We analyse C18O (J = 3−2) data from a sample of 99 infrared (IR)-bright massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) and compact H ii regions that were identified as potential molecular-outflow sources in the Red MSX Source survey. We extract a distance-limited (D < 6 kpc) sample shown to be representative of star formation covering the transition between the source types. At the spatial resolution probed, Larson-like relationships are found for these cores, though the alternative explanation, that Larson's relations arise where surface-density-limited samples are considered, is also consistent with our data. There are no significant differences found between source properties for the MYSOs and H ii regions, suggesting that the core properties are established prior to the formation of massive stars, which subsequently have little impact at the later evolutionary stages investigated. There is a strong correlation between dust-continuum and C18O-gas masses, supporting the interpretation that both trace the same material in these IR-bright sources. A clear linear relationship is seen between the independently established core masses and luminosities. The position of MYSOs and compact H ii regions in the mass–luminosity plane is consistent with the luminosity expected from a cluster of protostars when using an ∼40 per cent star formation efficiency and indicates that they are at a similar evolutionary stage, near the end of the accretion phase.