Young Scholars Research Articles

Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous immunisation with Ad5-nCOV in healthy adults aged 60 years and older primed with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): a phase 4, randomised, observer-blind, non-inferiority trial

People over 60 have been found to develop less protection after two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines than younger people. Heterologous immunisation could potentially induce more robust immune responses compared to homologous immunisation. We aimed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of a heterologous immunisation with an adenovirus type 5-vectored vaccine (Ad5-nCOV, Convidecia) among elderly who were primed with an inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac) previously. We did a randomised, observer-blinded, non-inferiority trial in healthy adults aged 60 years and older in Lianshui County (Jiangsu, China) between August 26, 2021 and May 15, 2022. 199 eligible participants who had received two doses of CoronaVac in the past 3-6 months were randomised (1:1) to receive a third dose of Convidecia (group A, n=99) or CoronaVac (group B, n=100), while 100 participants primed with one dose of CoronaVac in the past 1-2 months were randomised equally to receive a second dose of Convidecia (group C, n=50) or CoronaVac (group D, n=50). Participants and investigators were masked to the vaccine received. Primary outcomes were the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralising antibodies against live SARS-CoV-2 virus 14 days after boosting and 28-day adverse reactions. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.govNCT04952727. A heterologous third dose of Convidecia resulted in a 6.2-fold (GMTs: 286.4 vs 48.2), 6.3-fold (45.9 vs 7.3) and 7.5-fold (32.9 vs 4.4) increase in neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (BA.1.1) 14 days post boosting, respectively, compared with the homologous boost. The heterologous booster with Convidecia induced significantly higher neutralsing activities, with up to 91% inhibition in binding of Spike to ACE2 for BA.4 and BA.5 variants, compared with 35% inhibition induced by three doses of CoronaVac. For participants primed with one dose of CoronaVac, a heterologous dose of Convidecia induced higher neutralising antibodies against wild-type than two doses of CoronaVac (GMTs: 70.9 vs 9.3, p<0.0001), but not for that against variants of concern (GMTs against delta: 5.0 vs 4.0, p=0.4876; GMTs against omicron: 4.8 vs 3.7, p=0.4707). Adverse reactions were reported by 8 (8.1%) participants in group A and 4 (4.0%) in group B (p ＞ 0.05), and 8 (16.0%) in group C and 1 (2.0%) in group D (p=0.031). In elderly individuals primed with two doses of CoronaVac, the heterologous immunisation with Convidecia induced strong antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 wildtype and variants of concern, which could be an alternative regimen for enhancing protection in this vulnerable population. National Natural Science Foundation of China, Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program, and Jiangsu Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars Program.

1326-P: Diabetes Is Associated with a Higher Hearing Loss Risk in an Observational and Mendelian Randomization Study

Observational studies on diabetes and hearing loss have been controversial, and their potential causal relationship has not been investigated. We conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to determine whether type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), fasting insulin (FI), 2-h glucose (2hG), fasting glucose (FG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were associated with hearing loss. Among 497,998 individuals in the UK biobank, T1D and T2D were identified by medical history in questionnaires and clinical records. Hearing loss was primarily defined by speech-in-noise tests in the better ear (SiN hearing loss, SiNHL) and secondarily identified by International Classification of Diseases code (ICD-defined hearing loss, ICDHL) and self-reported data (hearing difficulty, HDiff; hearing difficulty with noise, HDiffn; and hearing aid use, HAid). In observational analyses, odds ratios (ORs) in people with T1D than those without diabetes were 1.27 (95% CI 1.06-1.53) for SiNHL, 1.36 (1.14-1.62) for HAid, and 1.78 (1.49-2.12) for ICDHL. The corresponding ORs in people with T2D were 1.17 (1.09-1.24), 1.16 (1.08-1.23), and 1.25 (1.16-1.34), respectively. In MR analyses, genetically predicted T1D and T2D were associated with a higher risk of SiNHL (OR 1.02 per 1-unit higher log-odds of T1D 1.02 [1.00-1.03]; T2D 1.03 [0.99-1.06]). Further analysis of glycemic traits supported an inverse association of genetically elevated FI on SiNHL (per 1-log unit increase in pmol/L FI 0.71 [0.54-0.94]), and a positive association for genetically elevated 2hG (per 1-log unit increase in mmol/L 2hG 1.18 [1.06-1.31]). Results were largely robust to sensitivity analyses accounting for horizontal pleiotropy, sample overlap, and definitions of hearing loss. Our study suggested a potential causal relationship between diabetes and hearing loss risk. The finding warrants confirmation by larger population-based studies and experimental studies on potential biological pathways. Disclosure T.Li: None. M.Sun: None. M.Wang: None. G.Zong: None. W.Gan: Employee; Novo Nordisk A/S. C.Feng: None. Y.Liu: None. Y.Cao: None. H.Han: None. D.Fu: None. H.Xing: None. H.Qin: None. Funding National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars (81922060)

Knowledge Devotee Gregory G. Maskarinec: Dhaulagiri Journal, and Me

This paper focuses on my perception and memories of Professor Gregory Maskarinec, who passed away on June 16, 2022, at 71. Professor Maskarinec was a member of the International Advisory Board of the Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. He was also an author, reviewer, and financial endower. This paper discusses how Professor Maskarinec contributed to promoting journal publication and knowledge dissemination in the field of social sciences in Nepal. The paper aims to highlight the author's perception of devotion to the production and sharing of knowledge, encouragement and promotion to young scholars, and generosity for knowledge production and sharing. Despite limited interactions, I observed some crucial points that I could highlight about his nature and worldview. The information presented here is from my observation, exchanged emails, interviews, papers, field notes, and contributions to the Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. Professor Maskarinec has shown big lessons and a path for social sciences research scholars. He taught us the importance of having contact with the research subjects. I admire the simplicity of his life and his harmonious relationship with people of different social, cultural, linguistic, and religious identities. These behaviors are based on the cultural relativism that Professor Maskarinec possessed. I strongly felt that Professor Maskarinec was observing his death closely. As he noticed he was dying soon from cancer, he focused his valuable time on the most important spiritual actions. Maskarinec was familiar with Nepali customs and rituals that can be performed before and after the final departure of life. In my understanding, a financial endowment he provided to the Dhaulagiri Journal was a part of the ritual of dan (donation). He had also requested his close friend to perform rituals at Pasupati temple in Nepal. The conclusion is that we must follow a scholarly path, which is deeply engaged with the topics and subjects and respectfully committed to knowledge sharing.

Stateful Posted Pricing with Vanishing Regret via Dynamic Deterministic Markov Decision Processes

An online problem called dynamic resource allocation with capacity constraints (DRACC) is introduced and studied in the realm of posted price mechanisms. This problem subsumes several applications of stateful pricing, including but not limited to posted prices for online job scheduling and matching over a dynamic bipartite graph. Because existing online learning techniques do not yield vanishing regret for this problem, we develop a novel online learning framework over deterministic Markov decision processes with dynamic state transition and reward functions. Following that, we prove, based on a reduction to the well-studied problem of online learning with switching costs, that if the Markov decision process admits a chasing oracle (i.e., an oracle that simulates any given policy from any initial state with bounded loss), then the online learning problem can be solved with vanishing regret. Our results for the DRACC problem and its applications are then obtained by devising (randomized and deterministic) chasing oracles that exploit the particular structure of these problems. Funding: The work of Y. Emek was supported in part by the Israel Science Foundation [Grant 1016/17]. The work of R. Lavi was partially supported by the Israel Science Foundation [Grant 2560/17] and the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 2560/17]. The work of R. Niazadeh was supported by the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. The work of Y. Shi was partially supported at the Technion by the Council for Higher Education [fellowship], and at Shandong University by the Science Fund Program of Shandong Province for Distinguished Oversea Young Scholars [Grant 2023HWYQ-006].

What’s next? Some priorities for young planning scholars to tackle tomorrow’s complex challenges

ABSTRACT Many European planning schools recently celebrated their 50th anniversary: a sign that planning education became a distinct and established discipline in Europe. Simultaneously, political regimes, paradigms, cultures, and economies continue fuelling mixed connotations within the planning sector. Additionally, growing wicked problems in built areas emphasize an even greater need for well-trained planners. These challenges span climate crises, wars, authoritarian regimes, socio-political instability, and constantly changing global geopolitics. The increasingly complex demands on planners are highly pertinent for Young Academics (YA). They require political, regulatory, and technical knowledge to navigate the profession. To support them and represent their voices in planning debates, the YA network (YAN) of AESOP was established in 2003. We, the current Coordination Team, use this paper to voice our take on the question of what planning challenges dominate and what can be done to prepare YAs better for the future. Building on plenty discussions within the YAN, literature, and AESOP’s activities at large, we propose: A challenge compilation for the profession, a list of core capacities, and a framework for future education. This shall aid in enabling YAs and educators today to set the foundation for planning sustainable and people-centered settlements tomorrow.

THE SEMINAR AS A NEW PHENOMENON AT THE FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY OF MOSCOW UNIVERSITY IN THE 1860s — EARLY 1870s

Th e emergence of seminars at the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University was a response to discussions of higher education reform in the era of the Great Reforms, when the education of students at universities was found too passive. At this time, ideologues of higher education reform de-manded that monologue lectures be supplemented with written students’ papers, which should develop their research skills and serve as a basis for communica-tion with their professors. Aft er 1862, when over a hundred young scholars were sent abroad for several years under the program of Minister of Public Instruction A.V. Golovnin, a new generation of researchers and teachers was introduced to practical studies at German universities. Th ose who had been abroad started to actively use the term seminar to refer to a new kind of practical training. By the mid-1860s, seminars appeared at Moscow University as teaching units for phi-lologists to train grammar school teachers of classical languages, and as a type of practical classes for historians, the purpose of which was to write research papers. Philologist P.M. Leontiev was one of the originators of philological seminars at Moscow University. He developed such forms of classes at the faculty as were practiced by S.P. Shevyrev in the 1850s, while V.I. Guerrier established the semi-nar as a new form of research activity for historians. It was important for him that students who chose to major in history should write papers on this discipline. While students received scholarships for their work in the philological seminars, participation in historical seminars was their personal initiative. Further develop-ment of the new form of classes was associated with attempts to divide the Faculty of History and Philology into two specializations. Offi cially, historians’ seminars became part of the faculty’s curriculum only aft er implementation of the charter of 1884.

Preface

International Conference on Energy Utilization and Automation originates from 2022 and has attracted promising researchers who are developing new directions in the field of energy utilization and automation. The 2023 2nd International Conference on Energy Utilization and Automation (ICEUA 2023), held via virtual form in Sanya, China from February 10th to 12th, 2023, is meant to unite researchers, professional experts, professors and academic staff as well as a wide range of participants of professional community from China and other countries concerned.The development of energy engineering and automation technology conforms to the national policy requirements of energy conservation and emission reduction, as well as renewable energy and clean energy development, and accelerates the development of energy industry, especially the development of large-scale utilization of solar energy and wind energy, power generation technology, smart grid and energy-saving technology. Focusing on the research fields of “energy development and utilization, energy conversion, chemical material preparation, electric power, automation and electrical engineering, automation engineering”, ICEUA 2023 provided an international exchange opportunity for about 80 related practitioners worldwide to share their professional experience, discuss the new development of disciplines, and display their research achievements.Highly eventful program of the Conference, the list of well-established organizations-participants and devoted engagement of many colleagues throughout all the stages of Conference preparation instill confidence in practical importance of mutual initiative. The framework of the Conference comprises keynote speeches, oral presentations, and academic investigation, discussing open and significant problems facing energy utilization, proposing innovative ideas and approaches to solution of the problems, and considering the new possibilities of application and development of cutting-edge energy utilization and automation.The Conference has become one of the venues for demonstrating scientific achievements of international class by leading scientists and young scholars and would facilitate the strengthening of academic cooperation, meanwhile the Conference proceedings would be expressed in the form of international scientific publishing. Various topics of the papers, gone through a vigorous peer review process, are covered in the proceedings, including: Carbon Capture and Storage, High Voltage Circuits, Power Electronics, Automation Technology Applications, Automatic Control Application Theory, etc.On behalf of the Conference Organizing Committee, we would like to thank the referees for their efficient and thoughtful actions. We are grateful to the members of the Technical Program Committee for their efforts in making and shaping the program for ICEUA 2023. Particularly, we acknowledge the publishing support from the members of Journal of Physics: Conference Series.We hope that the future ICEUA will be as successful and stimulating, as indicated with the contributions presented in this volume.The Committee of ICEUA 2023List of Committee Member are available in the pdf.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis regulates motivation for exercise.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis regulates motivation for exercise.

Lactate: A critical regulator of cell proliferation via anaphase promoting complex remodeling

Lactate: A critical regulator of cell proliferation via anaphase promoting complex remodeling

Cross-Licensing in a Supply Chain with Asymmetric Manufacturers

Problem definition: Qualcomm, the largest cellphone chipmaker in the world, had adopted a cross-licensing agreement with its clients, downstream cellphone manufacturers. It requires cellphone manufacturers to allow each other to use their patents for free. This cross-licensing practice has received considerable scrutiny and attention around the world. We study the impacts of cross-licensing in a supply chain in which an upstream supplier requires its downstream competing manufacturers to cross-license, where they are asymmetric in their innovation capabilities. Methodology/results: We build a stylized model of a supply chain consisting of one supplier and two competing manufacturers and conduct game-theoretic analysis. We find that the supplier always prefers adopting cross-licensing ex post after manufacturers’ investments are sunk, but it may prefer committing to no cross-licensing ex ante. Specifically, the supplier should commit to not using cross-licensing if the inferior manufacturer’s cost of innovation is high or the effectiveness of cross-licensing is high. Furthermore, cross-licensing may increase innovation, the superior manufacturer’s profit, and social welfare under certain conditions. Interestingly, when the superior manufacturer’s cost advantage is intermediate, the inferior manufacturer’s innovation level first increases and then decreases in the effectiveness of cross-licensing. In addition, the inferior manufacturer’s profit also first increases and then decreases as the effectiveness level of cross-licensing increases. The cross-licensing policy benefits consumers when its effectiveness level is low and the superior manufacturer’s innovation cost is either high or low. Managerial implications: Our results provide guidance on when a supplier should adopt the cross-licensing strategy. For policy makers, our findings show that cross-licensing can be beneficial for consumers and the society. In particular, to increase social welfare, policy makers may consider encouraging cross-licensing with low effectiveness level when the superior manufacturer’s innovation cost is either low or high. Funding: This research is supported by Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China [Grant 2022B1515020027]. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2019.0477 .

Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the mRNA vaccine CS-2034 as a heterologous booster versus homologous booster with BBIBP-CorV in adults aged ≥18 years: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2b trial

Heterologous boosting is suggested to be of use in populations who have received inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a heterologous vaccination with the mRNA vaccine CS-2034 versus the inactivated BBIBP-CorV as a fourth dose, as well as the efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (BA.5) variant. This trial contains a randomised, double-blind, parallel-controlled study in healthy participants aged 18 years or older (group A) and an open-label cohort in participants 60 years and older (group B), who had received three doses of inactivated whole-virion vaccines at least 6 months before enrolment. Pregnant women and people with major chronic illnesses or a history of allergies were excluded. Eligible participants in group A were stratified by age (18-59 years and ≥60 years) and then randomised by SAS 9.4 in a ratio of 3:1 to receive a dose of the mRNA vaccine (CS-2034, CanSino, Shanghai, China) or inactivated vaccine (BBIBP-CorV, Sinopharm, Beijing, China). Safety and immunogenicity against omicron variants of the fourth dose were evaluated in group A. Participants 60 years and older were involved in group B for safety observations. The primary outcome was geometric mean titres (GMTs) of the neutralising antibodies against omicron and seroconversion rates against BA.5 variant 28 days after the boosting, and incidence of adverse reactions within 28 days. The intention-to-treat group was involved in the safety analysis, while all patients in group A who had blood samples taken before and after the booster were involved in the immunogenicity analysis. This trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Centre (ChiCTR2200064575). Between Oct 13, and Nov 22, 2022, 320 participants were enrolled in group A (240 in the CS-2034 group and 80 in the BBIBP-CorV group) and 113 in group B. Adverse reactions after vaccination were more frequent in CS-2034 recipients (158 [44·8%]) than BBIBP-CorV recipients (17 [21·3%], p<0·0001). However, most adverse reactions were mild or moderate, with grade 3 adverse reactions only reported by eight (2%) of 353 participants receiving CS-2034. Heterologous boosting with CS-2034 elicited 14·4-fold (GMT 229·3, 95% CI 202·7-259·4 vs 15·9, 13·1-19·4) higher concentration of neutralising antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant BA.5 than did homologous boosting with BBIBP-CorV. The seroconversion rates of SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralising antibody responses were much higher in the mRNA heterologous booster regimen compared with BBIBP-CorV homologous booster regimen (original strain 47 [100%] of 47 vs three [18·8%] of 16; BA.1 45 [95·8%] of 48 vs two [12·5%] 16; and BA.5 233 [98·3%] of 240 vs 15 [18·8%] of 80 by day 28). Both the administration of mRNA vaccine CS-2034 and inactivated vaccine BBIBP-CorV as a fourth dose were well tolerated. Heterologous boosting with mRNA vaccine CS-2034 induced higher immune responses and protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 omicron infections compared with homologous boosting, which could support the emergency use authorisation of CS-2034 in adults. Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Jiangsu Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, and Jiangsu Provincial Key Project of Science and Technology Plan. For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Roles of tensor force and pairing correlation in two-proton radioactivity of halo nuclei* *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1832120, 11675265), the Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars of Hebei Province, China (A2020210012), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (A2021210010), the Key Laboratory of High Precision Nuclear Spectroscopy, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy

The tensor force and pairing correlation effects on the two-proton radioactivity of Mg and Si with a pronounced two-proton halo are explored in the framework of spherical Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory. It is shown that the halo sizes are enhanced with the increase in the strength of the tensor force and pairing correlation. Furthermore, the increasing halo sizes lead to the enhancement of diproton emission. Then, the tensor force is found to have a small influence on the two-proton decay energies, and the two-proton decay energies calculated with strong surface pairing are smaller than those with weak mixed pairing. Because the two-proton decay energies are relatively large, the predicted order of magnitude of half-lives within the effective liquid drop model is not sensitive to the decay energy variation caused by the tensor force and pairing correlation, which has a value of approximately 10 s.

Experiential Tourism and Homestays in Kerala

When we undertake leisure travel, in most cases, we want to enjoy the history and civilization of a distant location, relax in an eco-friendly destination, or experience the beauty of local culture like dance, drama, theatre, handicrafts, or any other fine arts. These experiences become memorable and remain in our minds for longer duration. The interests for experiential tourism have gained more importance among young generations and scholars and tourism practitioners of late. This process or trend in leisure travel is also known as “Immersion travel”. Uniqueness of the destination and authentic experiences are the hall marks of experiential tourism. Tourism is a principal contributor to the State’s economy in Kerala. Kerala has topped the list of the ‘Most Welcoming Region’ in India, according to a survey conducted by leading digital travel platform Booking.com. Because of its uniqueness, National Geographic Traveler selected Kerala as one of the best 50 destinations of a life time and also as one of the thirteen paradises in the world. Of late, the Responsible tourism destinations in the state and the new STREET (acronym for Sustainable, Tangible, Responsible, Experiential, Ethnic, Tourism hubs) projects have attracted many enthusiastic experiential travelers. Homestays in Kerala are an alternate accommodation option and they are part of the sharing economy. They also provide opportunities for Village tourism and authentic socio-cultural experiences. The homestays in Kerala are concentrated in those districts where there are a lot of destination attractions. The study concludes by saying that Experiential tourism is a special kind of tourism where the traveler and his/her direct experiences, are an opportunity for enrichment of cultural, social and emotional enrichment. Because homestays are comparatively economical and they provide security and warmth of a home and also provide to learn a new culture, they attract many experiential travelers. Keywords: Experiential tourism, Memorable Tourism Experience, Homestays, Socio-cultural Experiences

Preface: 2nd International Conference on Media, Art, Management and Educational Engineering (MAMEE 2023)

We are so delighted to announce that 2023 2nd International Conference on Media, Art, Management and Educational Engineering (MAMEE 2023) was successfully held in Vienna, Austria during April 08-09, 2023. The conference aimed to provide a platform for interdisciplinary cooperation and communication for young scholars to lighten academic atmosphere, encourage innovation, create cooperation opportunities and boost young scholars' growth.&#x0D; About 80 participants from academic, high-education institutes and other organizations took part in MAMEE 2023. The conference model was divided into two sessions, including oral presentations and keynote speeches. In the first part, some scholars, whose submissions were selected as the excellent papers, were given 10-15 minutes to perform their oral presentations one by one. Then in the second part, keynote speakers were each allocated 30-40 minutes to hold their speeches.&#x0D; With the forum based on the display of the frontiers, we invited well-known experts and scholars as well as the outstanding youth to deliver academic reports. It is expected that MAMEE 2023 can provide a free academic atmosphere to encourage our distinguished guests to share their views, ignite new ways of thinking and harvest new ideas. This international academic conference aims to further promote exchanges and cooperation, to play an active role in improving academic standing and international influence in the areas of mass media, new media, art design, public art, management system, human resource management, and educational engineering as well as shortening the gap with the top subject in the world.&#x0D; MAMEE Organizing Committee&#x0D; Vienna, Austria

Preface: 2023 International Conference on Financial Mathematics, Investment and Business Management (FMIBM 2023)

The 2023 International Conference on Financial Mathematics, Investment and Business Management (FMIBM 2023) offers a remarkable opportunity to the participants to discuss topical issues on applied economics, financial mathematics, investment, market structure and pricing, and business management.&#x0D; FMIBM 2023 was held in Phoenix, USA from April 08 to 09, 2023. This conference aims to bring together researchers, scientists, engineers, scholars and students, exchange and share their experiences, new ideas and research results in various aspects, and discuss practical challenges encountered and solutions taken.&#x0D; More than 80 participants attended the conference, and many of them were young scholars. FMIBM 2023 wishes to acknowledge the generous contribution from all authors. Their contributions to this conference were instrumental to its overall success.&#x0D; Organizing Committees of FMIBM&#x0D; Phoenix, USA

What makes a good book review on translation studies? An interview with Reviews Editor Anna Strowe

ABSTRACT This interview was conducted face-to-face at the University of Manchester. The focus of the interview between Hua Tan and Dr. Anna Strowe, the Book Reviews Editor for Translation Studies, was on how to write good academic book reviews, especially for translation studies. Academic book reviews play an important role in academic communication. They introduce and evaluate newly published academic works and provide a forum for academics to evaluate each other’s research. In the eyes of many scholars, book reviews are easy to write and publish. Yet, a good academic book review is not that easy to write. Dr. Anna Strowe held that academic book reviews are not confined to fixed structures, but vary from text to text and reviewer to reviewer. In her opinion, the evaluation of the book reviewed or the critical comment on it, or in a different term, the intellectual engagement, is the most important for a good book review. She suggested that young scholars build up their networks and read many book reviews first before starting to write one.

Impedance-Based Online Estimation of Nodal Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation Capability

Accurate estimation of inertia and primary frequency regulation (PFR) capability is important to ensure frequency stability in low-inertia power systems. This paper investigates how the inertia and PFR capability of a power source node can be evaluated using a non-invasive online estimation method from the impedance perspective. Based on small perturbation injection, a novel approximate relationship between the impedance and corresponding frequency response transfer function (FR(s)) is deduced. The features of the FR(s)&#x2019;s magnitude response curve, i.e., resonance frequency and DC gain, are then used to develop an overall implementation framework for nodal inertia and PFR capability estimation in real time. This method provides new insights with respect to obtain the synchronous and non-synchronous converter interfaced generator&#x0027;s inertia constant and PFR capability for grid operators via impedance calculation and measurements. Case studies on a modified 9-bus system and NETS-NYPS 68-bus system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed impedance-based estimation approach.<fn id="fn4" fn-type="other"> This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52077066), in part by the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars (2020JJ3011), and in part by the Huxiang Young Talents Science and Technology Innovation Program (2020RC3015). (<i>Corresponding author: Yunfeng Wen</i>) W. Zhang and Y. Wen are with the College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China (e-mail: ; ). C. Y. Chung is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China (e-mail: C.Y.). </fn>

Immune-related genetic prognostic index to predict prognosis and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy efficiency in acute myeloid leukemia.

Immune-related genetic prognostic index to predict prognosis and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy efficiency in acute myeloid leukemia.

93 Empowering the Next Generation of Clinical &amp; Translational Scientists

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Biomedical research fields are facing the challenges of demand for skilled workers as well as challenges related to diversity in that workforce. It is important that the healthcare workforce reflect the population it serves. The Exposures Internship seeks to address this by building pathways for youth to pursue careers in research and medicine. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In 2021, the Yale Cultural Ambassadors expressed concern about the lack of free high quality, educational offerings for youth that summer. They asked YCCI to consider developing a summer program for students aged 15 and older that focused on spurring interest in careers in healthcare, medicine, and clinical and translational research. The result was a 4-week virtual learning experience for 34 interns who met daily via Zoom and participated in course work, lectures, journal clubs, group projects, and virtual lunches with internationally renowned clinical research and healthcare leaders. Sessions were designed to help interns gain knowledge of and exposure to current topics in clinical and translational science and to observe the various steps of proposing, designing, undertaking, and analyzing clinical trials. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: YCCI received over 900 inquiries from around the world with more than 200 completed applications for participation in the internship for the pilot year. Since then, YCCI leadership has worked with community partners to engage young scholars from 17 different states, Canada, Mexico and Puerto Rico. Of those, we estimate 75% are minority, ~50% female and 20% from rural areas with limited similar opportunities. During the four weeks of the program these highly motivated students worked on projects aimed at increasing participation in pediatric research through a revised Informed consent and adolescent assent process and a youth centered awareness campaign. Interns were so inspired that they requested the program be continued beyond the initial four weeks. As such, YCCI continued to offer sessions throughout the year. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: In evaluation of the pilot program 95% of respondents strongly agreed that the program exposed them to new information about clinical and translational research. One intern shared, This program has unquestionably made me consider becoming a researcher in the future with the goal of becoming a principal investigator within my interest in medicine.

R. Ross Holloway, 1934–2022

R. Ross Holloway, 1934–2022