through digital platforms, thereby fostering greater understanding and reducing negative stereotypes associated with Islam.

The role of youth extracurricular activities and political intentions in later political participation and civic engagement

AbstractIntroductionCurrent literature recognizes that various socialization agents often shape political behavior. This study employs frameworks of political socialization and political agency to explore how extracurricular activities and political intentions established at age 16 influence aspects of political participation and civic engagement at age 20.MethodsA 4‐year longitudinal study was conducted using a community‐based sample of 933 adolescents from a medium‐sized Swedish city with a population of approximately 135,000. Data were collected in 2010 and 2014, allowing for an analysis of the impact of extracurricular activities and political intentions developed during adolescence on later political and civic behaviors. The analytical sample comprised 933 individuals (50.8% females; mean age = 16.62, SD = 0.71).ResultsThe analysis revealed that participation in extracurricular activities at age 16 is a significant predictor of offline political participation at age 20. However, no significant associations were found between these activities and other forms of participation, such as illegal behaviors or broader civic engagement. Political intentions at age 16 also significantly predicted offline political participation at age 20.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the pivotal roles of both socialization agents and individual factors related to youth political agency in shaping political trajectories during adolescence. Understanding the effects of extracurricular activities and political intentions on political participation and civic engagement can aid policymakers and educators in developing strategies to foster active citizenship among young people.

Implementation of Religious Moderation Values at Marhalah Tsanawiyah TMI Putra Al-Amien Prenduan Sumenep in 2022

Religious moderation emphasizes balance, tolerance and justice to avoid extremism and radicalism. This principle supports democracy and the constitution, and values diversity. Education in the values of religious moderation ensures that young people are not exposed to radical ideologies and helps maintain harmony and peace in society. Therefore, the aim of this research is: To find out the value of implementing the value of religious moderation for TMI Al-Amien Prenduan marhalah Tsanawiyah students. to find out how to implement the value of religious moderation for TMI Al-Aimen Prenduan's Marhalah Tsanawiyah Putra students. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data sourced from primary data and secondary data, as well as data collection techniques used in the form of observations, interviews and documentation, while the data analysis techniques used include data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of research on Islamic education moderation are relevant because the majority of Muslims in Indonesia support democracy and do not conflict with the country's constitution. Moderation in Islam is the key to facing radicalism and aims to maintain compliance with the rules and respect Indonesia's diversity. The principles of justice, balance, and tolerance in Islamic moderation are important for maintaining independence. Moderation education also plays a role in preventing radicalism in the younger generation which is often misunderstood as jihad.

The Effect of Sun Knowledge and Self-Efficacy on Sun Protection Behavior in Skin Cancer Among Young People

The Effect of Sun Knowledge and Self-Efficacy on Sun Protection Behavior in Skin Cancer Among Young People