Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form Research Articles

Early Maladaptive Schemas, Cognitive Fusion, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use Attitudes: The Mediating Role of Muscle Dysmorphia in Iran

In recent decades, the interest in having an ideal body in men has caused a pathological tendency to be muscular, followed by a tendency to use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs). This study was designed to evaluate the mediating role of muscle dysmorphia in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and body image-related cognitive fusion with the tendency to use AAS in male athletes. Out of the total number of men referring to fitness clubs in Isfahan, Iran, 474 men were evaluated using a multistage random cluster sampling method. The questionnaires used in this research included the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory, Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire—Body Image, Young Schema Questionnaire—Short Form, and Prototype Willingness Model Questionnaire. The results demonstrated that the relationship of AAS use with body image-related cognitive fusion and the three maladaptive schemas with the mediation of muscle dysmorphia is significant. The present study provides significant implications in the discussion of prevention and treatment of AAS addiction.

Early maladaptive schemas in autogenous and reactive subtypes of obsessive–compulsive disorder

Aims The aim of this study is to identify early maladaptive schemas in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and to determine the use of these schemas in OCD autogenous and reactive subtypes. Methods The study population included 40 healthy volunteers, and 90 patients diagnosed with OCD. The Yale–Brown Obsession–Compulsion Scale (Y-BOCS) was administered to the OCD group to determine the severity of the disorder, and the Y-BOCS Symptom Checklist was applied to determine the patients with autogenous (n = 37) and reactive (n = 53) subtypes of OCD. Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3 (YSQ-SF3) scales were applied to all participants. Results When autogenous and reactive subtype groups of OCD were compared with each other, the schema domains of disconnection (p = 0.004), high standards (p = 0.008), other-directedness (p < 0.001) and the schema dimensions of failure (p < 0.001), emotional deprivation (p < 0.001), defectiveness (p = 0.007), approval seeking (p = 0.007) and punishment (p = 0.001) were found to be more dominant in the autogenous group. Conclusions The findings of the study support that there are differences between autogenous and reactive subtypes of OCD in terms of dominant schemas. Therefore, its thought that the use of Schema Therapy methods in which schemas appropriate for subtypes are investigated in the treatment of OCD patients will contribute favorably to the treatment response.

Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Narcissism: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem

Narcissism and its components remain up-to-date in academic studies as a topic that has been and continues to be the focus of attention of researchers. The aim of this study is to examine the predictive effect of early maladaptive schemas on narcissism and the mediating role of self-esteem in this effect. A total of 426 university students, 229 female and 197 male, participated in the study. In addition to the demographic information form, the Narcissistic Admiration and Competition Scale, Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory were used to collect data. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, Pearson Product of Moments Correlation analysis, mediation analysis in line with the procedures recommended by Preacher and Hayes, and Bootstrapping method were used to evaluate the mediation effect. According to the results of the research; Schema domains of impaired autonomy, unrelenting standards, disconnection, other-directedness, and impaired limits predict self-esteem. Schema domains of impaired autonomy, unrelenting standards, disconnection, impaired limits as well as self-esteem, predict narcissism, while the schema domains of other-directedness do not predict narcissism. Self-esteem acts as a mediator in the relationship between impaired autonomy, unrelenting standards, disconnection and impaired limits schema areas and narcissism.

Exploring maladaptive early schemas in adults with bipolar disorder

IntroductionBipolar disorder is a severe and chronic mental pathology, with an estimated prevalence of 1% in the general population. It is a complex pathology, encompassing a wide variety of severe and contradictory symptoms, with harmful repercussions on the patient’s personal, emotional, social, professional and conjugal life, precipitating relapse. By improving our knowledge of bipolar disorder, we can support and accompany patients, helping them to understand their illness, to be able to manage it, to resolve the problems that may arise from it, and to prevent relapses and the occurrence of further episodes.ObjectivesThe aim of our work is to explore maladaptive early patterns in people with bipolar disorder in the intercritical period in relation to their symptomatology and functional disability, given that consideration of maladaptive early patterns (IAPs) could lead to better identification, understanding and management of bipolar disorder.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study. The sample in our study consisted of 40 bipolar adults and 40 control adults, recruited from the various inpatient and outpatient departments of our hospital. They were all university graduates, aged between 20 and 60, followed for at least 06 months and stabilized on treatment. After collecting the various socio-demographic and clinical data, we used the Young schema questionnaire-short form (YSQ-S1).ResultsOur study sample seemed to be characterized by certain specificities: high “self-sacrifice”, “high demands” and “exaggerated personal rights”. Feelings of dependence and incompetence were also high among our patients, especially those with type I bipolar disorder, leading to a marked decline in self-esteem and autonomy.ConclusionsThe data we have retained from this work show us the importance of drug, psychotherapeutic and family management in achieving thymic stability and psychological and relational well-being.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The Role of Social Cognition in Depression and Its Relationship to Early Maladaptive Schemas

Background: Social cognition is the capacity to detect, comprehend, and evaluate environmentally relevant information and serves as a critical skill for effective interpersonal functioning. A significant clinical characteristic of depressive illness is the impairment in social and interpersonal functioning. Given the increasing prevalence of interpersonal difficulties among individuals with depression, it is crucial to get a greater insight into the underlying cognitive mechanisms leading to these social deficits. Alongside, early maladaptive schemas (EMS) also serve as proximal cognitive risk factors for depression. Altered socio-cognitive functioning in individuals with can help to draw a connection between impaired social cognition and EMS. In this context, the present study explores the role of social cognition in individuals with depression in relation to EMS. Methods: In this study, individuals of both genders ( N = 60) were pooled based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and screened for depression through the Beck Depression Inventory. Emotion Recognition and Theory of Mind (ToM) were assessed using the Reading Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and Theory of Mind Assessment Scale (TH.O.M.A.S), respectively. EMS was assessed using the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form. Results: Results indicate individuals with depression were found to be impaired in both domains of social cognition-emotion recognition and ToM. Individuals with depression also exhibited a greater number of EMS. A significant association was found between EMS and social cognition in depression. Moreover, few of the EMS emerged as significant predictors for social cognition in depression. Conclusion: Individuals with depression exhibit impairment in “reading” social interactions. Moreover, they exhibit specific EMS that emerges as significant predictors of social cognition. Implications of the study focus on recognizing EMS as a tool for addressing the socio-cognitive impairment in depression.

Early Maladaptive Schemas and Their Associations with Perceived Parental Bonding among Adolescents Entering Specialized Health Care

Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) have scarcely been studied in adolescents. The present study investigates EMSs in two clinical samples of 12–22-year-olds recruited from patients entering a specialized adolescent psychiatry clinic [n = 190] or a pediatric clinic [n = 119] in Finland. The endorsement of EMSs was compared between these samples, and the association of EMSs with perceived parental bonding was assessed. EMSs were assessed with the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 2-Extended and particularly affectionless control parenting style with the Parental Bonding Instrument. The main analyses were conducted using general linear modeling. Significant differences existed between the two samples, with most EMSs and EMS domains being stronger in the adolescent psychiatry sample. The Disconnection and Rejection domain was associated with maternal affectionless control in the adolescent psychiatry sample and paternal affectionless control in the pediatric sample. The results provide novel findings of EMSs in adolescents and their links to parenting.

PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT WITH EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE EPILEPTICS.

Abstract Background of study: Individuals with epilepsy face number of psychological and physical challenges in their daily life. One of the issues is the faulty thought processes, such as disturbed thinking, holding negative beliefs about their selves, lack of social support from their family. Objectives: To examine (a) Younger epileptics will exhibit more early maladaptive schemas, and perceived low social support as compare to older epileptics.(b) Female epileptics will have more early maladaptive schemas, and perceived more social support as compared to male epileptics. (c) Married epileptics will experience less early maladaptive schemas, and perceived more social support as compared to unmarried epileptics. Methodology: This Correlational study was conducted on epileptic patients from March 2021 to December 2021. Sample of the current study was comprised of 200 epileptic patients. The sample was purposefully selected from hospitals and clinics of Lahore Pakistan. The questionnaire, Urdu version of young schema questionnaire short form (YSQ-SF), Urdu version of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS), were used to analyze the effect of early maladaptive schemas on perceived social support and quality of life among epileptics. Result: Results of the current study concluded that old-aged epileptics have less early maladaptive schemas, and perceived more social support as compared to young-aged epileptic. It is also concluded that female epileptics exhibited more maladaptive schemas, and perceived social support, as compared to male epileptics. Unmarried epileptics suffering from generalized seizure scored higher on early maladaptive schema and perceived low social support. While married epileptics suffering from generalized epileptic seizure and have perceived low social support. Conclusion: The results of study confirm the hypothesis by establishing examine the effect of early maladaptive schemas with perceived social support. Early maladaptive schemas have negative affect with perceived social support. Generalize seizure have high scores on early maladaptive schema and low score on perceived social support as compared to focal seizure epileptics. Key Word: Early Maladaptive Schemas, Perceived Social Support, and Quality of Life.

Examining the Fit of the Psychological Well-Being Model of Adolescents Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas with the Mediation of Emotion Regulation

Objective: Adolescence brings about new changes in the psychological system, including thinking and planning for the future, evaluating alternatives, introspection, reasoning, abstract thinking, new levels of autonomy and assertiveness, and generally new cognitive abilities. Methods and Materials: This study aimed to examine the fit of the psychological well-being model of adolescents based on early maladaptive schemas with the mediation of emotion regulation. The research design was applied in nature, using a descriptive-correlational method with a structural modeling approach. The statistical population of this study included all adolescents studying in the second period of secondary schools in Tehran during the academic year 2020-2021. The sample consisted of 400 individuals selected from the research population using cluster sampling. The tools used in this study included the Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (Ryff, 1989), the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Young, 1994), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz &amp; Roemer, 2004). For data analysis in descriptive statistics, SPSS-24 software was used, and for inferential statistical analysis to test hypotheses and confirm or reject them, the structural equation modeling (SEM) method with AMOS-22 software was employed. Findings: The findings indicated that, according to the chi-square and RMSEA criteria, the model provided a good fit for the data regarding the psychological well-being of adolescents based on early maladaptive schemas with the mediation of emotion regulation. Conclusion: Emotion regulation serves as a mediator between psychological well-being and early maladaptive schemas, meaning that early maladaptive schemas can indirectly enhance psychological well-being by reducing emotional dysregulation.

The Causal Model of Cognitive Emotion Regulation: Maladaptive Early Schemas and Parenting Styles

Objective: The aim of this study was to predict adolescents' cognitive emotion regulation strategies based on the mothers' maladaptive early schemas and their parenting styles. Methods and Materials This descriptive correlational study involved a randomly selected cluster sample of 406 high school students (comprising 200 girls and 206 boys) from Tabriz. Data were collected using three scales: Young's Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), the short form of the Persian version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for adults (CERQ-P), and the Family as a Social Context Scale by Skinner. The collected data were analyzed using correlational statistics and structural equation modeling. Findings: The results confirmed the role of mothers' maladaptive early schemas and their parenting styles in the formation and application of their children's cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that when parents' schemas are adjusted, it leads to the selection of effective parenting methods, which in turn increases adolescents' use of positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

Evaluation of Patients Diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Terms of Early Maladaptive Schemas

Aim: It has been reported that individuals with generalized anxiety have many interpersonal problems and these problems occur through schemas such as emotional inhibition, shyness, subjugation, self-sacrifice and intervention. In light of this information, the purpose of this study was to compare individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and healthy controls in terms of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs).&#x0D; Material and Methods: This research involved 92 participants aged 18 to 55, including 48 GAD patients and 44 healthy controls. Sociodemographic data form, Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 (YSQ-S3), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to the participants. The study was approved by the ethics committee (KÜTF KAEK NO:2023.02.16).&#x0D; Results: The patients' average age was 38.19±11.29, and 83.3% of them (n=40) were women. The average age of healthy controls was significantly lower, however, neither group differed significantly in terms of education or marital status. The mean GAD-7 score of the patients was 6.26±6.81. Emotional deprivation (p=0.024), pessimism (p

Social Anxiety from an Attachment Theory Perspective: The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schema Domains and Rejection Sensitivity

Social anxiety is a common problem. Several factors play a role in the development and maintenance of social anxiety. Since relationship with parents is specifically an important factor, it is important to examine social anxiety from an attachment theory perspective. Studies indicate that early maladaptive schemas and rejection sensitivity may play a role in the relationship between attachment pattern and psychological distress. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine the mediating role of early maladaptive schema domains and rejection sensitivity in the relationship between internal working models of attachment and social anxiety. The sample of the study consisted of 557 university students (199 male, 358 female) between the ages of 17-27 (M = 20.69, SD = 1.79). Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Relationship Scales Questionnaire, Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3, and Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire were administered to the participants. Results of the mediation analysis with Bootstrapping showed that Impaired Autonomy schema domain and rejection sensitivity mediated the relationships between attachment self-model and social anxiety. Moreover, schema domains of Impaired Autonomy, Impaired Limits and Unrelenting Standards, and rejection sensitivity mediated the relationship between attachment other-model and social anxiety. The current study may contribute to the literature by providing an understanding of how the relationship between attachment and social anxiety may emerge. Clinicians aiming to increase clients’ functionality and quality of life should/could focus on their clinical practice on the above early maladaptive schema domains and rejection sensitivity.

Early maladaptive schemas are associated with self-injury thoughts and behavior in adolescents

BackgroundEarly maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and self-harm have been firmly linked in adults, but research on these associations in adolescents remains scarce. Additionally, the links between EMSs and functions of self-injury has not been previously studied in this age group. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the associations of EMSs with self-harm thoughts and behavior, as well as with self-harm functions, among adolescents in specialized health care.MethodsThe participants were recruited from first-visit 12-22-year-old adolescent patients entering specialized mental health care or pediatric care. For 118 participants, complete data were available for the Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form 2-Extended (YSQ) when entering care and the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory Functions scale (OSI-F) one year later. YSQ was used to measure the participants’ EMSs and OSI-F their self-harm thoughts and behavior. The associations of EMSs and self-harm were investigated in three groups: no self-harm, self-harm thoughts only, and both self-harm thoughts and behavior. The associations of EMSs with self-injury behavior functions were assessed in four categories: Internal Emotional Regulation, External Emotional Regulation, Social Influence, and Sensation Seeking. Additionally, EMSs’ associations with addictive features of self-injury behavior were assessed. The magnitudes of effect sizes of differences between the self-harm groups were evaluated with Cliff’s Delta. The associations of EMSs with self-injury functions were analyzed with general linear modeling and with self-injury addictive features using logistic regression.ResultsThe differences between the self-harm groups were significant for the majority of the EMSs. The stronger the EMSs were, the more severe the manifestations of self-harm. The effect sizes ranged from small to large depending on the EMS. Considering self-injury functions, Internal Emotional Regulation was associated with Self-Sacrifice EMS (p = 0.021), and External Emotional Regulation both with Abandonment (p = 0.040) and Unrelenting Standards (p = 0.012) EMSs. Being addicted to self-injury was associated with Abandonment (p = 0.043) and Dependence (p = 0.025) EMSs.ConclusionsThe present study shows that significant associations between EMSs and both self-harm thoughts and behavior exist also in adolescents. Stronger EMSs are linked to more severe self-harm. Knowledge of these associations may help to improve the understanding and treatment of adolescents suffering from self-harm.

Cognitive-Affective Risk Factors of Female Intimate Partner Violence Victimization: The Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Strategic Emotional Intelligence.

(1) Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive and destructive phenomenon. There is a need for an integrated and comprehensive approach to IPV in order to align prevention, support and treatment. Still little is known about the cognitive and affective markers of IPV that are modifiable. Such knowledge, therefore, can support the effectiveness of prevention and intervention programs. In this study, we put forward a hypothesis that, after accounting for the influence of sociodemographic variables, the domains of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and strategic emotional intelligence would provide additional information for predicting female IPV victimization. (2) Methods: 48 female survivors of IPV and 48 age-matched women with no prior experience of IPV completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3 (YSQ-SF3) and The Emotional Understanding Test (TRE). (3) Results: The domains of disconnection and rejection and impaired limits were significant predictors of IPV victimization, but the results did not support the predictive value for impaired autonomy, other-directedness and strategic emotional intelligence. (4) Conclusions: Our findings add to the emerging evidence of a link between disconnection and rejection domain and IPV victimization. As a consequence, maladaptive beliefs that interpersonal relationships are unstable and insecure and expose to the risk of humiliation and harm, and that basic emotional needs cannot be satisfied in close relationships, are associated with a higher risk of intimate partner violence. In this context, schema therapy appears to be a promising support for IPV victims.

Prediction of insomnia severity based on early maladaptive schemas: a logistic regression analysis.

In spite of the major role of early maladaptive schemas in vulnerability to various psychological disorders, studies about the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and insomnia disorder are scarce. Hence, the aim of the current study was to explore the contribution of early maladaptive schemas in insomnia severity by comparing a sample of patients with chronic insomnia and good sleepers. Patients with chronic insomnia and good sleepers were evaluated using Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The study enrolled 117 patients with chronic insomnia and 76 good sleepers. All early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) except for enmeshment showed significant correlations with insomnia severity. After controlling for depression/anxiety symptoms, logistic regression analysis showed that the EMSs including emotional deprivation, vulnerability to harm, and subjugation schemas were significantly associated with insomnia severity. These preliminary findings suggest that EMSs may constitute a vulnerability factor for developing insomnia. Early maladaptive schemas may require attention in the existing treatments of insomnia.

Early maladaptive schema domains and suicide risk in major depressive disorder: the mediating role of patients’ illness-related self-regulation processes and symptom severity

AbstractEarly maladaptive schemas (EMS), illness representations, and coping are associated with clinical outcomes of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the pathways that link these factors are largely unknown. The present prospective study aimed at investigating the possible mediating role of illness representations and coping in the associations among schema domains, symptom severity, and suicide risk in MDD. Participants were 135 patients diagnosed with MDD, aged 48.13 ± 14.12 (84.4% females). The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3 was used to measure schema domains at baseline. Illness representations and coping were measured at approximately five months later (mean = 5.04 ± 1.16 months) with the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Mental Health and the Brief COPE Inventory, respectively. MDD outcomes were measured about 10 months after the baseline assessment (mean = 9.44 ± 2.36 months) with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Risk Assessment Suicidality Scale. SPSS AMOS 27 was used to conduct path analysis. Serial mediation Structural Equation Modelling, controlling for age, education, marital status, working status, MDD duration, pharmacotherapy, and psychotherapy, revealed that Impaired Autonomy and Performance was positively linked to suicide risk. Negative MDD impact representations and symptom severity serially mediated the aforementioned association. Finally, problem-focused coping was negatively related to symptom severity and suicide risk. This study’s main limitation was modest sample size. Representations regarding the impact and severity of MDD mediate the effects of Impaired Autonomy and Performance on future suicide risk in MDD. Healing Impaired Autonomy and Performance domain of EMS, restructuring patients’ representations of high MDD impact, and enhancing problem-focused coping could significantly reduce symptom severity and suicide risk in Schema Therapy with MDD individuals.

Early maladaptive schemas in misophonia

ABSTRACT Objective The study aimed to identify early maladaptive schemas that may be characteristic of individuals with misophonia. Method A sample of 289 individuals were recruited from social media websites. Participants responded to the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, which assesses early maladaptive schemas (EMS), and the New York Misophonia Scale, a two-part self-report instrument rating the severity of emotional distress to misophonic triggers and the nature of behavioural reactions to misophonic triggers. Gender differences in the study variables were first examined using a series of univariate analysis of variance. To test the relationship between features of misophonia and EMS, correlation coefficients were calculated. Multiple regression analyses were then conducted by including age, gender and YSQ-SF scores as predictors and misophonic distress, aggressive reactions, and non-aggressive reactions as outcomes. Results Results revealed that higher insufficient self-control EMS was a common predictor of all aspects of misophonia, while higher age, female gender and higher social isolation/alienation EMS were predictive of the aversive emotional reactions in misophonia. Higher dependence and unrelenting standards EMS were specific predictors of non-aggressive reactions while dependence and vulnerability to harm or illness EMS were specific predictors of aggressive reactions to misophonic triggers. Conclusions Findings imply that schema therapy may be an effective intervention to alleviate misophonic distress.

Five-factor personality dimensions and their associations with early maladaptive schemas in individuals with major depressive disorder

Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the third leading cause of disease burden, accounting for 4.3% of the global burden of disease. Personality traits, as described in the Five-Factor Model, are consistently associated with individual’s well-being and mental health. Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) are self-perpetuating dysfunctional cognitive structures that have been linked with psychological health and play a significant role in developing and maintaining psychological distress. Both personality traits and EMS have been extensively studied as contributors to MDD symptoms. Objectives To our knowledge, very few studies have attempted to link personality to EMS in clinical samples. The present study aimed to investigate the association between EMS with personality traits of Five-Factor Model in a clinical sample of patients with MDD in Crete, Greece. Methods Two hundred and two patients with a clinical diagnosis of MDD (81.7% females, aged 47.75±14.06 years) participated in the study. The Traits Personality Questionnaire was used to measure personality traits in terms of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness dimensions. The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3 (YSQ-SF 3) was used to evaluate 18 EMS which are grouped in five domains: disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, other-directedness, and overvigilance and inhibition. Results Significant associations between EMS and personality traits were found. Specifically, a higher level of all EMS domains was found in patients with MDD scoring higher in neuroticism and lower in extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness (apart from the association of agreeableness with other-directedness which was non-significant). Openness was negatively related to other-directedness. Conclusions Although causal inferences cannot be made due to the cross-sectional design of the present study, our findings are in accordance with Schema Therapy that affirms a relationship between innate temperament and EMS. Future research should examine whether psychological interventions focusing at healing EMS will contribute to alteration of personality traits. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Coping Styles, Reasons for Drinking, Craving and Remission in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder.

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a serious mental disorder that affects the individual, family, environment and society as a whole. In this study, we aimed to analyze the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and coping styles, with craving, reasons for consumption and finally remission history. This is a cross sectional study. We included 90 Erenköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital AMATEM patients with AUD according to DSM-5. AUD diagnosis is confirmed by SCID-5 CV. Subjects with additional psychiatric conditions are excluded. Subjects without withdrawal symptoms by CIWA-Ar are included. Sociodemographic data form, Young Schema Questionnaire Short form-3, Young Rygh Avoidance Inventory, Young Compensation Inventory, Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised, Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale was applied. Our findings show that male subjects who have early maladaptive schemas, especially in Impaired autonomy and performance; Failure, Disconnection and rejection; Social İsolation/alienation, Impaired Limits; Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline domains, experience more cravings. Individuals coping with the Psychosomatism, Activity and Distraction, and Rebellion schemes experienced more craving. Those who coped with 'schema avoidance' tended towards alcohol consumption with Coping Motivation, and those who coped with 'schema compensation' with Impact Enhancement and Social motivations. There was no significant difference between the scores of the scales and the craving levels between the groups with and without a history of permanent remission. The data in our study showed that early maladaptive schemas and ways of coping with schemas are associated with craving. In the early stages of treatment, it is important to consider cognitive intervention focused on schemas and coping styles.

Examining Social Anxiety Symptoms with Early Maladaptive Schemas: The Mediating Role of Mindfulness and Self-Compassion.

This study aims to determine early maladaptive schema domains that significantly predict social anxiety symptoms in university students and to examine whether mindfulness and self-compassion play mediating roles in the correlation of these schema domains with social anxiety symptoms. 440 students from various departments of universities participated in the study. Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Young Schema QuestionnaireShort Form 3, Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire, and Self-Compassion Scale were used to evaluate social anxiety, early maladaptive schema domains, mindfulness, and self-compassion, respectively. The hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that maladaptive schemas in the domains of disconnection, impaired autonomy, and unrelenting standards significantly predicted the increase in social anxiety symptoms. It was found that the level of mindfulness mediated the correlations between these three schema domains and social anxiety symptoms. Moreover, self-compassion mediated the correlations between the schema domains of impaired autonomy and unrelenting standards and social anxiety symptoms. Findings indicate the importance of both specific schema domains and the level of mindfulness and self-compassion in explaining social anxiety symptoms in university students. The results' possible causes and clinical implications were discussed in light of the current literature.

The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schema and Problematic Mobile Phone Use Among Adolescent Female

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents. To collect data, the Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form-3 (YSQ-SF3) and Mobile-phone Addiction Questionnaire were given to 103 female students (between 16 and 20 years of age) studying at a high school in Diyarbakır. Results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between five schema domains and three sub-dimensions of the mobile phone addiction questionnaire. All schemas except punitiveness and total score of mobile phone addiction were significantly correlated. Furthermore, path analysis (SEM) indicated that some schema domains have had significant effects on sub-dimensions of the mobile phone addiction questionnaire. For example, impaired autonomy and performance have had a positive effect on lack of control, impaired limits have a positive effect on tolerance and unrelenting standards have had a positive effect on tolerance and abstinence.