Young Organism Research Articles

T-cell immunity against senescence: potential role and perspectives.

The development of age-associated diseases is related to the accumulation of senescent cells in the body. These are old non-functional cells with impaired metabolism, which are unable to divide. Such cells are also resistant to programmed cell death and prone to spontaneous production of some inflammatory factors. The accumulation of senescent cells is related to the age-associated dysfunction of organs and tissues as well as chronic inflammation that enhances with age. In the young organism, senescent cells are removed with the innate immunity system. However, the efficiency of this process decreases with age. Nowadays, more and more evidences are accumulating to support the involvement of specific immunity and T-lymphocytes in the fight against senescent cells. It has great physiological importance since the efficient elimination of senescent cells requires a high diversity of antigen-recognizing receptors to cover the entire spectrum of senescent-associated antigens with high precision and specificity. Developing the approaches of T-cell immunity stimulation to generate or amplify a physiological immune response against senescent cells can provide new perspectives to extend active longevity. In this mini-review, the authors summarize the current understanding of the role of T-cell immunity in the fight against senescent cells and discuss the prospects of stimulating adaptive immunity for combating the accumulation of senescent cells that occurs with age.

Microbiota from Alzheimer's patients induce deficits in cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis.

Alzheimer's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder leading to a decline in cognitive function and mental health. Recent research has positioned the gut microbiota as an important susceptibility factor in Alzheimer's disease by showing specific alterations in the gut microbiome composition of Alzheimer's patients and in rodent models. However, it is unknown whether gut microbiota alterations are causal in the manifestation of Alzheimer's symptoms. To understand the involvement of Alzheimer's patient gut microbiota in host physiology and behaviour, we transplanted faecal microbiota from Alzheimer's patients and age-matched healthy controls into microbiota-depleted young adult rats. We found impairments in behaviours reliant on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, an essential process for certain memory functions and mood, resulting from Alzheimer's patient transplants. Notably, the severity of impairments correlated with clinical cognitive scores in donor patients. Discrete changes in the rat caecal and hippocampal metabolome were also evident. As hippocampal neurogenesis cannot be measured in living humans but is modulated by the circulatory systemic environment, we assessed the impact of the Alzheimer's systemic environment on proxy neurogenesis readouts. Serum from Alzheimer's patients decreased neurogenesis in human cells in vitro and were associated with cognitive scores and key microbial genera. Our findings reveal for the first time, that Alzheimer's symptoms can be transferred to a healthy young organism via the gut microbiota, confirming a causal role of gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease, and highlight hippocampal neurogenesis as a converging central cellular process regulating systemic circulatory and gut-mediated factors in Alzheimer's.

Main trends in physical and psycho-emotional health of preschool children in Ukraine

Children are increasingly at risk of various diseases, which has a rather negative impact on their intellectual development and can slow down social development in general, and therefore there is a need to address this issue. The main purpose of this study was to examine and analyse the state of physical, psychological, and social health of children in Ukraine based on preschool educational institutions in Mukachevo. The study used the Sensorimotor technique and the computer programme Efecton Studio 2009 to investigate preschool children’s visual-motor reactions. The Rufier-Dixon and Henchy tests were used to assess the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It was found that every third child has problems in physical or intellectual development. It was substantiated that the tense sanitary and epidemiological situation in the country, environmental pollution, lower living standards of most families and access to medical care, insufficient physical activity, as well as environmental problems contribute to the deterioration of the psychophysical state of preschool children. It was emphasised that maintaining a healthy physical condition is an important element for the normal functioning and growth of a young organism. It was emphasised that the period of adaptation to school, which current preschoolers will go through in the future, depends considerably on the child’s health, as healthy children can better cope with mental and physical stress. It was found that most preschoolers have limited knowledge about healthy lifestyles. Only 28% of children understand what food is healthy, and 18% know the importance of eating fresh food. This indicates the need for more active work with children on healthy eating and lifestyles in general. It was found that many adults also do not have a holistic understanding of the principles of proper nutrition and do not discuss these issues with children, and therefore it is important to pay attention to adult education in the field of health and nutrition. The practical significance of the study is that all the theoretical provisions, conclusions and recommendations can be used by teachers and students of educational institutions to improve knowledge about the trends in the health status of preschoolers and schoolchildren in Ukraine, as well as by other scientists for in-depth study of the problem.

Motor activity is a factor of social and psychological adaptation to educational activities at the university

Adaptation of students to the study conditions at the university is a necessary prerequisite for further self-realization, and at this age, for successful educational activities, which can be considered as the initial stage of their inclusion in the professional community. The further course of a modern student's professional life often depends on the successful adaptation to the educational environment. During the life process of student youth, motor activity plays the role as a peculiar growth regulator of a young organism development. Therefore, it is a necessary condition for the formation and improvement of a person both as a biological being, and as a social subject, and as an individual. The purpose of the study is the substantiation and experimental verification of the set of pedagogical conditions for the socio-psychological adaptation of first-year students to educational activities by means of physical culture. Research methods: psychological and pedagogical observation; survey; methods of psychological diagnosis; physiological methods (pulsometry, tonometry, functional tests); methods of motor tests; statistical data processing methods; regression analysis to determine appropriate norms of individual daily motor activity of young people. Grounded and experimentally verified pedagogical conditions that ensure the formation and activation of motor activity, leading a healthy lifestyle by modern students and orient young people to a qualitatively active, positively charged (health-preserving) environment in an institution of higher technical education. Conclusions. The conducted psychological and pedagogical research shows that the achievement of a positive result in the formation and activation of motor activity of student youth takes place under the conditions that the higher technical educational institution has a built-in student orientation scheme for the formation of individual and professional culture (orientation strategy).

Формування споживчих властивостей високобілкових напівфабрикатів із культивованих грибів

Nutrition as the factor to determine the physical endurance and the intellectual level of a human, growth and development of a young organism, the eagerness to active and creative longevity, always attracted and still will attract the increasing interest in scientists (biologists, physiologists, hygienists etc), technologists and the average consumers. The need of a live body in essential biocomponents such as proteins can be finally defined as its need in amino acids (indispensable as well as dispensable). Definitely, only the valuable proteins can provide the correlation of amino acids in proportions correspondent to proteins of our own tissues. The analysis of nutritional structure in Ukrainian people evidences the constant deficit of food proteins that can be forecast for the nearer future. Therefore, the search for the new sources, the enlarged output and the reformed structure of food proteins is one of the most important and complicated tasks to nutrition, first of all healthy one. The solution to this problem, from our viewpoint, should be accomplished two ways in two parallel trends. The first one is to gradually intensify the agricultural and other traditional methods to produce the proteinaceous foodstuffs; the second one is to elaborate the innovative technologies for obtaining the protein foods from the new and untraditional sources, including the edible mushrooms. The authors of this article, having based on the literary sources and experimental results, proved the preference of using the cultivated mushrooms over the wild ones in terms of their biological value and safety for consumers. The regularities of forming the consumption properties of cultivated mushrooms halfproducts, obtained by low-temperature drying, according to the indices of protein digestibility, correlation between amino acids in free and constrained forms, fractional composition of proteins in different methods of mushroom procession. The conclusion about the perspectives of obtaining the mushroom half products for using in various areas of food industry was made.

The role of hormonal changes in adaptation disorders of young systems in the course of community-acquired pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumoniae are considered as life-threatening infectious diseases and are one of the main causes of morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality. The main goal is to study and assess the role of the hormone imbalance in the adaptation disorders of young organism during the community-acquired pneumonia. To achieve the goals of the research 296 male patients with pneumonia, aged 18-21, were examined. The control group consisted of 63 practically healthy male individuals of the same age. Besides standard examinations, the levels of cortisol, testosterone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, antithyroglobulin and anti-thyroid-peroxidase were determined in the blood serum. The analysis shows that the level of prolactin in all research groups tends to increase; the level of testosterone in all the groups tends to decrease; the level of cortisol in the 18-19 age group tends to decrease; in the 20-21 age group this indicator increases, but it remains below the level of the indicator of the control group. The impact of unfavorable factors of military service, the neuropsychological and physical overstrain, the change in the diet and rations, army-specific conditions, and the unusual situation for some individuals lead to an overstrain and exhaustion of the protective adaptation reactions of the organism, manifested also by hormonal shifts. In the conditions of community-acquired pneumonia, the adaptation process of the organism was accompanied by a similar phasal endocrine shifts, manifested by marginal hyperprolactinemia, a decline in testosterone levels, with no increase in the levels of cortisol detected, regardless of the fact that community-acquired pneumonia was a stress factor for the organism. The main pathogen of the community-acquired pneumonia among the military was mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydophila pneumoniae. The course of the pneumonia cases was clinically atypical and rapid, swiftly complicating with hemorrhagic alveolitis. In some cases, the clinical course of the illness lagged behind the findings by X-ray imaging examination results.

The role of hormonal changes in adaptation disorders of young systems in the course of community-acquired pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumoniae are considered as life-threatening infectious diseases and are one of the main causes of morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality. The main goal is to study and assess the role of the hormone imbalance in the adaptation disorders of young organism during the community-acquired pneumonia. To achieve the goals of the research 296 male patients with pneumonia, aged 18-21, were examined. The control group consisted of 63 practically healthy male individuals of the same age. Besides standard examinations, the levels of cortisol, testosterone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, antithyroglobulin and anti-thyroid-peroxidase were determined in the blood serum. The analysis shows that the level of prolactin in all research groups tends to increase; the level of testosterone in all the groups tends to decrease; the level of cortisol in the 18-19 age group tends to decrease; in the 20-21 age group this indicator increases, but it remains below the level of the indicator of the control group. The impact of unfavorable factors of military service, the neuropsychological and physical overstrain, the change in the diet and rations, army-specific conditions, and the unusual situation for some individuals lead to an overstrain and exhaustion of the protective adaptation reactions of the organism, manifested also by hormonal shifts. In the conditions of community-acquired pneumonia, the adaptation process of the organism was accompanied by a similar phasal endocrine shifts, manifested by marginal hyperprolactinemia, a decline in testosterone levels, with no increase in the levels of cortisol detected, regardless of the fact that community-acquired pneumonia was a stress factor for the organism. The main pathogen of the community-acquired pneumonia among the military was mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydophila pneumoniae. The course of the pneumonia cases was clinically atypical and rapid, swiftly complicating with hemorrhagic alveolitis. In some cases, the clinical course of the illness lagged behind the findings by X-ray imaging examination results.

PECULIARITIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF SPORTS GAMES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF STUDENTS DURING SECTION CLASSES

The article analyzes the impact of sports games on sectional classes. The article also considers the theoretical analysis of the impact of sports games on physical education classes as a means of improving the health of student youth in higher education institutions. It was determined that sports games provide a positive psychological, physiological and health- improving effect on the body, which is important for the comprehensive development of student youth. Therefore, at the current stage, the main task of teachers should be to preserve and strengthen the health of students, to form positive motivation for a healthy lifestyle, and to encourage them to play sports. This has a positive effect on the functional state of the body, on improving the functions of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, on the changes that occur in the body under the influence of sports games. The need to perform precise and agile movements affects the development of the formation of accuracy and speed of movements, muscle strength, the development of physical qualities, the formation of increased resistance to colds and strengthening of immunity. During sports games, the ability to make quick independent decisions is cultivated, the ability to change one's movements in terms of speed, direction, and intensity is improved.
 The more diverse and complex the techniques of a particular game, the more movements associated with intensive muscle work, the stronger it affects the body and is important for the comprehensive development of a young organism. The emotionality of game situations greatly eases the problem of dosage of physical load, and the variety of motor actions and their execution in a short period of time presents significant requirements for the development of physical qualities: flexibility, dexterity, coordination of movements against the background of the manifestation of speed and strength qualities, endurance, provide the necessary physical fitness of the body.

Osteoblast lineage Sod2 deficiency leads to an osteoporosis-like phenotype in mice.

ABSTRACTOsteoporosis is a systemic metabolic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and strength associated with fragility fractures. Oxidative stress, which results from elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and arises in the aging organism, is considered one of the critical factors contributing to osteoporosis. Mitochondrial (mt)ROS, as the superoxide anion (O2−) generated during mitochondrial respiration, are eliminated in the young organism by antioxidant defense mechanisms, including superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), the expression and activity of which are decreased in aging mesenchymal progenitor cells, accompanied by increased mtROS production. Using a mouse model of osteoblast lineage cells with Sod2 deficiency, we observed significant bone loss in trabecular and cortical bones accompanied by decreased osteoblast activity, increased adipocyte accumulation in the bone marrow and augmented osteoclast activity, suggestive of altered mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation and osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, osteoblast senescence was increased. To date, there are only a few studies suggesting a causal association between mtROS and cellular senescence in tissue in vivo. Targeting SOD2 to improve redox homeostasis could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for maintaining bone health during aging.

An Assessment of the Nutritional Value of the Preschool Food Rations for Children from the Wroclaw District, Poland-The Case of a Big City.

The evaluation of nutrition is an essential element of preventing chronic diseases and can be used to determine nutritional recommendations. A child spends about 7–8 h a day in a kindergarten; therefore, meals served there should be balanced appropriately to ensure the full psychophysical development of the young organism. At preschool age, children develop eating habits that can have life-long effects. Based on 10-day menus, the study aimed to estimate the energy and nutritional value of children’s diets at four randomly selected kindergartens in the Wroclaw district, Poland. In total, 80 menus were analyzed (40 for summer and 40 for autumn). The data from kindergartens were analyzed based on the Diet 6D computer program. Regardless of the kindergarten, the analyzed food rations showed irregularities related to excessive supplies (in reference to the dietary recommendations) of sucrose, fiber, salt, magnesium, and vitamin A. The preschool food rations did not cover demands with respect to PUFA n-3, PUFA-n-6, calcium, and vitamin D. The observed irregularities confirm the need to monitor the content of energy and nutrients in preschool menus to be able to correct any dietary errors.

The effect of exercise on the body of students

A modern learning at higher educational establishment has high requirements to a health of student’s youth. Learning has gradual psychological and physical influence on young organism of a student when this organism is forming; it leads to overloading organism as well as to a lack of movements and various illnesses. The modern correction and supporting a health of young people are necessary for saving and strengthening students’ health; the base of this correction and strengthening is moving activities as physiological demand for harmonic development and a realization of mental and physical potential of young people when learning at higher educational establishment.
 The fact of close relationship of health state and physical workabilities with a mode of life as well as moving activities is generally acknowledged matter. The investigations show that human’s organism is programmed on intensive and systematical moving activities. But today a reduction of moving activities has large influence on a human’s organism; this reduction is conditioned with the help of comfortable conditions of a life as well as other reasons of scientific and technical progress. That’s why for a contentment of natural demand of a human’s organism at movement we can use intensive and goal – oriented application of means of physical culture.
 The physical exercises have an advantage before other means of influence which apply for increasing physical and mental workabilities of students. These exercises influence on an organism and muscles; on all organs and systems; exercises stimulate many physiological processes and optimize a reaction of an organism on negative factors.
 The analyses of a modern literature show that a modern organization of physical bringing up is not enough effective for increasing a level of physical preparing, a health and an interest of a major of students to lessons of physical exercises. This shows that there is an overall demand at works out of new scientific and grounded variants of improving an organization of physical bringing up at higher educational establishment.

Research of the compliance of the actual consumption of food products by the school pupils with the recommended consumption rates

The aim of the research is to study the correspondence of the actual consumption of food products by schoolchildren of different age groups in Krasnodar to the recommended consumption standards and to identify their taste preferences in order to justify the choice of basic products for creating products enriched with complexes of deficient micronutrients. The study of the actual consumption of food products by schoolchildren was carried out by a questionnaire using the 24-hour food reproduction method, and additional questions were included in the questionnaires to establish the preferences of schoolchildren when choosing food in the school canteen. It was found that the diet of schoolchildren, especially adolescents, is unbalanced. It was revealed that the consumption of sugar and confectionery products in the diet of schoolchildren significantly exceeded the recommended norm. Fast food constituted 42% in the daily diet of middle and senior schoolchildren. In addition, senior schoolchildren do not follow the diet: 18% of senior schoolchildren eat 4 times a day, 78% eat 3 times a day, and 4% eat only 2 times a day with significant breaks between meals. The study of food preferences of schoolchildren revealed that the greatest demand was for bakery products (67%) and drinks (54%), as well as confectionery (54%). Taking into account that the consumption of sugar and confectionery products in the diet of schoolchildren significantly exceeded the recommended norm and had a negative effect on the young organism, bakery products and drinks were chosen as basic products for creating food products enriched with deficient micronutrient complexes on their basis.

The Role of Dietary and Microbial Fatty Acids in the Control of Inflammation in Neonatal Piglets.

Simple SummaryThe maturation of the gut is a specific and very dynamic process in new-born piglets. Consequently, piglet’s gut is very susceptible to disturbances, especially in stressful periods of life, such as weaning, when the gut lining often becomes inflamed and leaky. Dietary fatty acids (FA) do not only serve as source of energy and essential FA, but they are important precursors for bioactive lipid mediators, which modulate inflammatory signalling in the body. The current review summarizes results on dietary sources of FA for piglets, the signalling cascades, bioactivities, the necessity to consider the autoxidation potential of polyunsaturated FA and the area of microbially produced long-chain FA. That said, porcine milk is high in fat, whereby the milk FA composition partly depends on the dietary FA composition of the sow. Therefore, manipulation of the sow diet is an efficient tool to increase the piglet’s intake of specific FA, e.g., n-3 polyunsaturated FA which show anti-inflammatory activity and may support intestinal integrity and functioning in the growing animal.Excessive inflammation and a reduced gut mucosal barrier are major causes for gut dysfunction in piglets. The fatty acid (FA) composition of the membrane lipids is crucial for mediating inflammatory signalling and is largely determined by their dietary intake. Porcine colostrum and milk are the major sources of fat in neonatal piglets. Both are rich in fat, demonstrating the dependence of the young metabolism from fat and providing the young organism with the optimum profile of lipids for growth and development. The manipulation of sow’s dietary polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) intake has been shown to be an efficient strategy to increase the transfer of specific FAs to the piglet for incorporation in enteric tissues and cell membranes. n-3 PUFAs, especially seems to be beneficial for the immune response and gut epithelial barrier function, supporting the piglet’s enteric defences in situations of increased stress such as weaning. Little is known about microbial lipid mediators and their role in gut barrier function and inhibition of inflammation in neonatal piglets. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of lipid nutrition in new-born piglets, comparing the FA ingestion from milk and plant-based lipid sources and touching the areas of host lipid signalling, inflammatory signalling and microbially derived FAs.

PROJECTIVE APPROACH TO THE SOCIAL ADAPTABILITY RESEARCH

PROJECTIVE APPROACH TO THE SOCIAL ADAPTABILITY RESEARCH

Study of the energy potential of the heart of college students through the energy potential of the heart

In our country, in different regions, mass monitoring of youth health is not carried out in full. Obviously, during the independence of Uzbekistan, young people have gained in height and weight. But this work was done spontaneously and has not been fully analyzed. With the help of the Robinson method, various processes can be distinguished according to the energy reserves in the potential state of the heart. Severe fatigue during the physical development of a young organism as a result can lead to negative changes in respiratory and cardiac function. The proposed Robinson test method can become the basis for correcting the work of the heart by constant monitoring of its potential energy. If a young organism examines itself in this way during physical development, its health will improve even more. This method is inexpensive and can attract the attention of many for its ease of use among the general public.

Increasing the interest of students of philology in physical education classes by means of specially selected moving games

The basis of teaching and educating students youth is the learning process, which should be organized so that it was quite difficult and interesting, but not overload the young organism. Today, in the conditions of transfer of physical education classes in some higher education institutions to the optional form of classes without significant levers of control and assessment of student‟s skills and abilities, the issue of students' interest in physical activity in universities is becoming increasingly important. According to the results of our survey, rating types of physical activity for modern students were established. The received list testifies to need of adjustment of the maintenance of educational programs and plans on a subject of physical education. The top five physical activities among students included stretching, Pilates, gymnastics and acrobatics, swimming and sports games.
 The study involved 124 students of the Faculty of Foreign Philology, who studied in 1-3 courses of the university. 3 experimental and 3 control groups were formed (one in each course). The pedagogical experiment consisted in filling the content of physical education classes with moving games, in which students had to apply their acquired knowledge of foreign languages (English), implement and test in practice non-standard methods of learning and improving a foreign language. The results of our pedagogical experiment show that integrated classes on physical education and learning foreign languages with the improvement of practical skills of their application increase the interest of students of philology to physical activity.

2,3-дифосфогліцерат – індикатор гіпоксії, що впливає на стан післяопераційної когнітивної дисфункції при використанні загальної анестезії

У 130 пацієнтів хірургічних відділень різного профілю на базі Харківської міської клінічної лікарні швидкої та невідкладної медичної допомоги ім. проф. О.І. Мещанінова після застосування загального наркозу визначали вміст 2,3-дифосфогліцерату як індикатору гіпоксії залежно від віку. Оперативне втручання проводили за умов загальної багатокомпонентної анестезії зі штучною вентиляцією легень із використанням пропофолу й фентанілу, тіопенталу натрію й фентанілу. Пацієнтів було розподілено на три групи: 1-ша – 46 пацієнтів молодого віку (18–43 роки); 2-га – 43 пацієнти середнього віку (44–59 років); 3-тя – 41 пацієнт похилого віку (60–80 років). У крові пацієнтів визначали вміст еритроцитів, гемоглобіну та 2,3-дифосфогліцерату. Установлено, що в пацієнтів молодого віку швидкість утворення 2,3-дифосфогліцерату підвищується протягом першого тижня, дуже швидко спрацьовують адаптаційні механізми. У пацієнтів хірургічного відділення середнього віку спостерігається більш виражена інтенсивність утворення 2,3-дифосфогліцерату, що є необхідним для забезпечення транспорту кисню до тканин, зокрема до нервової системи. У пацієнтів похилого віку визначається зрив адаптаційних механізмів, інтенсивність утворення 2,3-дифосфогліцерату знижується у відповідь на гіпоксію. Таким чином, у людей похилого віку спостерігається недостатнє забезпечення функціонуючих клітин киснем, наданий наркоз та оперативне втручання можуть первинно викликати гіпоксичний стан за умов порушення функції киснево-транспортних і ауторегулюючих систем організму.

The cell protection of weated pigs for probiotics

The immune system is central to ensuring the consistency of the body's homeostasis. The state of the body's natural resistance is determined by a set of non-specific protective mechanisms. Lymphocytes and phagocytes are actively involved in maintaining immunity. Lymphocytes recognize the antigens of pathogenic microorganisms, and phagocytes absorb and destroy the pathogens themselves. During the weaning of piglets from sows there is a decrease in the protective forces of their body. During this period, the natural resistance of the piglets is reduced due to the stressful situation caused by changing conditions of confinement, the transition to full feed and lack of sows. The immune system of weaning pigs is relatively weak, so when exposed to environmental and technological stressors, they become susceptible to various diseases. The use of probiotic drugs stimulates the activity of the immune system, prevents stress and immunodeficiency. One of these probiotics is the probiotic of domestic production Protecto-active. It w observed the the influence of the probiotic Protecto-active on the indices of nonspecific resistance of the young pigs organism to the growth. An increase in bactericidal activity of blood serum by 12.10% (P <0.05) and lysozyme activity of blood in the piglets of the experimental group was increased by 3.71% compared to control, which indicates the activation of the body's defenses and the increase in adaptive capacity. An important step in the study of the influence of the probiotic Protekto-active on the state of the immune system is to determine the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, phagocytic index and phagocytic number. In the experimental group of piglets that were fed the probiotic Protecto-active, we found an increase in leukocyte phagocytic activity by 9.0% (P <0.001), a phagocytic index by 51.7% (P<0.001) and a phagocytic number by 24.8% ( P <0.01) compared with the control group. Thus, using a probiotic Protecto-active, all indicators of phagocytosis increase: the number of phagocytes increases, their ability to capture microorganisms and increases their digestive capacity, it increases the bacterial and lysozyme activity of blood serum, which is positively reflected in the immunobiosity. Key words: probiotic, phagocytosis, phagocytic index, phagocytic number, phagocytic activity of leukocytes, cellular immunity, piglets

Application of electro reflexotherapy in bronchopneumonia of calves against background of necrobacteriosis management

One of the main reasons for the high incidence of young cattle of bronchopneumonia is the low level of the immunological response due to the imperfect immune system of the young organism, as well as the ill-being of livestock farming with one or a number of diseases caused by pathogens related to opportunistic and/or stationary microflora. To obtain a positive result of the treatment of bronchopneumonia, it is necessary to provide the first line of nonspecific protection of the calves’ body, as well as reducing the effects of the infectious and inflammatory stressor on the sick organism. The object of the study was young cattle with florid clinical signs of catarrhal bronchopneumonia. Three groups were formed from the selected calves: control and two experienced. In the control, a generally accepted treatment regimen for bronchopneumonia was used, and in the experiment, electroreflexotherapy was additionally used. Combination treatment of catarrhal bronchopneumonia of calves with the use of electroreflexotherapy contributes to: activation of the inflammatory process, stimulation of specific and non-specific immunobiological surveillance, providing direct and indirect bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects and has some antiadrenergic effect.

The Problem of Russia Historical Age in the Concept of O. Spengler

The methodological basis for the reconstruction of O. Spengler’s ideas about the historical age of Russia is the comparative analysis of his concept with the heritage of Russian conservative thought. German philosopher, in fact, carried out due to his Eurocentrism and somewhat biased attitude to Russia, a certain synthesis of the ideas N.Ja. Danilevsky and K.N. Leontiev, such as: the views on the youthfulness of Russian cultural and historical type, its Eastern Byzantine foundations, the negative nature of Western cultural influence, the lack of effectiveness of cultural and state life. In general, Spengler perceived contemporary Russia as a relatively young socio-historical organism, containing only the embryo of cultural originality, distorted by two historical pseudo-morphoses, but still capable of finding itself as a gradually expanding, hierarchically organized Asian country through the achievement of appropriate spiritual and geopolitical goals.