Young Scholar Research Articles

Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Asymmetric Aryl-Acylation and Aryl-Carbamoylation of Unactivated Alkenes

Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Asymmetric Aryl-Acylation and Aryl-Carbamoylation of Unactivated Alkenes

Preface

Proceeding Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) 22-23 September 2020, Lampung, Indonesia Preface Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) is the annual conference held by Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan, Lampung, Indonesia. The theme of this conference is Science, Technology and Education for Sustainable Environment with the Focus and Scope of this research including (1) Physics; (2) Material Sciences; (3) Applied Physics; (4) Natural Sciences; (5) Sciences Education; (6) Mathematics; (7) Mathematics Education; and (8) Environmental Sciences.The keynote presentations are provided to talk the current issues in Education and Environment. The keynote speaker Prof. Konstantinos Ravanis, Ph.D., from Laboratory of Didactics of Sciences, University of Patras, Greece, presented the study of the physical sciences in early childhood education. Prof. Dr. Husin Alatas, M.Si., from Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia, presented the study about Understanding complexity paradigm & sustainability of complex system. Jisun Park, Ph.D., Ewha Womans University, South Korea, presented the study about students’ unintended learning in elementary school practical science lessons. Korhan Cengiz, Ph.D., presented the study about novel energy efficient protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Prof. Cari, Ph.D., Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia, presented the study about physics and mathematics language as a physics learning tool. Dr. Achmad Samsudin, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia, presented the study about measuring students’ conceptions on physics concepts: a case in Indonesia.We would like to thank to all of the participants attending this conference and also to committee for their contribution to this high-level conference and its overall success. We also would like to thank to the reviewers for their positive contribution to maintain the quality of the articles presented in this conference. We also appreciate the contribution of our sponsor supporting the conference.List of Executive Chair, Organizer, Co-Organized, Keynote Speaker, Advisory Board, Organizing Committee, Documentations of YSSSEE arein this pdf.

The 2020 Chinese National Symposium on Systematic and Evolutionary Botany

On 26–28 November 2020, the Chinese National Symposium on Systematic and Evolutionary Botany (also known as the 14th Young Scholar's Symposium) was held at Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Menglun, Yunnan Province, China. The symposium was sponsored by the Botanical Society of China (BSC), and was organized by Professor Yao-Wu Xing from XTBG. The series has been held every other year regularly in the last decade. More than 500 participants from 141 institutes/universities gathered in XTBG to attend the symposium in person, and there were also more than 200 online participants. The symposium brought together the plant systematics and evolutionary biology community in China to discuss the advances in systematics, biodiversity resources and conservation, and evolutionary biology in general. Four workshops were launched on 25 November, covering “Taxonomy of tropical plants”, “Inference of divergence times”, “Organelle genome assembly and analyses”, and “Plant evolutionary genomics”. At the Opening Ceremony on 26 November, Professor Jin Chen (Director of XTBG), Professor Xiao-Quan Wang (Vice Chairman of BSC, and Director of Institute of Botany, CAS), and Professor De-Yuan Hong (Academician of CAS) addressed the symposium. The symposium also included four colloquia on “Plant taxonomy and resources”, “Paleobotany”, “Phylogenetics and biogeography”, and “Speciation and adaptive evolution”, in four concurrent sessions. There were 130 contributed oral presentations and 47 posters. Before the Closing Ceremony on 28 November, ten young investigators presented plenary talks in addition to the three plenary speeches delivered by more established scientists. In closing, Professor De-Zhu Li (Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS) provided a summary on the symposium, and Professor De-Yuan Hong made an appeal for innovative evaluation of the basic sciences, inspiring young botanists to confront the challenges facing the discipline of plant taxonomy. The symposium was very successful and well attended by many young systematists and evolutionary biologists (Fig. 1). Throughout the three days, there were very active exchanges in the form of questions/answers, discussions, and comments. The next Chinese National Symposium on Systematic and Evolutionary Botany was proposed to be held in South China Botanical Garden, CAS in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China in 2022.

Editorial Material

Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment 2020 (YSSSEE 2020) E Pane1, A Saregar1, and U A Deta2 1Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, Indonesia 2Universitas Negeri Surabaya, IndonesiaE-mail: antomisaregar@radenintan.ac.idYoung Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) is the annual conference held by Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan, Lampung, Indonesia. The theme of this conference is Science, Technology and Education for Sustainable Environment with the Focus and Scope of this research including (1) Physics; (2) Material Sciences; (3) Applied Physics; (4) Natural Sciences; (5) Sciences Education; (6) Mathematics; (7) Mathematics Education; and (8) Environmental Sciences.List of Executive Chairman, Organizer, Co-Organized, Keynote Speaker, Advisory Board, Organizing Committee, Documentations of YSSSEE are available in this Pdf.

Journal of Environmental Biology: Current credibility and acceptance

Open Access of research papers was made available 2) R & D Division: In 2008, Journal established its own Research & Development (R & D) division under the guidance of a consultant and scientists to scrutinize all submitted manuscripts for unethical practices and recommend ways to improve quality and scientific merit The contributions of the reviewers are appropriately acknowledged by publishing their names in the Reviewer's Panel of the Journal 3) Digital Object Identifier: Journal took the membership of Crossref in 2016, so as to allot the DOI number to each paper published in the Journal of Environmental Biology 4) JEB International Awards: In 2018, the Journal introduced "JEB - International Award (IA)" for the best paper published in a calendar year to recognize and appreciate the outstanding research paper published in the Journal Scientific Leadership: In September 2020, the National Academy of Agricultural Research Management (NAARM), Hyderabad organized an online training program and the JEB editor was invited as an expert in a panel discussion on "Science of Writing Good Research Papers"

The Biomarker-Based Prediction Rule for Risk Stratification in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Development and Validation Study: Results from BIPass Registry

Background: Patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the acute and severe manifestation of coronary artery disease, are highly heterogeneous in their risk for recurrent cardiovascular events. Several biomarkers carry prognostic information for cardiovascular events. However, instruments integrating clinical characteristics and biomarkers to accurately predict the occurrence of cardiovascular events, thus facilitating individualization of ACS care are lacking. Methods: Using data from 4,407 ACS patients enrolled in a prospective and multicenter Chinese cohort, BIomarker-based Prognostic Assessment for Patients with Stable Angina and Acute Coronary Syndromes (BIPass) registry, we developed a risk model to predict the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, defined as the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction [MI] and ischemic stroke) within 12 months after hospital admission. Validation was performed in 1,409 patients from an independent cohort. Findings: Over 12 months, MACE occurred in 196 patients (incidence rate 5·07 per 100 person- years, 95% CI [4·42-5·81]/100 person-years). Predictors of MACE included N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) biomarkers, and clinical variables of age, hypertension, previous MI, previous stroke, Killip class, and heart rate. The developed BIPass risk model displayed excellent discriminative capability (C statistic 0·82, 95% CI 0·78-0·86) and calibration, outperformed GRACE and TIMI risk scores. Similar discrimination, calibration and clinical decision curves were confirmed in the validation cohort. Cumulative rates for MACE demonstrated good separation in BIPass predicted low, intermediate and high-risk groups in both the development and validation cohorts. The BIPass risk model consistently provided enhanced predictions of MACE over a broad-spectrum of ACS and across clinically important subgroups (i.e. age, diagnosis, coronary revascularization, medications). Interpretation: BIPass risk model integrating clinical variables and biomarkers measured at admission is useful to predict risk of 12-month cardiovascular events in ACS, which offers the potential to identify higher-risk patients as candidates for early aggressive treatments. Trial Registration: NCT04044066 Funding Statement: National Key R＆D Program of China (2017YFC0908700, 2017YFC0908703), National S&T Fundamental Resources Investigation Project (2018FY100600, 2018FY100602), Taishan Pandeng Scholar Program of Shandong Province (tspd20181220), Taishan Young Scholar Program of Shandong Province (tsqn20161065, tsqn201812129). Declaration of Interests: None. Ethics Approval Statement: The BIPass study was approved by the research ethics committee of Qilu Hospital, Shandong University which was accepted by all the collaborating hospitals.

Mass spectrometry at the air-water interface

In this Young Scholar Perspective, the history, applications, and outlook of a unique methodology, field-induced droplet ionization mass spectrometry (FIDI-MS) are discussed. FIDI-MS is capable of selective in-situ sampling of molecules that reside at the air-water interface of droplets right after chemical reactions without any sample handling or transfer, and suffers minimal influence from the bulk of the solution. Its applications in studying the air-water interface chemistry in the contexts of molecular biology, atmospheric chemistry, molecular recognition, and the insights it has brought to these fields are introduced in this Perspective. Looking to the future, we anticipate that further development and applications of FIDI-MS in various fields will be an avenue rich with opportunities.

Evaluation, Treatment, and Outcomes of Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Prehospital and Emergency Department: Findings From a Prospective Multicenter Registry in China

Background: Early evaluation and treatment of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) poses a huge challenge to the emergency care system worldwide, but little is known about the contemporary prehospital and emergency department management of these patients. We aimed to investigate the early evaluation, treatment, and outcome of suspected ACS in a representative population of China. Methods: We did a prospective registry study involving a network of 23 emergency departments in China. Each participating site consecutively enrolled adult patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of ACS for at least 12 months between August 2015 and September 2017. All findings were weighted by sampling ratio and variation among EDs in enrollment period. Findings: A total of 13 919 patients were screened. Of those included in the analysis, mean age was 63·8±13·6 years, 57·9% were men. After symptom onset, 40·5% of the patients arrived at emergency department within two hours, and 17·9% were transported by ambulance. Upon arrival to the emergency department, 75·6% had their first ECG completed within ten minutes. Among patients without ST-segment elevation, 10·3% had serial ECGs, 56·6% had serum cardiac biomarkers measured, and 6·4% had serial cardiac biomarkers. Stress test and computed tomography angiography were rarely performed for evaluation. Among patients with ST-segment elevation, 57·3% underwent reperfusion therapy, with 51·3% receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention and 6·3% receiving fibrinolysis. Post-hoc adjudication showed that over 60% of patients could be attributed to ACS, of which 10·2% received antiplatelet therapy prior to presentation, and by the time of emergency department disposition, 51·1% received antiplatelet therapy. Overall, the emergency department mortality rate was 0·5%, and the 30-day mortality and major adverse cardiac event rates were 3·8% and 6·8%, respectively. Interpretation: The pre-hospital and emergency department evaluation of patients with suspected ACS is insufficient in China. For those with ACS, gaps existed in the early medication and reperfusion therapy as per guidelines. These findings suggest opportunities to improve the quality of early management for suspected ACS and further reduce adverse cardiac events in China. Clinical Trial Registration Details: This study was registered at URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov (Unique identifier: NCT02536677). Funding Information: This work was supported by National S&T Fundamental Resources Investigation Project [2018FY100600, 2018FY100602], Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation [ZR2017PH070], Taishan Pandeng Scholar Program of Shandong Province [tspd20181220], Taishan Young Scholar Program of Shandong Province [tsqn20161065, tsqn201812129], Key R&D Program of Shandong Province [2020SFXGFY03, 2019GSF108073] and Qilu Young Scholar Program. Declaration of Interests: All authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethical committees of all participating sites. Informed consent was required from each patient to participate in the study.

Higher Post-Operative Plasma EV PD-L1 Predicts Poor Survival in Gastric Cancer Patients

Background: The satisfactory prognostic indicator of gastric cancer patients after surgery is still lacking. Peri-operative plasma extracellular vesicular (EV) PD-L1 has been demonstrated as a potential prognosis biomarker in many types of cancers. The prognostic value of post-operative plasma EV PD-L1 has not been characterized. Methods: We evaluated the prognostic value of pre-operative, post-operative and change in plasma EV PD-L1, as well as plasma soluble PD-L1, in short-term survival of gastric cancer patients after surgery. The Kaplan-Meier survival model and Cox proportional hazards models for both univariate and multivariate analyses were used. Findings: The prognostic value of post-operative EV PD-L1 is superior to that of pre-operative EV PD-L1 on gastric cancer patients after resection. The levels of post-operative EV PD-L1 and EV PD-L1 change are independent prognostic factors for overall survival and recurrence free survival of gastric cancer patients. High plasma level of post-operative ePD-L1 correlates significantly with poor survival, while high change in ePD-L1 level brings the significant survival benefit. Interpretation: The level of plasma post-operative EV PD-L1 could be considered as a prognostic biomarker of GC patients after resection. Funding Statement: This work was supported by following foundations: (a). National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30901821, 81172136, 82072737, 81201810). (b). Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi (No. 201701D121165, 201901D111190). (c). Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(No. 2020-194). (d). International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Shanxi Provincial Key R&D Program (No. 201703D421023). (e). Shanxi Youth Science and Technology Research Fund (No. 201801D221069). (f). Open Fund from Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, China (No. KLMEC/SXMU202011). (g). Shanxi “1331 Project” Key Subjects Construction (No. 1331KSC). (h). Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar (No. 201901D211547). (i). Science and Research Fund of Shanxi Health Commission(No. 2019059). (j). the Doctor Project of Shanxi Cancer Hospital, China (No. 2017A06). (k). the Key Research Project of Shanxi Province, China (No. 201703D321010-1). (l). Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2015A030313057). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: All subjects had provided written informed consent. This study was approved by Shanxi Cancer Hospital Ethics Committee.

100 Young Scholar Presentation: Energy and Mineral Supplementation Strategies for Beef Cattle Grazing the Northern Great Plains

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to evaluate supplementation strategies for beef cattle grazing in the Northern Great Plains. In experiment 1, 28 cow-calf pairs had access to electronic feeders (SmartFeed system; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) that monitored individual vitamin and mineral supplement (VTM) intake. Cows had greater VTM intakes (81.1 ± 8.2 g/d; P < 0.01) than calves (44.2 ± 8.6 g/d) but both attended feeders a similar (P = 0.71) proportion of days. Furthermore, we noted greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of Se, Cu, and Co in livers of HIGH intake cows compared to LOW intake cows. Experiment 2, we used the SmartFeed system to regulate intake of individual heifers (n = 60) in a group pasture scenario assigned to control (CON), VTM, or energy supplement (NRG) treatments, and evaluated supplement intake, and concentrations of liver mineral and metabolites. Though no differences were observed in BW and ADG, treatments that provided VTM enhanced liver concentrations of Se, Fe, Cu, and Co (P < 0.05). No differences (P = 0.85) were observed in concentrations of NEFA; however, NRG heifers had greater (P = 0.01) glucose concentrations than CON and VTM heifers. Experiment 3 objectives were to determine the influence of feeding VTM and NRG supplements to beef heifers (n = 35) during the first 84 days of pregnancy on concentrations of progesterone (P4), corpus luteum (CL) size and fetal body measurements. Providing NRG during early gestation resulted in heavier CLs (P = 0.003) that produced more P4 (P = 0.002) and greater fetal femur growth (P = 0.009) whereas providing VTM enhanced fetal liver growth (P = 0.05). Overall, we were able to successfully monitor and control individual mineral intake, corroborated those differences in liver mineral concentrations, and observed alterations in fetal growth after mineral and energy supplementation.

72 Young Scholar Presentation: Use of medium chain fatty acids as mitigation or prevention strategies against pathogens in swine feed

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to evaluate: 1) medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) application to swine feed pre- or post-viral contamination with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), 2) MCFA levels and combinations measured by qRT-PCR, and 3) selected MCFA in bioassay. In Exp. 1, treatments were a 2x2 + 1 factorial with the main effects of chemical treatment (0.3% commercial formaldehyde (CF), Sal CURB [Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA] or 1% MCFA blend (Blend) of 1:1:1 C6:C8:C10 [PMI, Arden Hills, MN]) and timing of application pre- or post-inoculation with PEDV; plus a positive control (PC; feed inoculated with PEDV and no chemical treatment). All combinations of treatment and timing decreased detectable PEDV compared to PC (P< 0.05). Pre-inoculation had decreased PEDV detection compared to post-inoculation (P=0.009). Commercial formaldehyde decreased PEDV detection compared to MCFA (P< 0.001). In Exp. 2 and 3, pre-inoculation treatments consisted of: 1) PC, 2) 0.3% CF, and varying levels (0.125-0.66%) and combinations of MCFA (C5:0, C6:0, C8:0, or C10:0). In Exp. 2, treating feed with 0.33% C8:0 decreased (P< 0.05) PEDV detection compared to all levels of MCFA and PC. In Exp. 3, treating feed with CF, 0.5-1% Blend, all levels of C6:0+C8:0, 0.25% C6:0+C10:0, 0.33% C6:0+C10:0, 0.25% C8:0+C10:0, or 0.33% C8:0 + 0.33% C10:0 resulted in decreased PEDV detection compared to PC (P< 0.05). In Exp. 4, feed was treated pre-inoculation with either 1) no treatment (PC), 2) 0.3% CF, 3) 0.5% Blend, or 4) 0.3% C8:0 and analyzed via qRT-PCR and bioassay. Adding 0.5% Blend or 0.3% C8:0 resulted in decreased PEDV detection compared to PC. All chemical treatments resulted in no evidence of infectivity in the bioassay while the positive control did produce evidence of infectivity. In conclusion, lower levels of MCFA than previously evaluated may provide in-feed protection against PEDV.

171 Young Scholar Presentation: Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis influenced intestinal health and metabolomic profiles of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli

Abstract There is growing evidence to support the beneficial effects of supplementing direct-fed microbials (DFM) on performance, health status, and immune responses of weaned pigs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis (DSM 25841) on growth performance, diarrhea, gut permeability, immunity and metabolomic profiles of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic F18 Escherichia coli (E. coli). E. coli infection reduced (P < 0.05) growth performance and intestinal villi height, whereas increased (P < 0.05) diarrhea and permeability in the jejunum compared with non-challenged control. Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis linearly enhanced average daily gain of E. coli infected pigs (d 0 to 5 post-inoculation (PI), P < 0.05; d 0 to 11 PI, P = 0.058). Inclusion of high dose Bacillus subtilis reduced (P < 0.05) jejunal permeability on d 5 and d 11 PI compared with the E. coli challenged control. E. coli challenged control pigs up-regulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of SLC5A10 and MUC2 on d 5 PI, but down-regulated (P < 0.05) expression of SLC5A10, MUC2, and CLDN1 on d 11 PI in jejunal mucosa. Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis linearly up-regulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of CFTR and ZO1 on d 5 PI and SLC5A10 and MUC2 on d 11 PI in jejunal mucosa of E. coli infected pigs. E. coli infection increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of several immune genes in the ileal mucosa, while inclusion of Bacillus subtilis linearly down-regulated gene expression of IL1A on d 5 PI (P = 0.07) and IL6 on d 11 PI (P < 0.05) in ileal mucosa of E. coli infected pigs. Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis modified (Fold change > 1.5; FDR < 0.20) metabolomic profiles in colon digesta, related to pathogenesis and amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, supplementation of Bacillus subtilis enhanced growth rate, improved gut health, and modified metabolomic profiles of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli.

15 Young Scholar Presentation: Impact of a Near Ideal Amino Acid Profile on the Efficiency of Nitrogen and Energy Utilization in Lactating Sows

Abstract The objective was to determine the efficiency of EAA and energy for lactation in sows and quantify their metabolic heat production fed a reduced protein diet. We hypothesized that feeding a reduced protein diet with near ideal AA profile (NIAA) and a leucine:lysine of 1.14 improves the dietary essential AA (EAA) and energy utilization efficiency and reduces the metabolic heat associated with lactation, compared to feeding diets containing leucine:lysine of 1.63. Three diets were formulated iso-calorically (2,580 kcal/kg net energy), including 1) control diet with a 1.63 leucine:lysine (CON; 18.75% CP), 2) optimal diet with NIAA profile and 1.14 leucine:lysine (OPT; 13.75% CP) by supplementing crystalline AA to minimum requirements; and 3) OPT diet with L-Leucine (Leu) supplementation to achieve CON Leu:Lys of 1.63 (OPTLEU; 14.25% CP). Experiment 1 was to estimate maximal biological efficiency value (MBEV) of EAA in lactating sows fed CON, OPT and OPTLEU diets. Feeding OPT diet improved efficiency of nitrogen (N) (79.1%), arginine (61.1%), His (78.3%), Ile (65.4%), Leu (75.1%), Met + Cys (78.2%), Phe (53.4%), Phe + Tyr (69.5%) and Trp (70.1%) and maximized the efficiency of Lys (63.2%), Met (67.9%), Thr (71.0%) and Val (57.0%) for milk production over a 21-day lactation. Experiment 2 was to estimate dietary energetic efficiency, energy partitioning and heat production in lactating sows fed CON, OPT and OPTLEU diets. Feeding OPT led to greater energy utilization for lactation due to less urinary energy and metabolic heat loss, and triggered dietary energy deposition into milk at the expense of maternal lipid mobilization. Feeding OPTLEU compared to OPT reduced energy utilization for lactation by directing dietary energy away from the mammary gland and towards maternal pool, in part explaining the efficacy of a NIAA diet over CON. Experiment 3 was to measure heat production in lactating sows fed CON and OPT diets and exposed to thermal neutral and HS environments. Sows fed OPT diet produced less metabolic heat and had lower body temperature when exposed to HS conditions compared to CON fed sows. In conclusion, feeding a diet with NIAA profile containing Leu:Lys of 1.14 improves EAA and energy utilization efficiency for lactation, and reduces the metabolic heat associated with lactation compared to feeding a diet with Leu:Lys of 1.63.

424 WS Young Scholar Talk PHD: Effect of increasing dietary zinc during late gestation and early lactation on ewe and lamb body weights, serum and milk minerals, and somatic cell count

Abstract The objectives of the current research are to quantify the effects that increased dietary Zn during late gestation and early lactation has on ewe and progeny body weights, serum and milk minerals, and somatic cell count. Within Rambouillet (WF) and Hampshire (BF) breeds, ewes were ranked by BW and randomly assigned down the rank into 1 of 2 treatment groups: Control (n = 34, 37 mg Zn/kg DM, ≈1×NRC) and Zn treatment (n = 37, 113 mg Zn/kg DM, ≈3×NRC). Treatments were delivered via a ZnSO4-fortified alfalfa pellet fed at a rate of 0.45 kg/d DM from a RFID-activated automated feeder from d 108 ± 10 of gestation to d 30 post-lambing. Ewe BW were recorded at d 0, 29, lambing, 30 post-lambing, and weaning. Lamb BW was recorded at lambing, d 15, 30, and weaning. Serum samples were taken from ewes and lambs at 18 ± 4 h post-lambing and analyzed for mineral concentrations. Maternal trace mineral transfer efficiency were calculated by dividing lamb serum values by their respective dam’s serum value and expressed as a percentage. Ewe milk was collected twice weekly. Milk was analyzed for mineral content (d 0, 10, and 30 of lactation) and SCC (d 3–5, 6–9, 10–12, 13–16, 17–19, 20–23, 24–26, 27–29, or 30–32). Ewe and lamb BW was not influenced by Zn treatment (P > 0.19). Ewe serum Zn and maternal transfer efficiency did not differ between control and Zn treatment ewes (P ≥ 0.47). There was a treatment × breed type interaction for lamb serum LogZn (P = 0.04), where BF lambs within Zn treatment had greater serum LogZn (0.63 ± 0.32) than WF lambs (-0.37 ± 0.27; P = 0.04), but breeds did not differ within lambs in the Control treatment group. Milk Ni and Zn was greater for Zn treated ewes than control ewes (P < 0.01), but Mg and P concentrations were greater for control ewes (P ≤ 0.02). Control and Zn treated ewes did not differ in LogSCC through the first 30 d of lactation (P = 0.68) nor did they differ at weaning (P = 0.48). White face and BF ewes LogSCC did not differ at weaning (P = 0.09), but for the first 30 d of lactation BF (5.79 ± 0.06) had greater LogSCC than WF ewes (5.54 ± 0.06; P < 0.01). Day of lactation impacted ewe SCC (P < 0.01), with peak SCC between d 6 and 9 which began to decline as lactation progressed. Current Zn recommendations appear to be adequate for ewe and lamb growth during late gestation and early lactation, but results suggest litter size and breed nuances. Milk Zn is also increased with dietary Zn above NRC recommendations, while further interactions with milk Ni, Mg, and P occur. Additionally, longitudinal values of SCC throughout lactation may inform preventative intervention strategies for cases of sub-clinical mastitis since peak SCC is within the first 9 d post-lambing.

112 Young Scholar Presentation: Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition in Fresh Cows

Abstract During the 4 weeks after parturition, postpartum dairy cows (i.e., fresh cows) have the highest risk of disease and metabolic disorders. This is largely because nutrient requirements for lactation outweigh the cow’s metabolizable intake. As a result, cows enter negative nutrient balances and mobilize endogenous protein and energy stores to meet demands. Although negative energy balance, in terms of mass, is more negative than protein balances over this time frame, intake of metabolize protein (MP) and its amino acid (AA) profile may influence the performance and health of fresh cows more than increasing energy intake. Better performance from greater MP and AA supplies may also carry over and enhance milk production further into lactation. In our recent experiment, increasing MP supplies to fresh cows by feeding a greater rumen undegradable protein concentration (RUP; 7 vs 10% of DM) also increased milk and milk component yields. However, when the AA profile of the supplemental RUP was optimized to mimic the AA profile of casein, the greater yields were sustained much further into lactation. This may be because fresh cows fed the “casein like AA profile” had improved health and less body protein catabolism than cows fed a similar MP concentration. However, production responses with a greater MP intake depended on what the RUP replaced in the diet and on parity. When replacing forage fiber with RUP instead of nonforage fiber, multiparous cows had a reduction in milk and milk fat yields whereas primiparous cows performed similarly regardless of what type fiber was replaced. This suggested reducing forage fiber in a high MP diet will not increase overall MP intake, and multiparous cows may require more forage fiber during the fresh period than primiparous cows. Overall, MP intake and the AA supply is important for the health and production of fresh cows.

140 Young Scholar Presentation: Immune activation and its effects on energetics and calcium homeostasis

Abstract Nutrient partitioning towards productive processes (i.e., milk production, growth, and reproduction) is key to economically profitable agriculture. During immune activation, the hierarchy of coordinated nutrient trafficking is reprioritized towards the immune system at the expense of production. Dairy cows encounter frequent immune challenges, as bacterial insults can originate from a myriad of sources including the uterus, mammary gland, and gastrointestinal tract. Regardless of the origin, immune activation hinders animal welfare and evidence suggests it may play a role in many post-calving undesirable phenotypes (i.e., decreased DMI, increased NEFA, hypocalcemia). Following activation, leukocytes undergo a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis (a phenomenon known as the “Warburg effect”) and begin consuming copious amounts of glucose. In a lactating cow the glucose requirement of the acutely activated immune system exceeds 1 kg in a 12-hour period. To ensure adequate glucose delivery to leukocytes several well-characterized metabolic adjustments are employed including hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia (depending on the stage and severity of infection), increased insulin and glucagon, increased skeletal muscle catabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypoketonemia. The energetic burden of immune activation is intensified by a simultaneous decrease in feed intake and thus reduced intestinally derived substrates. In addition to energetic metabolism, immune activation induces a marked and sustained decrease in circulating calcium (Ca). Recently, we have demonstrated that the total Ca deficit was ~20 g during an acute (12 hour) and intense model of immune activation. Infection-induced hypocalcemia is a species conserved response, yet, it remains largely unknown what role Ca plays during infection and why it acutely decreases. Although, evidence suggests it may serve as a protective strategy to prevent a hyper-inflammatory systemic response during infection. In summary, immune activation negatively influences metabolic, hormonal, and Ca homeostasis and these alterations closely mimic changes observed in poorly transitioning dairy cows. Having a better understanding of the impact of immune activation on nutrient trafficking and Ca homeostasis will provide foundational information for developing strategies aimed at minimizing production losses during infection.

217 Young Scholar Presentation: The use of diverse cattle breeds to understand marbling development and growth

Abstract Wagyu cattle have been genetically selected to have superior marbling deposition compared with many other cattle breeds, including Angus. It was hypothesized that greater marbling deposition by Wagyu influenced cattle may be due to an additional wave of adipogenic gene expression compared with Angus cattle. The present study compared the expression of lipid metabolism genes within the longissimus muscle (LM) of Wagyu and Angus sired cattle at similar harvest endpoints: days on feed and age, or body weight (613 kg). Angus sired steers were sired by an Angus bull selected for marbling (T1), while Wagyu sired steers were sired by either a Wagyu bull selected for growth (T2 & T4) or marbling (T3 & T5), at the respective age or body weight endpoints. Cattle were weaned at 7 months of age, entered the feedlot 54 d later, and consumed the same growing (119 d) and finishing ration. Muscle biopsies were collected from the LM posterior to the 13th rib at approximately 7, 9, 11, 14, and 17 months of age (harvest) for T1, T2, and T3 cattle. Muscle biopsies for T4 and T5 cattle were collected when their body weight was similar to T1 cattle at the time of biopsy, approximately 241, 276, 400, 531, and 613 kg (harvest). The high marbling sired Wagyu steers (T3 &T5) had greater marbling scores and percent LM lipid compared with high growth Wagyu (T2 & T4) and Angus sired steers. Gene expression results from high marbling sired Wagyu steers (T3 &T5) demonstrated additional peaks of PPARδ mRNA expression, greater and earlier PPARγ mRNA expression, and greater or additional peaks of GPAM1, LPIN1, and HSL mRNA expression compared with high growth Wagyu (T2 & T4) and Angus sired steers.

405 WS Young Scholar Talk MS I: The impact of cow size on cow-calf and post-weaning progeny performance in the Nebraska Sandhills

Abstract Optimizing beef production system efficiency requires an understanding of genetic potential suitable for a given production environment. Therefore, the objectives of this retrospective analysis were to determine the influence of cow body weight (BW) adjusted to a common body condition score (BCS) of 5 at weaning influenced cow-calf performance and post-weaning steer and heifer progeny performance. Data were collected at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, NE, on crossbred, mature cows (n = 1,715) from 2005 to 2017. Cow BCS at calving, pre-breeding, and weaning were positively associated (P < 0.01) with greater cow BW. Increasing cow BW was positively associated (P < 0.01) with the percent of cows that conceived during a 45-d breeding season. For every additional 100-kg increase in cow BW, calf BW increased (P < 0.01) at birth (2.70 kg) and adjusted 205-d weaning BW (14.76 kg). Calf pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG) increased (P < 0.01) 0.06 kg/d for every additional 100-kg increase in cow BW. Heifer progeny BW increased (P < 0.01) post-weaning with every addition 100-kg increase in dam BW. Dam BW did not influence (P ≥ 0.11) heifer puberty status prior to breeding, overall pregnancy rates, or the percent of heifers calving in the first 21-d of the calving season. Steer initial feedlot BW (7.20 kg¬), reimplant BW (10.47 kg), and final BW (10.29 kg) increased (P □ 0.01) for every additional 100-kg increase in dam BW. However, steer feedlot ADG was not influenced (P > 0.67) by dam BW. Hot carcass weights of steers were increased (6.48 kg; P = 0.01) with every additional 100-kg increase in cow BW. In a hypothetical model using the regression coefficients from this study, total output (calf weaning and cull cow BW) would be 6,352 kg greater utilizing a 454 kg cowherd compared with a 554 kg cowherd. Overall, larger sized-cows within this herd and production system of the current study had increased reproductive performance and offspring BW; however, total production output and economic returns would be potentially greater when utilizing smaller-sized cows.

186 Young Scholar Presentation: Immunometabolism during periods of negative nutrient balance or heat stress is altered by dietary methyl donor supply in dairy cows

Abstract Our research examined the effects of enhancing methyl donor supply on immunometabolism during periods of negative nutrient balance (NNB) or heat stress (HS). The first experiment examined the effects of post-ruminal choline supply during NNB on production and pathways of 1-carbon metabolism. Ten primiparous rumen-cannulated cows (158±24 DIM) were used in a replicated 5×5 Latin square design with 4d treatment periods and 10d of recovery. Treatments were unrestricted intake with abomasal infusion of water, restricted intake (R; 60% of net energy for lactation requirements) with abomasal infusion of water or R plus abomasal infusion of 6.25, 12.5, or 25 g/d choline ion. Liver tissue was collected at the end of each treatment period. Enhancing choline supply increased milk yields, but decreased liver triacylglycerol. Activity of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase increased with choline, while methionine synthase tended to increase, and cystathionine β-synthase was decreased. These changes were associated with increased liver and plasma Met. Overall, enhanced supply of choline during NNB increases flux through the Met cycle to regenerate Met and reduce liver triacylglycerol. The second experiment examined the effects of rumen-protected Met (RPM) during HS on mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin)-related signaling proteins in the mammary gland. Thirty-two multiparous cows (184±59 DIM) were assigned to an environmental treatment, and a dietary treatment [TMR with RPM (0.105% DM) or without (CON)] in a crossover design. There were 2 periods with 2 phases per period. In phase 1 (9d), all cows were in thermoneutral conditions (TN) and fed ad libitum. During phase 2 (9d), group 1 (n=16) was exposed to HS using electric heat blankets while group 2 (n=16) remained in TN but were pair-fed to HS counterparts. After a washout period (21d), the study was repeated (period 2), with environmental treatments being inverted and dietary treatments remaining the same. Mammary tissue was collected at the end of phase 2. Abundance of phosphorylated mTOR was greater with RPM and tended to be greater with HS. Control cows had a greater decrease in milk protein (%) during phase 2 (difference from phase 1) compared with RPM cows, suggesting that RPM supplementation during HS may support greater milk protein synthesis via mTOR activation. The third experiment investigated the effects of RPM during HS on the response of mammary gland explants to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Twenty-five mg of tissue obtained from cows in the second experiment was incubated with 0 or 3 μg/mL of LPS for 2h. Incubation with LPS increased abundance of genes associated with inflammation, while HS decreased genes associated with antioxidant responses. Expression of NFKB1was greater in LPS-treated explants from non-HS compared with HS cows. These data indicate that HS reduced immune and antioxidant responses while RPM did not attenuate the inflammatory response induced by LPS in vitro. Overall, data indicated a beneficial effect of choline during NNB and Met during HS on immunometabolism in dairy cows.

281 Young Scholar Presentation: Digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in feed ingredients fed to gestating sows and growing pigs

Abstract In practical diet formulation, values for standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and P obtained in growing pigs are also applied to sows. However, gestating sows have reduced digestibility and retention of Ca and P compared with growing pigs, and the impact of microbial phytase on the digestibility of P and Ca is much less in sows than in growing pigs. Applying STTD values for Ca and P obtained in growing pigs to diets for gestating sows, therefore, results in an overestimation of the absorbed Ca and P in sows (Table 1). Further research, however, indicated that the digestibility of Ca and P in late gestating sows is greater than in sows in early or mid-gestation and retention of Ca and P was greater in late-gestation compared with earlier gestation periods, which indicates that digestion and absorption of Ca and P may be under hormonal control in sows (Table 2). It was also demonstrated that a wide Ca:P ratio decreased P digestibility in both growing pigs and sows in late-gestation, which demonstrates the need for not overfeeding STTD Ca. In follow-up research, it was demonstrated that several serum biomarkers may be used to predict if a sow is in a positive or a negative Ca and P state, but more research is needed to quantify this effect and to determine if biomarkers can be used in Ca and P requirement experiments. In conclusion, gestating sows have much lower digestibility of Ca and P than growing pigs, which demonstrates that digestibility values obtained in growing pigs cannot be used to accurately formulate diets for gestating sows. Likewise, effects of microbial phytase on digestibility of Ca and P are much less predictable in gestating sows than in growing pigs and phytase effects in sows are much smaller than in growing pigs.