Younger Canadians Research Articles

Exploring Differential Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Among Younger Versus Older Canadians: Results From the 2021 Canadian Digital Health Survey

The changing landscape of health care has led to the incorporation of powerful new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) to assist with various services across a hospital. However, despite the potential outcomes that this tool may provide, little work has examined public opinion regarding their use. In this study, we aim to explore differences between younger versus older Canadians with regard to the level of comfort and perceptions around the adoption and use of AI in health care settings. Using data from the 2021 Canadian Digital Health Survey (n=12,052), items related to perceptions about the use of AI as well as previous experience and satisfaction with health care were identified. We conducted Mann-Whitney U tests to compare the level of comfort of younger versus older Canadians regarding the use of AI in health care for a variety of purposes. Multinomial logistic regression was used to predict the comfort ratings based on categorical indicators. Younger Canadians had greater knowledge of AI, but older Canadians were more comfortable with AI applied to monitoring and predicting health conditions, decision support, diagnostic imaging, precision medicine, drug and vaccine development, disease monitoring at home, tracking epidemics, and optimizing workflow to save time. Additionally, for older respondents, higher satisfaction led to higher comfort ratings. Only 1 interaction effect was identified between previous experience, satisfaction, and comfort with AI for drug and vaccine development. Older Canadians may be more open to various applications of AI within health care than younger Canadians. High satisfaction may be a critical criterion for comfort with AI, especially for older Canadians. Additionally, in the case of drug and vaccine development, previous experience may be an important moderating factor. We conclude that gaining a greater understanding of the perceptions of all health care users is integral to the implementation and sustainability of new and cutting-edge technologies in health care settings.

Factors That Influence Older Canadians’ Preferences for using Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Structural Equation Analysis

Accessible and safe mobility is critical for those aged 65 years and older to maintain their health, quality of life, and well-being. Being able to move beyond one’s home and participate in activities in older adulthood requires consideration of both transportation needs and preferences. This paper aims to address a gap in evidence with respect to understanding factors that can affect older adults’ perceptions and willingness to use autonomous vehicles. In addition, it examines how these factors compare with those of younger adults to better understand the potential implications of this technology on mobility and quality of life. Using responses of those aged 65+ to a national survey of Canadians, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to identify and quantify factors significantly associated with older adults’ willingness to use autonomous vehicles. The SEM results suggest that factors such as using other modes of transit (e.g., sharing rides as passenger, bicycle, public transit, commuter rail, ride and car sharing) as well as distance traveled by automobile, income, gender (being male), and living in urban areas, were all positively associated with older adults’ perceptions of using autonomous driving features. The findings also suggest that older Canadians are more concerned about autonomous vehicles than younger Canadians. This study provides valuable insights into factors that can affect the preferences of Canadians when it comes to autonomous technology in their automobiles. Such results can inform the way in which transportation systems are designed to ensure the needs of users are considered across both age and ability.

Pan-Canadian Estimates of Chronic Pain Prevalence From 2000 to 2014: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Survey Analysis

Recent temporal trends in the population prevalence of chronic pain in Canada on a national and provincial level are unknown. Five cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey (2000/2001, 2007/2008, 2009/2010, 2011/2012, and 2013/2014) were used to derive population-based estimates of the self-reported prevalence of chronic pain. Sensitivity analyses examined chronic pain prevalence among those reporting no other chronic health conditions. The prevalence of chronic pain among the general Canadian population increased by almost 4.0% (to 21.0%) in 2011/2012, after being in the range of 15.7 to 17.2% from 2000 to 2009/2010. The sudden increase in prevalence was observed 1) across all provinces in Canada, 2) in all age categories, and 3) among Canadians with no other chronic health conditions. Increasing chronic pain prevalence in Canada, most significantly occurring between 2010 and 2012, and including among healthy and young individuals, emphasizes the need for targeted research and resources to help alleviate chronic pain. PerspectiveThis study uncovers a significant increase in chronic pain prevalence in Canada between 2009/2010 and 2011/2012, driven by younger Canadians that are free of the most common chronic health conditions. This discovery emphasizes the importance of further directed research and resources to help mitigate the trend of increasing chronic pain.

Injury among the immigrant population in Canada: exploring the research landscape through a systematic scoping review

Injuries are the leading cause of death among younger Canadians and represent a large economic burden on the Canadian population. Although immigrants comprise more than 20% of the Canadian population, the research landscape on injury in this group is unclear. We conducted a scoping review to summarize existing research regarding injuries among Canadian immigrants to identify research gaps and future research opportunities. Relevant electronic databases of peer-reviewed articles and grey literature were systematically searched. Original articles were selected based on predefined criteria. Relevant information from the articles was extracted and reported in the review. After a comprehensive search, screening and full-text evaluation, 28 articles were selected for the synthesis. Of the injuries that have been studied among Canadian immigrants, the majority focused on occupational injuries, followed by road traffic accidents. Of the 28 studies, 16 were quantitative and 12 were qualitative. The research themes among occupational injury papers centred on factors leading to injury, factors leading to delayed reporting and compensation of injury and post-occupational injury experiences. Language barriers, informal training and the mismatch between education and occupation among immigrants were found to be the most frequent determinants of injury risk. The synthesized knowledge in this scoping review offers an understanding of the current research landscape on injury among immigrants that can be used to assist policymakers, service providers, employers and researchers regarding injuries in this population.

Use of Hospitals by Older versus Younger Canadians: Myths and Misconceptions

ABSTRACTThis study investigated concerns regarding the extensive use of hospitals by older people and subsequent long wait lists. We analysed complete individual-anonymous, 2014-2015 inpatient hospital data for all Canadian provinces and territories (except Quebec). People aged 65 and older accounted for 37.0 per cent of all hospital episodes and 41.5 per cent of all admissions to intensive or coronary care units. Similarly, of all admitted individuals, 32.8 per cent were older. The data also revealed only 14.3 per cent of older Canadians living outside of Quebec were admitted to hospital one or more times that year. This study indicates that issues other than hospital use by older people should be addressed in Canada for improved hospital accessibility. Improved care of older persons is also indicated, as their higher risk of hospital admission, longer hospital stays, and dying in hospital could be from a lack of age-informed hospital and community services.

Bigger CPP, Bigger Risks: What 'Fully Funded' Expansion Means and Doesn't Mean

Younger Canadians are at a material risk of picking up the tab should the soon-to-be expanded Canada Pension Plan experience investment return shortfalls, according to a new C.D. Howe Institute report. In “Bigger CPP, Bigger Risks: What “Fully Funded” Expansion Means and Doesn’t Mean,” authors William B.P. Robson and Alexandre Laurin assess the risks of an expanded CPP and suggest how federal and provincial finance ministers can mitigate them.

A surgical intervention for the body politic: Generation Squeeze applies the Advocacy Coalition Framework to social determinants of health knowledge translation.

The World Health Organization Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) observes that building political will is central to all its recommendations, because governments respond to those who organize and show up. Since younger Canadians are less likely to vote or to organize in between elections, they are less effective at building political will than their older counterparts. This results in an age gap between SDoH research and government budget priorities. Whereas Global AgeWatch ranks Canada among the top countries for aging, UNICEF ranks Canada among the least generous OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries for the generations raising young children. A surgical intervention into the body politic. Guided by the "health political science" literature, the intervention builds a non-profit coalition to perform science-based, non-partisan democratic engagement to increase incentives for policy-makers to translate SDoH research about younger generations into government budget investments. All four national parties integrated policy recommendations from the intervention into their 2015 election platforms. Three referred to, or consulted with, the intervention during the election. The intervention coincided with all parties committing to the single largest annual increase in spending on families with children in over a decade. Since many population-level decisions are made in political venues, the concept of population health interventions should be broadened to include activities designed to mobilize SDoH science in the world of politics. Such interventions must engage with the power dynamics, values, interests and institutional factors that mediate the path by which science shapes government budgets.

Measuring Religious Identity Differently

The research project reported here seeks to discover more about how Canadians, and younger Canadians in particular, imagine and construct their personal religious identities, and how they do so in a context of institutionalized religious diversity.

Critical reflections from the millennials on the global action against dementia legacy events

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to share information regarding the Global Action Against Dementia Legacy, to critically reflect on the views of the Canadian Young Leaders of Dementia and to strengthen the impact of their voices in the global discussion surrounding dementia. Design/methodology/approach – This offers a critical reflection and review of the innovative intergenerational discussions and solutions offered by younger Canadians – specifically, the Millennial Generation. Findings – The paper provides insights about how change and solutions in dementia actions may be established through intergenerational collaboration. Research limitations/implications – Researchers are encouraged to make room for the voices of younger, less established generations in both discussions and research related to dementia. The younger generations will provide future direction to the Global Action Against Dementia Legacy so it is time to hear their voice too. Originality/value – This paper draws on developments in the Canadian context to highlight the potential of encouraging a less-usual, intergenerational approach to developing engagement, research and solutions in dementia.

PCV102 - Drug Use Among Seniors On Public Drug Programs In Canada, 2012

Seniors take more drugs than younger Canadians because, on average, they have a higher number of chronic conditions. Although taking multiple medications may be necessary to manage these conditions, it is important to consider the benefits and risks of each medication and the therapeutic goals of the patient. This article provides an in-depth look at the number and types of drugs used by seniors using drug claims data from the CIHI’s National Prescription Drug Utilization Information System Database, representing approximately 70% of seniors in Canada. In 2012, almost two-thirds (65.9%) of seniors on public drug programs had claims for five or more drug classes, while 27.2% had claims for 10 or more, and 8.6% had claims for 15 or more. The most commonly used drug class was statins, used by nearly half (46.6%) of seniors. Nearly two-thirds (60.9%) of seniors living in long-term care (LTC) facilities had claims for 10 or more drug classes. Proton pump inhibitors were the most commonly used drug class among seniors living in LTC facilities (used by 37.0% of seniors in LTC facilities), while statins ranked seventh (29.8%). Introduction Seniors take more drugs than younger Canadians because, on average, they have a higher number of chronic conditions (Ramage-Morin 2009; CIHI 2011). Using multiple prescription medications is an important part of managing many of these conditions (CIHI 2011; Terner et al. 2011; Kwan and Farrell 2012). Although taking multiple medications may be necessary to manage these conditions, it is important to consider the benefits and risks of each medication and the therapeutic goals of the patient. This article uses drug claims data from the CIHI’s National Prescription Drug Utilization Information System (NPDUIS) Database to provide an in-depth look at the number and types of drugs used by seniors, and to compare drug use among seniors living in long-term care (LTC) facilities and those living in the community. The NPDUIS Database currently contains claims data from public drug programs in eight Canadian provinces – Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia – as well as one federal drug program, managed by the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch. Data include drug claims for approximately 70% of Canadian seniors. How Many Drugs Are Seniors Using? In 2012, almost two-thirds (65.9%) of seniors on public drug programs had claims for five or more drug classes, while 27.2% had claims for 10 or more, and 8.6% had claims for 15 or more. The number of drug classes used by seniors increased with age (Figure 1). In 2012, 42.7% of seniors aged 65–74 had claims for fewer than five drug classes and 20.0% had claims for 10 or more. Among seniors aged 85 and older, 20.5% had claims for fewer than five drug classes, while 39.3% had claims for 10 or more, including 13.2% with claims for 15 or more classes. As seniors age, they tend to use more prescription drugs owing to a higher prevalence of certain chronic conditions (Ramage-Morin 2009; CIHI 2011; Kwan and Farrell 2012). Which Drugs Are Most Commonly Used by Seniors? In 2012, 6 of the 10 most commonly used drug classes among seniors on public drug programs were cardiovascular-related (Table 1). The most commonly used drug class was statins, which are used to lower cholesterol. Nearly half (46.6%) of seniors had at least one claim for a statin in 2012. The next most commonly used drug classes were angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitors, used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are used to treat gastroesophageal reflux and peptic ulcer disease. These were used by 28.2% and 26.9% of seniors, respectively. Statins were the most commonly used drug class in each age group, although the rate of statin use varied with age, from 46.1% among seniors aged 65–74, peaking at 50.9% in seniors aged 75–84 and declining to a low of 39.1% in seniors aged 85 and older. Two drug classes – sulfonamide diuretics (used to treat high CIHI Survey

Drug Use among Seniors on Public Drug Programs in Canada, 2012

Seniors take more drugs than younger Canadians because, on average, they have a higher number of chronic conditions. Although taking multiple medications may be necessary to manage these conditions, it is important to consider the benefits and risks of each medication and the therapeutic goals of the patient. This article provides an in-depth look at the number and types of drugs used by seniors using drug claims data from the CIHI's National Prescription Drug Utilization Information System Database, representing approximately 70% of seniors in Canada. In 2012, almost two-thirds (65.9%) of seniors on public drug programs had claims for five or more drug classes, while 27.2% had claims for 10 or more, and 8.6% had claims for 15 or more. The most commonly used drug class was statins, used by nearly half (46.6%) of seniors. Nearly two-thirds (60.9%) of seniors living in long-term care (LTC) facilities had claims for 10 or more drug classes. Proton pump inhibitors were the most commonly used drug class among seniors living in LTC facilities (used by 37.0% of seniors in LTC facilities), while statins ranked seventh (29.8%).

The Canadian Shift: Its Acoustic Trajectory and Consequences for Vowel Categorization

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The Canadian Vowel Shift (CS), generally described as a systematic lowering and backing of the front lax vowels (/</span><span>ɪ</span><span>, </span><span>ɛ</span><span>, æ/; as in </span><span>KIT</span><span>, </span><span>DRESS</span><span>, and </span><span>TRAP</span><span>), has been investigated by several researchers over the last two decades (see Boberg 2005, 2008, 2010; Clarke, Elms & Youssef 1995; Hoffman 2010; Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006; Roeder & Jarmasz 2010; Sadlier- Brown & Tamminga 2008, among others). Using apparent-time comparisons of older and younger Canadians’ vowel spaces, these studies do not always agree on the acoustic trajectory of the CS, notably whether the front lax vowels are principally receding and/or lowering; perhaps these disagreements are unsurprising given the ongoing nature of the vowel shift, the variety of birth years interviewed, and the studies’ methodological differences and diverse locales. Boberg (2005) found /</span><span>ɛ</span><span>/ to be retracting and /æ/ to be lowering and then retracting in the speech of Anglophone Montrealers; this paper addresses the current apparent-time trajectory of the CS in one Montreal community. In addition, though several studies have investigated the CS in vowel production, nearly none (save De Decker 2010) have probed its effect on the perceptual categorization of vowels. This paper also introduces a perception experiment carried out with the same participants interviewed for production data.</span></p></div></div></div>

Social Capital and Ethno-racial Diversity: Learning to Trust in an Immigrant Society

This article builds on the insights of the contact hypothesis and political socialization literatures to go beyond recent findings that racial and ethnic diversity have overwhelmingly negative effects on social capital, particularly generalized trust. Using the Canadian General Social Survey (2003), our results show that despite a negative relationship among adults, younger Canadians with racial and ethnic diversity in their social networks show higher levels of generalized trust. The results seem to confirm that youth socialization experiences with rising diversity and the normalization of diversity in a multicultural environment contribute to beneficial (instead of detrimental) effects of diverse social networks.

Genital Warts: Stepwise Approach to Cure

Genital Warts: Stepwise Approach to Cure Genital warts or venereal warts are the most common sexually-transmitted disease caused by the non-oncogenic human papilomavirus (HPV). Genital warts are highly contagious and sexual contact should be avoided when genital warts are present. Canadians, especially younger Canadians, perceive genital warts with a fair degree of social stigma and genital warts have a negative impact on their psyche. It is essential to note that there is no single effective cure for genital warts and that recurrence is always a possibility. As such, genital warts are associated with a significant burden of illness and costs to the healthcare system.

The Contours of Political Party Membership in Canada

This overview of political party membership in Canada begins with an examination of the norms of party membership in the new Canadian party system and then considers who belongs to Canada’s parties, what activities members engage in and how active they are in party affairs. Data from a survey of members of the five major federal parties demonstrate that few Canadians belong to political parties, and those who do belong are not representative of voters generally. The findings also suggest that members are primarily engaged in low-intensity activity and generally contribute little time to party affairs. We conclude that the parties’ inability to engage a significant number of voters as members, particularly younger Canadians, presents an ongoing challenge to their vitality as democratic institutions.

The social psychology of perceived prejudice and discrimination.

D.O. Hebb Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology as a Science (2001) - Prix D.O. Hebb pour contributions remarquables it la psychologie en tant que science (2001) Abstract Most research on prejudice has followed a unidirectional orientation of investigating why or when majority- or dominant-group members become prejudiced toward members of minority or subordinate groups without considering the effects of prejudice and discrimination upon its victims. By contrast, my research program over the past quarter-- century deals with the of prejudice and discrimination from the perspective of the and has sought to answer questions such as the following: What is it like to be discriminated against on the basis of an arbitrary characteristic such as ethnicity, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, etc.? What are the social-psychological and affective correlates and consequences to individuals who confront prejudice and discrimination by virtue of membership in a minority or subordinate group? This paper presents a sampling of my research on the of prejudice and discrimination, along with several theoretical perspectives that I have used and developed to help to understand this issue. Canada prides itself, quite rightly, as being a tolerant society in which people from different racial, ethnic, religious, and national backgrounds can live together amicably in forming our national mosaic. Nevertheless, members of some groups often feel themselves to be discriminated against in personal, economic, social, and/or political spheres. Feeling one is a of discrimination or prejudice is hardly rare. A national Gallup poll in the early 1990s showed one in four Canadians believed they had been discriminated against on some basis. The same question posed 10 years previously found one in five Canadians felt discriminated against. So, perceived discrimination is increasing, slowly but surely, and may continue to do so in future as individuals' sense of entitlement increases and/or their willingness to tolerate inequity declines or disappears. Moreover, a national survey of Canadians by Angus Reid in the early-1990s showed that Canadians are generally aware of discrimination against some groups in our country. Nearly half strongly agreed that discrimination against nonwhites was a problem in Canada. Younger Canadians, particularly those under 24 years old, were especially likely to agree that discrimination is a problem in Canada. In the early-1970s, I began conducting research into the then neglected topic of prejudice and discrimination from the perspective of the victim or target. I wanted to explore what I called the of prejudice. My colleagues and I asked questions such as: What is it like to be a of prejudice or discrimination? What are the affective and socialpsychological consequences or correlates of perceiving prejudice and discrimination aimed at oneself and one's group? To explore these issues, we have used methods ranging from controlled experiments in the psychological laboratory to correlational and survey studies assessing the correlates of perceived discrimination in the community and society outside the laboratory. With my collaborators, I have tried to show that the phenomenology of prejudice and discrimination is not only researchable, but also very informative about the groups and individuals who confront them. The picture that emerges from this research is complex, with some clearly negative features but also some positive - or at least, apparently non-negative - features, as well. Not surprisingly, perceiving oneself to be a target of prejudice or discrimination has demonstrable, negative impact upon the individual, and I speculate theoretically about why and in what sense it is a negative experience. However, every cloud usually has at least a bit of a silver lining. The silver lining here is that perceived prejudice and discrimination, under some circumstances, may help buffer or protect aspects of the self-concept for members of certain minority or subordinate groups, in some instances. …

The Entry and Exit Dynamics of Self-Employment in Canada

This paper i) documents the extent and cyclicality of self-employment entry and exit flows; ii) explores transitions to and from self-employment; and iii) investigates the influence of individual characteristics and labour market experience as well as macroeconomic conditions on the probability of moving into or out of self-employment. The self-employed sector now employs over two and a half million Canadian workers, has expanded on average by over 4% a year so far in this decade and accounted for over three out of every four new jobs the economy has created. There are substantial flows both into and out of self-employment over the last 15 years. Gross flows into and out of self-employment averaged nearly half a million per year between 1982 and 1994, amounting to 42% of the total self-employed population. Regression results reveal no statistical evidence supporting the dominance of the push hypothesis over the pull hypothesis--the notion that people are increasingly pushed into self-employment by deteriorating economic conditions. This analysis is done both through time-series analysis and the analysis of the determinants of flows into (and out of) self-employment. As in paid employment, younger Canadians are subject to higher turnover in self-employment--they are not only more likely to enter but also substantially more likely to leave self-employment. Prior paid-employment experience and prior self-employment experience are both found to be associated with a higher likelihood of entering self-employment. The longer one is self-employed, the less likely he/she is going to leave the business. Having a spouse in business (being self-employed) substantially increases the likelihood of the other spouse becoming self-employed--a self-employed spouse often attracts the other to either join the family business or start their own. We also find evidence that steady family income through paid-employment from one spouse increases the self-employed's (the other spouse's) affordability to continue with the business venture and hence reduces the likelihood of leaving self-employment.

Polarcardiographic criteria for myocardial infarction in Chinese men

Polarcardiograms (PCG) derived from xyz leads of the Frank electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded in the supine position in 1264 initially healthy middle-aged Chinese men who had been under continuing medical surveillance and were re-examined seven years later. Polarcardiographic criteria for myocardial infarction (MI) were demonstrated in 97 men (7.7%), but only 15 of them showed diagnostic Q waves in the electrocardiogram (ECG). Polarcardiographic criteria for MI were independent of age, but ranged from 4.3% in 464 apparently normal men to 38% in 21 men with manifestations of ischemic heart disease. The possible association of polarcardiographic criteria and a history of smoking was limited to those with clinical evidence of heart disease. The "false positive" rate of 4.3% in clinically normal men was similar to that reported in younger Canadians and in Cretan population samples.