Young Human Beings Research Articles

To What Extent Does Storytelling in Video Games Help Students with Their Moral Learning Development

The video enterprise is developing rapidly, and with the emergence of new games, their new strengths and boundaries have introduced greater proposals to suppose about the relationship between video games and character ethical development. Video games are a high-quality medium for storytelling in contrast to books or films, as gamers can immerse themselves in them extra deeply and as a consequence have a higher experience. Storytelling is a vital section of video games due to the fact we can analyze a lot from enjoying these video games and achieve a lot of perception into existence and ethical values. Storytelling in video games performs an essential position in the ethical improvement of younger people, and the storylines of video games can assist younger human beings in studying ethical values, boost advantageous behaviour, and enlarge their experience of social accountability and empathy. In any case, the special elements of video video games supply beneficial thought for improvements in ethical education. In the future, solely with the aid of returning to the essence of ethical training and searching at the testimonies advised in video games, searching at ethical training via the connotations of the plots in video games, and appreciation of the relationship between ethical schooling and video video games in an extra rational way, can we mix the two in an extra scientific way to reply the name for a new structure of ethical schooling in the new era.

What is philosophy of education? Overlaps and contrasts between different conceptions

Abstract Various conceptions of philosophy of education have been mooted over the last sixty years. The paper looks at five of these, associated particularly with R. S. Peters, D. W. Hamlyn, David Bakhurst, Philip Kitcher, and Harvey Siegel. It shows differences and sometimes overlaps among these, to do with whether or not philosophy of education should be seen as a branch of philosophy, as central to philosophy as a whole, or as a form of applied philosophy. The paper puts most weight on the last of these while recognizing the importance of work on the enculturation of young human beings as exemplified in Hamlyn’s and Bakhurst’s writings.

Mapping the Expertise and Understanding of Menarche, Menstrual Hygiene, and Menstrual Health among Adolescent Ladies in Low- and Center-Profit Nations

Mapping the Expertise and Understanding of Menarche, Menstrual Hygiene, and Menstrual Health among Adolescent Ladies in Low- and Center-Profit Nations

Arts in working with youth on sensitive topics: A qualitative systematic review

This study examines existing research on the use of arts-based methods in approaching issues sensitive for youth and children. We conducted a qualitative, systematic review of twenty academic publications on this topic from 1997 to 2017. Our results show the use of arts-based methods to (1) recognize and make visible previously invisible experiences, acts, voices and histories; (2) nurture change and transformation in the lives of the youth; and (3) allow exploring the more-than-human, more-than-present and less-than-conscious aspects in the lives of youth and children – aspects that traditional study methods might not readily access. Our findings offer teachers, researchers, practitioners, psychologists and social workers greater awareness of the use of arts-based methods in matters young people find sensitive. This review allows education professionals to achieve a broader view of methods emerging from the arts in addressing the social and psychological issues that young human beings might face.

Effects of raw materials on the quality of catering services at daycare centers

This study examined the effect of raw materials on the quality of catering services in daycare centers in Nyeri Town Constituency, Kenya. The development and growth of a child depend to a great extent on what they consume as food. For a good development of a child, there is a need to consider the quality of food he or she takes. This is in relation to nutritional value, quantities per intake, quality in relation to cleanness, methods of cooking and its presentation to the child. This high level of participation in childcare centers is attributed to an increasing awareness that early childhood centers are considered critical support in the development of young human beings to become useful citizens. The study targeted all 16-day care centers in Nyeri Town Constituency which are licensed to operate. A total of 64 respondents were targeted which included the managers of the daycare centers and three staff members working in catering sections as follows: stores, production, and service formed the respondents. This study employed a purposive sampling technique in selecting the constituency in the county where the research was carried out. The R-value is 0.689 which indicates a strong correlation. The R2 value indicates how much of the dependent variable (quality of catering services), can be explained by the independent variable (effects of raw materials’). This study concludes that the management of the catering departments in daycare centers should ensure different types of food are stored in different rooms.

Influence of Life Style, Nutrition and Obesity on Immune Response: A Global Issue

A considerable percentage of world’s population is facing the problems of overweight and obesity that affect growing children, adolescents and young adult human beings. This ultimately cause several types of non-communicable diseases viz., cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, infertility, several types of cancers etc. Besides causing the noncommunicable diseases, obesity impairs the immune function also. There is a strong correlation between obesity and immune response and that’s why the obese individuals always get suffered the common viral and bacterial diseases. Overweight and obesity are the concerning issues of our society which is linked with the food habits. Beside the high fat diet, lack of physical work is also a major reason for suffering with overweight and obesity. A greater percentage of world population that suffer with overweight and obesity linked to non-vegetarian population of the world and these are at higher risk of non-communicable diseases. Perhaps the most favourable reason behind the saga is the consumption of comparatively more saturated fat in the diet. These are purely preventable diseases. So precautionary measures may be taken to prevent the diseases by the replacement or reduction of animal or saturated fat in processed food products without affecting the quality of the products. It can otherwise be explained that obesity is the outcome of high energy diet, over-dieting and lack of proper physical exercise.

Repositioning childhood lived experiences within adult contexts: A Black feminist analysis of childhood/s regulation in early childhood care and education

Children have been governed within early childhood care and education in ways that would be heavily scrutinized if the same situations occurred within adult contexts. As such, in this article, we utilize Black feminist perspectives to interrogate and (re)examine childhood regulatory spaces. We provide readers with storied narratives that demonstrate how younger human beings are violated, controlled, and disciplined. To emphasize these points, we describe these same childhood experiences as if they were happening to adults. Examples of situations interrogated include everyday childhood routines, the use of assessment to determine ability grouping, and implementation of classroom management systems. Theorizing the narratives with a Black feminist lens inspires the rethinking of everyday (sometimes unrealized) regulation of younger human beings in early childhood care and education.

Complicating ‘Victim’ Narratives: Childhood Agency within Violent Circumstances

Modernist assumptions have created universal notions of childhood that have given more power to adults and have made what has been defined as ‘children’ as one of the most subjugated and marginalized groups in societies globally. As such, many younger human beings have been forced to live with the everyday realities of abuse for which they are often situated as victims. In order to problematize victim discourses, using Black feminist thought as a theoretical lens, this article juxtapositions lived experiences of childhood sexual abuse with moments of resistance and empowerment, experiences that that the author argues cannot be separated. The article concludes with critical questions we might consider to resist reifying dominant views of children as those without agency and ways that we might rethink social and institutional structures that uphold power for adults and allow for the continued exploitation of younger human beings.

Three-dimensional motion of the radial artery and the spatiality, rhythmicity, formability and intensity of TCM pulse diagnosis

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pulse diagnosis can reflect the condition of human bodies. 44 young healthy human beings were involved in the investigation of the relationship between the three dimensional motion of the radial artery and the spatiality, rhythmicity, formability and intensity of TCM pulse diagnosis in TCM pulse diagnostics. The color Doppler vascular imaging, the self-designed cardioelectric phasic marking and non-pressure arm bath-tube were used in the study. Both the radial artery and other arm superficial arteries had three forms of motion, namely diametrical motion, axial motion and the displacement of the axial center. The three forms of motion changed periodically, which was identical with that found in pulsation. The displacement of the vascular axial center was a three-dimensional message of the overall vascular revolving motion observed on a two-e level. Systematically studying the rules of vascular motion and the relationship between the rules of vascular motion and the spatiality, rhythmicity, formability and intensity of TCM pulse patterns has great significance in revealing the specificity of the vascular motion and explaining the mechanisms in the formation of TCM pulse diagnosis. This research could make TCM pulse diagnosis more understandable.

Traumatic brain injury in the neonate, child and adolescent human: An overview of pathology

In the middle of the last century it had been thought that a good recovery of function and behavior would occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in very young human beings. A recent major change in thinking states that early childhood TBI may result in a severe compromise of normal brain growth and development such that TBI, rather, may compromise later normal development resulting in a need for very long term patient care and management. The mechanisms of injury and pathology within the injured brain are reviewed and compared between when injury occurs at or close to the time of birth, in an infant, in a young child, in a child between ages 5 and 10, in young and older adolescents and in young adulthood. Our understanding of pathophysiological responses by cells of the human central nervous system has recently greatly increased but has really only served to illustrate the great complexity of interactions between different types of cell within the growing and developing CNS. The hypothesis is developed that the outcome for a very young patient differs with the relative state of development of injured cells at the locus of injury. And that the potential for either repair, re-instatement of normal cellular and organ function or for continued normal development is much reduced after an early brain insult (EBI) compared with TBI in a slightly older child or young adult patient. The advent of increasingly sophisticated non-invasive imaging technology has allowed assessment of the influence and time course of brain pathology both early and late after TBI. This has generated greater confidence on the part of clinicians in forecasting outcomes for an injured patient. But our increased understanding has still not allowed development of therapeutic strategies that might ameliorate the effect of an injury. It is suggested that an improved integration of major clinical and scientific effort needs to be made to appreciate the import of multiple interactions between cells forming the neurovascular unit in order to improve any potential for post-traumatic recovery after TBI in neonates and young children.

What young children give to their learning, making education work to sustain a community and its culture

The policies and administration of early education and support for social development constantly need re-defining, or re-inspiring, by taking into account the perspective of a young child. They must acknowledge the intuitive abilities and values, and growing initiatives that are present in the child from birth and that motivate learning. Innate impulses of human imagination, with strong aesthetic and moral feelings, make sharing of experience and building of meaningful memories possible for a young person. They also determine the suffering that follows if they are not respected. Economists advise that this creativity of early childhood as a resource in itself – government and business, policymakers and managers need to understand what healthy and confident young human beings, if they are treated fairly, will contribute to future industry, prosperity and well-being in society (Heymann et al. 2006; Sinclair 2007; RAND Corporation 2008). Well-trained and experienced teachers of young children are also major contributors to social and cultural health of the community. They know, in practice, what inventive and helpful intelligence children have to offer. Unfortunately this creativity of young children is often outside the imagination of those who are preoccupied with managing the complex artefacts and routine structures of the adult world, and who deal with the problems of adult society and its employments.

A Libertarian Perspective on the Stem Cell Debate: Compromising the Uncompromisible

The present paper attempts to forge a compromise between those who maintain that stem cell research is out-and-out murder of young helpless human beings and those who favor this practice. The compromise is predicated upon the libertarian theory of private property rights. Starting out with the premise that not only the fetus but even the fertilized egg is a human being, with all rights thereto, it offers a competition between those who fertilize eggs for research and those who wish to adopt them. If and only if the former win this competition will they be allowed to use these very young human beings for the purposes they have constructed them. This is justified on grounds of avoiding child abuse.

Weaving transnational feminist(s) methodologies

The purpose of this article is to engender a space where a variety of critical feminist(s) lenses are interwoven to problematize current discursive practices in linguistic diversity training and to (re)imagine nueavas posibilidades for linguistic diversity research/training for pre-kindergarten teachers. Transnational feminists’ projects have the potential to illuminate and connect larger global issues with, and that pertain to, local and specific radical projects by incorporating critical reflexive methodological tools. In this article we propose to a) discuss language as a monocultural construction that limits conceptions of language and learning for younger human beings; b) examine the discursive practices of teachers of students who are English as second/third language learners; c) discuss the discourse of sharing codes of power; and finally d) scrutinize interventionist assumptions of educational research.

63 EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED EARLY DEGENERATION OF THE HIP JOINT IN A SHEEP MODEL

Purpose: A non-spherical femoral head is a known risk factor for early osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Recently, a new pathomechanism termed femoro-acetabular impingement has been postulated as an underlying cause. This mechanism is postulated to represent an abutment conflict between the non-spherical portion of the head/neck junction and the acetabular rim during extreme flexion and internal rotation. It is thought to lead to repetitive trauma resulting in subsequent lesions of the labrum and adjacent cartilage at the acetabular rim or femoral head. The aim of this research study is to confirm in an animal model, that a non-spherical head contour leads to primary lesions at the acetabulum and at the nonspherical portion of the femoral head similar to the findings in human hip joints. Methods: Sheep have been chosen as animal model since the acetabular anatomy is close to that in humans including the presence of a labrum and the femoral head has a distinct non-spherical extension of the cartilage in its superior portion. By performing an intertrochanteric adduction osteotomy of the proximal femur the non-spherical portion was rotated toward the weight bearing zone and created similar impingement conditions during the end range of flexion as postulated in young adult human beings. In a pilot study with 6 sheep localized peripheral hip joint lesions could be produced at the acetabular rim and the non-spherical portion of the head similar to the finding in humans. For this study a total of 16 sheep was chosen. The sheep were divided into 4 groups, each group with 4 sheep that were sacrificed after 14, 22, 30, 38-weeks after surgery. After sacrifice the joint cartilage was evaluated for visible alterations macroscopically according to grading by Beck et al. Thereafter samples were harvested of standardized segments on both, the operated and non-operated (control) sides for histological work-up using conventional staining methods with Toluidin-blue O to evaluate proteoglycan depletion and grading of cartilage alterations according to Mankin. Results: Localized labral lesions as also typically seen in humans were present in 14 out of 16 hips on the operated side versus 2 lesions on the unoperated side. Cartilage lesions including flaps, tears or superficial fraying were seen in all 16 operated hips in the caudodorsal segment of the acetabulum versus alterations in 3 out of 16 hips on the unoperated side (different stages of alteration showed in Figure). Histochemical staining confirmed the macroscopic findings and showed statistically significant higher degenerative changes according to the Mankin staging in the caudodorsal segment on the operated side versus the non-operated side. Conclusions: With the presented animal model a cam impingementmechanism and localized, peripheral intraarticular lesions of the hip similar those seen in humans could be reproduced. Therefore a model of development of early osteoarthritis in the hip with different stages of the disease could be defined. This allows to develop and to evaluate new invasive and non-invasive treatment methods for this pathomechanism. It will be also used to further clarify the sequential steps of the osteoarthritic process and help to define the ideal time point for surgical interventions.

Comments on the contribution: initial results of surgical treatment of scoliosis with the Cotrel and Dubousset CD instruments by Ch. Hopf, H. H. Matthiass and J. Heine. Z. Orthop. 125 (1987) 347

It really must be appreciated that in the above mentioned publication of Hopf, Heine and Matthiass the authors were brave enough-against normal habits-to publish their bad results. In demonstrating their cases they render the CD system a destructive rebuff. Not in one of their demonstrated cases they were able to show that there are convincing advantages of this surgery compared to other already wellknown and sufficiently proven methods. We still have to acknowledge the opinion of Nachemson (1986) that the CD method is yet in the experimental stage. The authors show in their selective cases how it should not be done. They sacrifice in favor of a primary stability functionally important segments of the spine cranially as well as caudally and thus mutilate young human beings to an irresponsible extent. Of course it is astonishing when the authors in spite of their actually crushing experiments with this system in summary arrive at positive results without reasons indeed. For example they comment positively on the attained derotation, although they had shown with their results that no derotation could be achieved at all. Remarks about diminishing the rib hump, which should after all be a result of a good derotation are missing. Exact measurements in CT scans of the apical vertebra, as demonstrated in an extraordinary way by Giehl, have not yet been made in Münster. Otherwise the authors would have clearly recognized that a derotation with resection of the discs is not possible using the CD method. The authors present the system-in spite of their very bad results-as a universal spinal system for correction and stabilization and at the same time they doubt the value and extent of anterior surgical methods according to Dwyer or Zielke, even though these methods have internationally shown how the optimal corrections have resulted in fewer mutilations by using shorter fusion areas on the spine provided that the surgeon knows how to use the instruments. We spine surgeons should always be aware that we can cause an irreversible condition on the spine of the human being with our spinal fusion operation this could have grave results for the patient for his whole life. No doubt, there are advantages in the CD method, but they rather result in better stability than in better corrections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Stimulation of the pituitary–adrenal axis and of adrenocortical steroidogenesis ex vivo by administration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate to prepubertal male rats

Phthalate esters exert deleterious effects on testicular physiology and, consequently, on reproduction and fertility. However, little is presently known concerning potential adverse effects of these environmental pollutants on the hormonal functions of the adrenal gland. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of administering to rats of different developmental ages di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in vivo, as well as on adrenocortical steroidogenesis ex vivo. Oral exposure to DEHP once daily for 4 days elevated the serum levels of ACTH and corticosterone in rats 20 and 40 days of age, but not in adult, 60-day-old animals. Furthermore, primary cultures of adrenocortical cells isolated from 20- and 40-day-old rats treated with DEHP exhibited an enhanced capacity to produce corticosterone in response to ACTH, dibutyryl cAMP, and 22R-hydroxycholesterol, as well as increased ACTH-stimulated transport of endogenous cholesterol into mitochondria. Neither DEHP nor its major metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate altered steroidogenesis in cultures of adrenocortical cells isolated from untreated rats. These findings demonstrate that in male rats, DEHP exerts an age-dependent influence on the pituitary-adrenocortical axis in vivo and adrenocortical steroidogenesis ex vivo. Such perturbation may be of pathological significance in connection with disorders of the hormonal stress response, especially in very young human beings.

The Struggle for Authenticity in an Inauthentic World: A Response to a Response(s)

After spending three pages attacking me in a rather scathing critique of both me and my Reggio article in this journal (Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, Volume 1, Number 1, 1999), Frances Rofrano suggests that I ‘spend time with young human beings under the age of 2’ as a way of clearing my head and (re)learning what the real world of practitioners is like. I like children and at this particular moment in my career would much rather spend time with those smaller humans than most of the humans I spend time with in my department. Alas, a long time ago, I chose this line of work, made a conscious decision to remove myself from daily interactions with those people (under 5) I most like being with, and realistically cannot now go back. As difficult as it was to understand at the time, I quickly learned that each time I gained an advanced graduate degree, I was further distancing myself from day-to-day interactions with children. With the granting of each degree I was made more unmarketable, as few directors would want to hire an ‘overqualified’ applicant in possession of a doctorate. What helped me deal with the onset of ‘separation anxiety’ from direct contact with children was the realization that I would potentially be influencing children through my daily interactions with undergraduate and graduate pre-service and in-service teachers, professionals who themselves interact with children on a daily basis. The thought that I still influenced children, although much more indirectly, helped me stay in early education and helped me feel like my work in early education still somehow made a difference. I thought I went to great lengths to locate myself both inside of, and, maybe more appropriately, outside of the field of early education in my CIEC article, just as I have done in other recent works (see Johnson, 2001; Johnson & Gaiyabu, 2001). There is little need to add to that discussion here. While it has taken time to find time to respond in kind, what I do now feel is some sense of

The Scientific Discourse of Education: Predetermining the Lives of others — Foucault, Education, and Children

A discourse of education has emerged that legitimizes the belief that science has revealed what younger human beings are like, what we can expect from them at various ages, and how we should differentiate our treatment of them in educational settings. Recent poststructuralist, critical, and postmodern work has called to question the notion of predetermined, universal childhoods that require particular forms of educational experience determined by scientific discovery and by human beings who are older. The purpose of this article is to further problematize the discourse of education that has justified the construction of younger human beings as the ‘other’ and legitimizes the continued regulation of their lives through the institution of education. This particular problematization is based on and limited by the work of Foucault and addressed from two positions: (1) rules that govern the discourse of education; and (2) disciplinary technologies that produce docile bodies as objects that yield to the discourse.

Bilder–Bildung–Weltbild

The German word for “picture” as well as for “image” is Bild which is one of the connotations of a core concept of educational theory: Bildung. In correspondence with traditional reasoning I define: Bildung is the process in the course of which specific human beings acquire the general characteristic human features. This works as an operational definition that is to organize the processes of selection and shaping of the content of instruction. For this we need to have a concept of humanity in its entirety. For the purpose of instruction in school we organize this in a structured set of pictures and in tales and stories that depict what is human life in the respective society. The curriculum can be seen as a picture of the universe humans live in and it serves as a means to help young human beings to gain a concept of their world–a Weltbild. I'm going to introduce and to discuss two famous documents within this theoretical framework: Johann Amos Comenius’ Orbis Sensualium Pictus (1658); and Johann Bernhard Basedow's Elementarwerk (1774/85). I furthermore argue that the pictures and the descriptions or stories which correspond to them are documents of different didactical concepts based in a different “Weltbild”: In both cases the composition of pictures and tales aims at conveying a picture of the world: knowledge about what is true or false and what is right or wrong–and to impart motives which make the readers act accordingly in the world.

Magnetic resonance images and histology of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in young monkeys (Macaca fuscata)

Magnetic resonance images and the histology of spheno-occipital synchondrosis were examined in young monkeys in order to compare the magnetic resonance images with their histologic observations. In serial magnetics resonance images of posterior cranial base, the spheno-occipital synchondrosis showed a low signal zone with unclear boundaries, running through the posterior cranial base perpendicularly to the clivus. The zone was always interposed between nonsignal zones. These observations were the same as those in young juvenile human beings. The histologic sections also revealed that the low signal zone was really the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, which consisted of hyaline cartilage and that the nonsignal zones were bone tissues. The chondroblasts in the spheno-occipital synchondrosis were arranged bipolarly. Intense alkaline phosphatase activity was located in the areas along the bone. Tetracycline labeling was also noticed in the bone formed in the endochondral ossification. These results suggest that magnetic resonance imaging enables us to observe the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in the posterior cranial base and also to elucidate its influences on the growth of maxilla and mandible in the future. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;115:138-42)