Untrained Young Men Research Articles

Comparison of Irisin Serum Healthy Untrained Males on Treadmill Exercises by Increasing Gradually Speed Vs Inclination

Aerobic exercise can improve cardiorespiratory fitness in young people. Irises released into the bloodstream function to execute regulation of energy metabolism, triggering browning white adipose, which is useful in mitochondrial biogenesis. The American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) recommends moderate intensity cardiorespiratory fitness training with a frequency of 3-5 times a week, duration of 20-60 minutes, using a treadmill. Study subjects (n = 20) were divided randomly into 2 groups, namely the moderate intensity Treadmill training group with gradual speed improvement and gradual inclination increase. Serum slices are measured on the first and last day of exercise. There was an increasing of irisin serum in the moderate intensity Treadmill training group by increasing gradually speed after 2 weeks of exercise, both 30 minutes pre-exercise (p = 0.02) and 1 hour post exercise (p = 0.01). Medium intensity Treadmill training with 2 weeks gradual speed increase with frequency 3 times a week can increase serum slice in men, healthy untrained young men.

Chronic capsiate supplementation increases fat-free mass and upper body strength but not the inflammatory response to resistance exercise in young untrained men: a randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind study

BackgroundAcute capsaicinoid and capsinoid supplementation has endurance and resistance exercise benefits; however, if these short-term performance benefits translate into chronic benefits when combined with resistance training is currently unknown. This study investigated changes of chronic Capsiate supplementation on muscular adaptations, inflammatory response and performance in untrained men.MethodsTwenty untrained men were randomized to ingest 12 mg Capsiate (CAP) or placebo in a parallel, double-blind design. Body composition and performance were measured at pre-training and after 6 weeks of resistance training. An acute resistance exercise session test was performed pre and post-intervention. Blood samples were collected at rest and post-resistance exercise to analyze Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), Soluble TNF- receptor (sTNF-r), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10).ResultsExercise and CAP supplementation increased fat-free mass in comparison to baseline by 1.5 kg (P < 0.001), however, the majority of the increase (1.0 kg) resulted from an increase in total body water. The CAP change scores for fat-free mass were significantly greater in comparison to the placebo (CAP ∆%= 2.1 ± 1.8 %, PLA ∆%= 0.7 ± 1.3 %, P = 0.043) and there was a significant difference between groups in the bench press exercise (P = 0.034) with greater upper body strength change score for CAP (∆%= 13.4 ± 9.1 %) compared to placebo (∆%= 5.8 ± 5.2 %), P = 0.041. CAP had no effect on lower body strength and no supplementation interactions were observed for all cytokines in response to acute resistance exercise (P > 0.05).ConclusionChronic Capsiate supplementation combined with resistance training during short period (6 weeks) increased fat-free mass and upper body strength but not inflammatory response and performance in young untrained men.

The influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in the responsiveness to post-activation jump performance enhancement in untrained young men

ABSTRACT We aimed to investigate the influence of alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism on responsiveness to post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) of countermovement jumps (CMJ) in untrained subjects. Sixteen untrained men were allocated into two groups according to their ACTN3 gene alleles: homozygous for the X allele (XX, n = 9) or homozygous for the R allele (RR, n = 7). CMJ height, mean power output and vertical force were determined twice (CMJ1 and CMJ2) in two conditions: control (CON) and potentiated (PAPE). In the CON condition, CMJ were performed before and after a 15-min rest. In the PAPE condition, CMJ were performed 15 min before and 4 min following five squats with a 5-repetition maximum (5RM) load. Different conditions were applied on separate days in a randomized order. Statistical analysis involved three-way ANOVAs to compare the differences between conditions (CON and PAPE), time (CMJ1 and CMJ2), and groups (XX and RR). Significance level considered was p &lt; 0.05. Effect sizes were calculated as Cohen’s d. The effect sizes for changes in CMJ height for CON and following pre-activation for PAPE were 0.04 and 0.08, respectively. No significant differences were found for CMJ height between XX and RR at baseline (1.07 ± 2.54 cm e -0.82 ± 2.56 cm, respectively). No differences were found (p&gt;0.05) in responsiveness to PAPE between the groups (XX = -0.20 ± 1.6 cm and RR = -0.81 ± 2.7 cm). We conclude that ACTN3 gene polymorphisms does not influence responsiveness to PAPE.

Effect of home processing methods on the levels of heavy metal contaminants in four food crops grown in and around two mining towns in Ghana.

Unregulated small-scale mining activities, by young untrained men using some poisonous chemicals, occur in several agricultural forest belts in Ghana. These activities contaminate water bodies in these areas, which happen to be the main farming sites where food crops are intensively cultivated. The presence of these heavy metal contaminants in popular food staples is therefore worrying because of its adverse health implications. Previous studies have shown that processing is able to decrease the concentrations of heavy metals in foods. This study investigated the effectiveness of home processing methods (boiling, frying and roasting) in significantly reducing the levels of heavy metal contaminants in food crops grown in and around two main mining centers in Ghana. The heavy metals contaminants analyzed for, were Arsenic (As), Cadmium, (Cd), lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), and Mercury (Hg), determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). From the data, the average daily intakes of the heavy metals and the associated long-term health risks to consumers were assessed. Unprocessed samples from Akwatia had higher levels of contaminants than those from Obuasi. Levels of Mn, Pb and As recorded in all unprocessed samples were higher compared to WHO permissible limits in foods. The levels showed a decreasing trend in the processed samples; with the lowest As and Pb content recorded after frying and boiling. The study showed that roasting allowed for the least reduction in the heavy metal contaminations in the four food crops. The levels of Cd in both processed and unprocessed samples were within safe WHO specifications. Except for Pb in unprocessed cassava, boiled cassava and unprocessed plantain and Hg (unprocessed yam and roasted yam), the hazard indices of all metals in all food crops were less than one and posed no risk to consumers. The study therefore reveals that the normal home processing methods are able to reduce the levels of heavy metal contaminants found in cassava, cocoyam, plantain and yam considerably.

Muscle length influence on rectus femoris damage and protective effect in knee extensor eccentric exercise.

This study tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of rectus femoris (RF) damage and the repeated bout effect (RBE) would be greater after knee extensor eccentric exercise performed in a supine (long RF lengths) than a sitting (short RF lengths) position, and the muscle length effects would be more prominent at the proximal than distal RF. Young untrained men were placed to one of the two groups (n = 14 per group). S group performed the knee extensor eccentric exercise in the sitting position for the first bout and the supine position for the second bout, and L group performed the exercise in the supine position for two bouts, with 4 weeks between bouts. Dependent variables included evoked and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque, electromyography (EMG) during MVC, muscle soreness, and shear modulus, which were measured before and 1‐3 days after each exercise bout. After the first bout, L group in comparison with S group showed greater (P < .05) changes in hip flexor MVC torque (average of 1‐3 days post‐exercise: −11.1 ± 9.4% vs −5.0 ± 7.5%), proximal RF EMG (−22.4 ± 16% vs −9.0 ± 21.9%), and proximal RF shear modulus (33.2 ± 22.8% vs 16.9 ± 13.5%). No significant differences between groups were evident for any of other variables after the first bout including knee extensor MVC torque, and for the changes in all variables after the second bout. These results supported the hypothesis that RF damage would be greater for the spine than sitting position especially at the proximal region, but did not support the hypothesis about the RBE.

Peculiarities of men's adaptation potential under the force loads effects

We studied the problems of improving sports and fitness classes in strength fitness to increase the adaptive capacity of the body of untrained young men aged 20-21 years old by using different load regimes. In the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, it was found that the methodology and the impact of loads on adaptation processes are not comprehensively studied. In addition, effective and at the same time safe load regimens using various exercises in sports and recreation are not developed to the full extent. To study the impact of strength training, 20 untrained people were invited. They used two load modes: Group 1 - standard level and Group 2 - high-intensity and low-volume mode.As a result of the analysis of the obtained indicators of adaptive potential in the 1st group, which were recorded during 3 months of training under power loads, the optimal period of duration of significant adaptive changes in their body, which intensified after the second month of training, was determined. The analysis of lean body weight shows an increase relative to the second month not only in the 1st group, but no significant changes were recorded in the 2nd group. The analysis of the results of the comprehensive body size of young men in both untrained groups show almost identical parameters. The level of coverage in the participants of the 1st group is on average 8.9% lower compared to the results obtained in the 2nd group.Based on the results obtained, we can say that the most informative markers for assessing adaptive changes in the body of men with a low level of physical fitness are morphometric parameters of the body.

Effect of Protein and Carbohydrate Combined with Resistance Training on Muscular Adaptation

The purpose was to compare the effects of protein (whey protein) and carbohydrate supplementation and protein alone both combined with resistance training on muscle strength, muscle mass and total training volume progression in untrained young men. Resistance training was performed using the leg press and knee extension until concentric failure (8-12 repetition maximum), three times a week for eight weeks. Muscle strength and muscle cross-sectional area were assessed before and after training. Total training volume progression was calculated considering the first and eighth week. Seventeen men completed the study (protein and carbohydrate, n=9, age 23.44 ± 4.56 years, weight: 62.13±6.17 kg, height: 1.75±0.02 m, body mass index: 20.29±2.08 kg/m2; protein, n=8, age 24.63±2.39 years, weight: 69.01±5.57 kg, height: 1.77±0.07 m; body mass index: 21.64±1.05 kg/m2. Both protocols showed similar increases in muscle strength (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=1.28; protein=0.97; p<0.001), muscle cross sectional area (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=0.66; protein=0.47; p<0.001) and total training volume progression (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=2.68; protein=1.63; p<0.001) after training. No differences were found between groups p>0.05). Protein and carbohydrate supplementation combined with resistance training does not induce greater gains in muscle strength, hypertrophy and total training volume compared to resistance training combined with protein alone in untrained individuals.

Neuromuscular determinants of explosive torque: Differences among strength-trained and untrained young and older men.

This study compared the differences in neural and muscular mechanisms related to explosive torque in chronically strength-trained young and older men (>5years). Fifty-four participants were allocated into four groups according to age and strength training level: older untrained (n=14; 65.6±2.9years), older trained (n=12; 63.6±3.8years), young untrained (n=14; 26.2±3.7years), and young trained (n=14; 26.7±3.4years). Knee extension isometric voluntary explosive torque (absolute and normalized as a percentage of maximal voluntary torque) was assessed at the beginning of the contraction (ie, 50, 100, and 150ms-T50, T100, and T150, respectively), and surface electromyogram (sEMG) amplitude (normalized as a percentage of sEMG recorded during maximal voluntary isometric contraction) at 0-50, 50-100, and 100-150 time windows. Supramaximal electrically evoked T50 was assessed with octet trains delivered to the femoral nerve (8 pulses at 300Hz). Voluntary T50, T100, and T150 were higher for trained than untrained in absolute (P<0.001) and normalized (P<0.030) terms, accompanied by higher sEMG at 0-50, 50-100, and 100-150ms (P<0.001), and voluntary T50/octet T50 ratio for trained. Greater octet T50 was observed for the young trained (P<0.001) but not for the older trained (P=0.273) compared to their untrained counterparts. Age effect was observed for voluntary T50, T100, and T150 (P<0.050), but normalization removed these differences (P>0.417). Chronically strength-trained young and older men presented a greater explosive torque than their untrained pairs. In young trained, the greater explosive performance was attributed to enhanced muscular and neural mechanisms, while in older trained to neural mechanisms only.

Response to Three Weeks of Sprint Interval Training Cannot Be Explained by the Exertional Level.

Background and Objectives: The all-out mode of sprint interval training (SIT) has been shown to be an efficient method for improving sports performance, exercise capacity, and aerobic fitness. Although the benefits of SIT are well described, the mechanisms underlying the different degrees of response remain largely unexplored. We aimed to assess the effects of exertion on the responsiveness to SIT. Materials and Methods: The participants were 28 young untrained men (mean ± SD age 25.7 ± 6.03 years) who exhibited either a large or small increase in Wingate test average power in response to nine SIT sessions performed over three weeks. Each training session comprised four–six bouts of 30 s all-out cycling interspaced with 4 min of rest. Individual responses were assessed using heart rate (HR) during exercise for all nine sessions, as well as blood lactate concentration up to 1 h, and the decrement in maximal voluntary knee extension torque (MVC) up to 24 h after the first and last training sessions. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and maximum HR were measured before and after training during an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Results: Although all participants showed benefits of SIT such as increased VO2peak, the increase in anaerobic cycling power varied between participants. We identified 17 high responders and nine low responders, whose average power outputs were 0.80 ± 0.22 and 0.22 ± 0.19 W/kg, respectively. The HR achieved during any of the training sessions did not differ between high and low responders. The lactate kinetics did not differ between groups before and after the intervention. Training resulted in a more rapid recovery of MVC without any discernible differences between the high and low responders. Conclusion: The differences in the responses to SIT are not dependent on the exertion level during training.

Eight-Week Low-Intensity Squat Training at Slow Speed Simultaneously Improves Knee and Hip Flexion and Extension Strength.

Considering that the squat exercise requires flexion and extension of the knee and hip joints, a resistance training program based on squat exercises should efficiently increase the flexion and extension strength of both the knee and hip. To our knowledge, however, no study has simultaneously investigated the effects of squat training on both flexion and extension strength in both the knee and hip. Low-intensity squat exercises at slow speeds can be expected to effectively and safely improve knee and hip flexion and extension strength in a wide range of individuals. This study aimed to clarify whether knee and hip flexion and extension strength improved after an 8-week low-intensity squat training program at slow speed. Twenty-four untrained young men were randomly assigned to a training or control group. Participants in the training group performed 40% one-repetition maximum parallel squats at slow speed (4 s for concentric/eccentric actions), 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Before and after the intervention, isometric peak torque of the knee and hip flexors and extensors during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was determined. For the knee flexors and extensors, muscle volume was also measured. There were significant training-induced increases in peak torque (P < 0.05). The training effects on knee and hip extension torque (effect size = 0.36–0.38) were higher than those on knee and hip flexion torque (effect size = 0.09–0.13). The squat training used here increased both knee and hip flexion and extension strength, but the training effects on the flexion strength were less than those on the extension strength. Regarding the knee extensors, a significant training-related increase in muscle volume was found (P < 0.05) without neuromuscular adaptations. In addition, there were significant correlations between the training-induced increases in muscle volume and peak torque of KE. These results suggest that muscle hypertrophy may be responsible for increased muscle strength of the knee extensors after an 8-week low-intensity squat training program at slow speed.

Muscle Damage Increases Autophagy Activation In Untrained Young Men

INTRODUCTION: The autophagic process is a key regulator of muscle repair and steroid hormones have been shown to alter this autophagic response. To date, no study has determined the effects of the acute resistance exercise (RE)-induced hormonal response on the autophagic process during muscle regeneration. PURPOSE: To examine the effect of the acute RE-induced hormone response on the autophagic process in untrained young men. METHODS: Untrained young men (n=8, 22 ± 3y; height: 180 ± 5.7cm; weight: 80 ± 15kg) completed two sessions of 80 unilateral maximal eccentric knee extensions. Immediately after knee extensions, participants completed either 20-min of rest (CON) or upper body resistance exercise (EX). Muscle samples were collected from the vastus lateralis before exercise (BL), and 12-hr and 24-hr after exercise sessions. Real-time PCR was used to determine the gene expression for autophagic initiation signaling markers (i.e. FOXO3, MTOR, and AKT) and autophagic markers (i.e., ATG5, ATG7, LC3A, LC3B, ULK1, and p62). RESULTS: A significant (p<0.05) time effect was found for AKT, FOXO3A, ATG5, and p62 expression. AKT expression increased from BL to 12-hr (1.97 ± 0.34-fold) and 24-hr (1.33 ± 0.12-fold) and FOXO3A expression decreased from BL at 12-hr (3.15 x 10-4 ± 2.94 x 10-4 -fold) and 24-hr (1.43 x 10-5 ± 3.02 x 10-6 -fold). Additionally, p62 increased from BL at 12-hr (4.11 ± 1.26-fold) and ATG-5 expressions increased from BL at 12-hr (1.62 ± 0.30-fold). A trend was found for MTOR towards an increase from BL at 12-hr. CONCLUSION: In response to muscle damage, the autophagic response increased from baseline in untrained young men; however, our data suggest that exercise-induced circulatory factors did not affect the autophagic process in untrained men.

No Significant Differences in Muscle Growth and Strength Development When Consuming Soy and Whey Protein Supplements Matched for Leucine Following a 12 Week Resistance Training Program in Men and Women: A Randomized Trial.

There are conflicting reports regarding the efficacy of plant versus animal-derived protein to support muscle and strength development with resistance training. The purpose of this study was to determine whether soy and whey protein supplements matched for leucine would comparably support strength increases and muscle growth following 12 weeks of resistance training. Sixty-one untrained young men (n = 19) and women (n = 42) (18–35 year) enrolled in this study, and 48 completed the trial (17 men, 31 women). All participants engaged in supervised resistance training 3×/week and consumed 19 grams of whey protein isolate or 26 grams of soy protein isolate, both containing 2 g (grams) of leucine. Multi-level modeling indicated that total body mass (0.68 kg; 95% CI: 0.08, 1.29 kg; p < 0.001), lean body mass (1.54 kg; 95% CI: 0.94, 2.15 kg; p < 0.001), and peak torque of leg extensors (40.27 Nm; 95% CI: 28.98, 51.57 Nm, p < 0.001) and flexors (20.44 Nm; 95% CI: 12.10, 28.79 Nm; p < 0.001) increased in both groups. Vastus lateralis muscle thickness tended to increase, but this did not reach statistical significance (0.12 cm; 95% CI: −0.01, 0.26 cm; p = 0.08). No differences between groups were observed (p > 0.05). These data indicate that increases in lean mass and strength in untrained participants are comparable when strength training and supplementing with soy or whey matched for leucine.

Do the anatomical and physiological properties of a muscle determine its adaptive response to different loading protocols?

It has been proposed that superior muscle hypertrophy may be obtained by training muscles predominant in type I fibers with lighter loads and those predominant in type II fibers with heavier loads.PurposeTo evaluate longitudinal changes in muscle strength and hypertrophy of the soleus (a predominantly slow‐twitch muscle) and gastrocnemius (muscle with a similar composition of slow and fast‐twitch fibers) when subjected to light (20–30 repetition maximum) and heavy (6–10 repetition maximum) load plantarflexion exercise.MethodsThe study employed a within‐subject design whereby 26 untrained young men had their lower limbs randomized to perform plantarflexion with a low‐load (LIGHT) and a high‐load (HEAVY) for 8 weeks. Muscle thickness was estimated via B‐mode ultrasound and maximal strength was determined by isometric dynamometry.ResultsResults showed that changes in muscle thickness were similar for the soleus and the gastrocnemius regardless of the magnitude of load used in training. Furthermore, each of the calf muscles demonstrated robust hypertrophy, with the lateral gastrocnemius showing greater gains compared to the medial gastrocnemius and soleus. Both HEAVY and LIGHT training programs elicited similar hypertrophic increases in the triceps surae. Finally, isometric strength increases were similar between loading conditions.ConclusionsThe triceps surae muscles respond robustly to regimented exercise and measures of muscle hypertrophy and isometric strength appear independent of muscle fiber type composition. Moreover, the study provides further evidence that low‐load training is a viable strategy to increase hypertrophy in different human muscles, with hypertrophic increases similar to that observed using heavy loads.

The acute and chronic effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction on hormonal responses in untrained young men: A comparison of frequency

The present study aimed to determine the effect of low-intensity training with blood flow restriction (BFR) on the response rate of anabolic hormones. Forty healthy and untrained young men, aged 18 to 25 years old, were randomly divided into five groups: one session of BFR training (BFR1), two sessions of BFR training (BFR2), one session of resistance training without BFR (WBFR1), two sessions of resistance training without BFR (WBFR2), and the control group (without training). BFR groups had three sets of 20 repetitions with 20-30% 1RM, and none-BFR groups had three sets of 10 repetitions with 70-80% 1RM for six weeks. Both BFR1 and WBFR1 groups trained 3day a week (1 session in a day and three sessions a week), BFR2 and WBFR2 groups trained three days a week (but two sessions a day and six sessions in a week) and Control group did not perform any training. The mean changes in growth hormone(GH), testosterone(TS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) hormones were determined by ELISA technique before, after a first training session and after six weeks of the training program. To the analysis of data, two way repeated measures ANOVA at a significant level of P&lt;0.05 also were used. The results showed a significant increase in GH levels in each of the four training groups as compared with the pre-test and the control group after a first training session and after six weeks of the training program (P&lt;0.05). There was no significant increase in TS levels in each of the four training groups, as compared with the pre-test and the control group in both acute and chronic TS response (P&gt;0.05). Only the WBFR1 group did not significantly increase in VEGF levels after the first training session (P&gt;0.05). In chronic VEGF response, there were no significant changes observed in all training groups as compared with the control group(P&gt;0.05). Despite the effectiveness of low-intensity BFR training, such as high-intensity resistance training on hormonal responses, two sessions per day training with the same volume does not necessarily result in larger responses in all hormones than one session per day training.

Comparison of Irisin Serum Healthy Untrained Males on Treadmill Exercises by Increasing Gradually Speed Vs Inclination

Aerobic exercise can improve cardiorespiratory fitness in young people. Irises released into the bloodstream function to execute regulation of energy metabolism, triggering browning white adipose, which is useful in mitochondrial biogenesis. The American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) recommends moderate intensity cardiorespiratory fitness training with a frequency of 3-5 times a week, duration of 20-60 minutes, using a treadmill. Study subjects (n = 20) were divided randomly into 2 groups, namely the moderate intensity Treadmill training group with gradual speed improvement and gradual inclination increase. Serum slices are measured on the first and last day of exercise. There was an increasing of irisin serum in the moderate intensity Treadmill training group by increasing gradually speed after 2 weeks of exercise, both 30 minutes pre-exercise (p = 0.02) and 1 hour post exercise (p = 0.01). Medium intensity Treadmill training with 2 weeks gradual speed increase with frequency 3 times a week can increase serum slice in men, healthy untrained young men.

Folic Acid Supplementation Increases Cardiac Parasympathetic Modulation of Heart Rate in Habitually Endurance Trained and Untrained Middle‐Aged Men

IntroductionAgeing is associated with decreased, and exercise training increased, parasympathetic modulation of heart rate (HR). Cardiac parasympathetic control has prognostic significance in cardiac disease, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to play an important role, both at the level of the sinoatrial node and through modulation of autonomic control of HR. Folic acid (FA) increases vascular NO levels. The modulatory effects of FA, ageing and exercise training on autonomic control of HR, are unknown. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that FA supplementation would increase cardiac parasympathetic modulation of HR in habitually trained and untrained middle‐aged men, with FA and exercise training eliciting greater increases than either exercise or FA alone.MethodsTwo groups of healthy, normotensive, age‐matched (55±3 years; overall mean±SEM), habitually endurance trained (n=14; VO2peak 49±1 ml/kg/min; MAtr;) and untrained (n=14; 37±1 ml/kg/min; MAun) men were studied. A comparator group of young (26±1 years) untrained (n=14; 50±1 ml/kg/min; YMun) men were also studied. Heart rate variability (HRV), an index of cardiac modulation of HR, was recorded during 7 minutes of supine rest using lead II of an ECG, both before and after 4 weeks of FA supplementation (5mg/day). Fast Fourier frequency domain measures were determined: high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and very LF (VLF). Due to skewness, HF, LF and VLF data were log transformed. LF:HF ratio and total (VLF+LF+HF) HRV were calculated. Circulating levels of folate, plasma nitrite, a stable metabolite of NO, were determined.ResultsAt baseline, HFlog, LFlog and Total HRV did not differ (p&gt;0.05) between MA groups, but were higher in YMun (p&lt;0.05). VLFlog, LF:HF, and folate levels did not differ (p&gt;0.05) between groups. Resting HR was lower (p&lt;0.05) in MAtr versus MAun, but did not differ (p&gt;0.05) between MAun and YMun. Nitrite levels were highest (p&lt;0.05) in MAtr.Post‐FAWithin‐groups, HFlog, LFlog, Total HRV and folate levels were increased (p&lt;0.05). LF:HF, VLFlog, HR and nitrite levels were unaltered (p&lt;0.05). Between‐groups, HFlog, LFlog, and Total HRV remained similar (0&gt;0.05) between MA groups, and higher (p&lt;0.05) in YMun. VLFlog, LF:HF, and folate levels did not differ (p&gt;0.05) between groups. Resting HR remained lower (p&lt;0.05) in MAtr versus MAun, and similar (p&gt;0.05) between MAun and YMun. Nitrite levels were higher (p&lt;0.05) in MAtr versus YMun.ConclusionWe report similar HF, LF and Total HRV, and lower resting HR, in trained versus untrained MA men. After four‐weeks of FA supplementation, HF, LF and Total HRV were increased, and HR unaltered, in both groups. These findings suggest cardiac parasympathetic control of HR does not differ between endurance trained and untrained MA men. In contrast, short‐term FA supplementation augments cardiac parasympathetic modulation in both groups. Further, exercise training and FA do not confer additive effects. Given the clinical significance of cardiac parasympathetic modulation of HR, FA may independently provide protective cardiac autonomic effects with healthy ageing in men.Support or Funding InformationThe research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester BRC.

Effects of Horizontal and Incline Bench Press on Neuromuscular Adaptations in Untrained Young Men

Effects of Horizontal and Incline Bench Press on Neuromuscular Adaptations in Untrained Young Men

Decrescent intensity training concurrently improves maximal anaerobic power, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and maximal oxygen uptake

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a gradually decreasing intensity training from that corresponding to maximal anaerobic power (MAnP) to that of near maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) (decrescent intensity training) on MAnP, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), and [Formula: see text] in untrained young men. Seventeen untrained young men were randomly divided into either a training (TR; n = 9) group or a control (CON; n = 8) group. The TR group performed the decrescent intensity training, whereas the CON group did not perform any exercises. The mean training time per session throughout the training period was 275 ± 135s. There was a Group × Time interaction for both absolute and relative (p < 0.01) values of [Formula: see text], MAOD, and MAnP. The TR group had significantly increased values for all variables after the 8-week training program, and the relative values of all variables were significantly higher in the TR group than in the CON group. Muscle thicknesses in the anterior and posterior aspects of the thigh and maximal isokinetic knee extension and flexion strengths improved only in the TR group (p < 0.05). A single-exercise training with gradually decreasing intensity from that corresponding to the MAnP to that of approximately 100% [Formula: see text] improves MAnP, MAOD, and [Formula: see text] concurrently, despite the short training time per session.

Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching Performed Before Resistance Training on Muscle Adaptations in Untrained Men.

Ferreira-Júnior, JB, Benine, RPC, Chaves, SFN, Borba, DA, Martins-Costa, HC, Freitas, EDS, Bemben, MG, Vieira, CA, and Bottaro, M. Effects of static and dynamic stretching performed before resistance training on muscle adaptations in untrained men. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3050-3055, 2021-This study evaluated the effects of dynamic and static stretching (SS) performed before resistance training on biceps femoris hypertrophy and knee flexor strength gains in untrained young men. Forty-five untrained young men (age, 21.2 ± 0.5 years; mass, 72.2 ± 5.6 kg; height, 178 ± 1 cm) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: (a) 80 seconds of SS (n = 14); (b) 80 seconds of dynamic stretching (DS, n = 13); or (c) control group (CON, n = 18) in which subjects performed no stretching before exercise. Both SS and DS were performed before resistance exercise. Resistance training consisted of 4 sets of 8-12 repetition maximum of seated leg curl exercise 2 days per week for 8 weeks, with a period of at least 48 hours between sessions. Unilateral biceps femoris muscle thickness (MT) and maximal isometric strength (MIS) of the knee flexors were measured 1 week before training and 1 week after the last training session. There were significant increases in MIS (SS = 13.9 ± 10.3 kgf; DS = 10.2 ± 13.1 kgf; CON = 12.7 ± 7.6 kgf; p < 0.05) and MT (SS = 6.0 ± 3.5 mm; DS = 6.7 ± 4.1 mm; CON = 5.7 ± 3.0 mm; p < 0.05) with no significant differences across groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, all groups demonstrated moderate effect sizes for MIS (1.27-1.4), and DS was the only group that had a large effect size for MT increases (DS = 2.18; SS = 1.35; CON = 0.92). In conclusion, 80 seconds of SS and DS did not induce any additional muscular adaptations to resistance training in untrained young men.

Effects of Different Intensities of Circuit Resistance Training on Plasma level of High-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Apolipoprotein M in Untrained Young Men

Effects of Different Intensities of Circuit Resistance Training on Plasma level of High-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Apolipoprotein M in Untrained Young Men