Young's Internet Addiction Scale Research Articles

Internet Addiction on Psycho-Social Symptoms of Happiness and Aggression through Difficulties in Emotion Regulation: Evidence Following COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Internet usage has increased during the pandemic. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between internet addiction (IA), happiness, and aggression in the context of difficulties in emotion regulation (DER). The psycho-social symptoms of the COVID-19 pandemic appear to be more persistent over time compared to its physical symptoms, especially regarding Internet addiction in the young population. This study seeks to understand these effects on happiness and aggression through difficulties in emotion regulation. Participants and Procedure: The sample of this study consisted of 325 university students. Data were gathered using the Young Internet Addiction Scale Short Form, Oxford Happiness Scale Short-Form, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Brief-Form, and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Results: The results showed that internet addiction was negatively related to happiness, and this relationship was mediated by difficulties in emotion regulation. Similarly, internet addiction was positively related to aggression, and this relationship was fully mediated by difficulties in emotion regulation as well. Conclusion: These research findings emphasize the need for creating effective interventions to enhance emotion regulation skills in internet-addicted adults. The results are discussed in light of the effects of the coronavirus pandemic.

The Relationship of University Students' Internet Addiction Level Through Telephone Use and 2d:4d Ratio

Aim: To evaluate the relationship between the 2nd and 4th finger measurement ratio (2d:4d) ratio of university students' internet addiction level through phone use. Material and Method: 322 students were questioned about their demografic data, dominant extremity, and the device while using the internet. Hand width (HW), length (HL), grip strength (HGS), 2d:4d measurements were taken. Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS) was used for internet addiction, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form (SAS) was used for smartphone addiction. Results: In men, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of Right-Left HL, Left HGS, Right/4d, YIAS and SAS values. In addition, it was determined that the device preference, HL right, HL left, HGS left and Right/4d parameters originated from normal and dependent groups. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in women in terms of Left HL, Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d, Left/4d, Young and SAS values. It was determined that the device preference was due to individuals falling into the normal group of Left HL according to the YIAS, and the statistical difference of the Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d and Left/4d parameters. It was determined that there was a moderately strong negative correlation between SAS and Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d, Left/4d parameters in addicted men. Conclusion: The gender relations of the accepted scales regarding phone and internet addiction may be due to the length of the left hand and the movement function of the right 4d to provide control in phone use, rather than the 2d:4d finger ratios.

Comparison of Opioid Use Disorder Patients with and without Problematic Internet Use in Terms of Impulsivity and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

This study seeks to investigate ADHD symptoms and impulsivity among individuals diagnosed with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) who also exhibit symptoms of Problematic Internet Use (PIU). The study involved the participation of 360 Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) patients enrolled at an Alcohol and Drug Addiction Treatment Center (ADATC) during the period from October to December 2022. Various assessment tools were administered, including Young's Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Problematic Internet Use (PIU) was identified by YIAS scores equal to or exceeding 50. The majority of participants diagnosed with OUD showed comorbid PIU with high levels of depression, anxiety and ADHD symptoms. Both BDI and BAI scores showed a significant increase in the PIU group compared to the non-PIU group (p<0.001). Significant differences were observed in BIS Motor Impulsivity, Attentional Impulsivity and Total scores, indicating higher impulsivity in the PIU group (all p<0.001). Additionally, higher ASRS scores were found in the PIU group (p<0.001). These findings highlight the importance of addressing PIU and comorbidities in OUD treatment. Interventions targeting ADHD symptoms and emotional well-being may benefit PIU management.

Relationship of Risky Internet Use with Parental Depression and Anxiety in a Sample of Turkish Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Parental mental health has a significant impact on adolescent well-being, including their engagement in problematic behaviors such as risky internet use. However, limited research has examined the association between parental mental health and risky internet use (RIU) in adolescents, particularly those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To address this gap, this study investigated the relations between parental depression and anxiety symptoms and RIU in adolescents with ADHD. A sample of 100 participants (mean age = 13.6 years; 27% female) diagnosed with ADHD was included. Parental depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression and Beck Anxiety Inventories, while adolescents' RIU was measured using Young's Internet Addiction Scale. Participants with scores exceeding 50 on the scale were classified as having RIU. After controlling for adolescent gender, parental education levels, and income, the results revealed that both parental depressive (β = 0.09) and anxiety symptoms (β = 0.06) significantly predicted an elevated risk of RIU in adolescents with ADHD. These findings highlight the substantial role of parental depression and anxiety as risk factors for RIU in this population. Understanding these associations can inform the development of targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of parental mental health on adolescent RIU and promote better outcomes for individuals with ADHD.

The Mediating Role of Procrastination in the Relationship between Fear of Missing Out and Internet Addiction in University Students.

This study aims to examine the potential mediating role of procrastination in the relationship between fear of missing out and internet addiction. Employing a cross-sectional research design, this study utilized a paper-pencil form to collect data from 315 students (65.4% undergraduate and 66.3% females) between 18 and 32 (Mage = 22.43; SD = 3.81) studying at a state university in Türkiye. Data were collected through the convenience sampling method. The study was designed as a survey model. This design was tested via mediation analysis. The participants completed self-report assessments using the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOs), General Procrastination Scale (GPS-9), and Young Internet Addiction Scale (short form). The findings showed that FoMO had a significant positive direct effect on both procrastination (R2 = 0.13) and internet addiction (R2 = 0.33). Procrastination also had a significant positive direct effect on internet addiction (R2 = 0.34). Additionally, procrastination mediated the relationship between the fear of missing out and internet addiction (β = 0.156, p < 0.001). These findings not only extend the scope of existing research but also hold practical implications for the development of sustainable interventions. It is believed that the findings will contribute to the consideration of procrastination when preparing psychoeducation or group guidance programs for internet addiction. These interventions can effectively address the process through which fear of missing out leads to internet addiction by considering the significant role of procrastination in students. Findings typically suggest that procrastination behavior is a key factor in explaining the association between FoMO and internet addiction.

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Mizahla Başa Çıkma ile Öznel Zindelikleri Arasındaki İlişkide Problemli İnternet Kullanımının Aracı Rolünün İncelenmesi

This research investigates the mediating role of problematic internet use in the relationship between coping humor and subjective vitality of university students. A total of 378 university students (243 females and 135 males, Agemean = 20.27 ± 1.78) participated in the study and completed The Subjective Vitality Scale, Coping Humor Scale, Young Internet Addiction Scale - Short Form and Personal Information Form. Structural Equation Modeling was used for data analysis. According to the Structural Equation Modeling, coping humor predicts subjective vitality through the partial mediation of problematic internet use. In the discussion and conclusion section, explanations related to the research findings, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research were provided.

Relationship of Problematic Internet Use with Emotion Regulation in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between problematic internet use and emotion regulation in adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Adolescents diagnosed with ADHD were given the Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS). They were divided into two groups problematic internet use (PIU) above 50 points (n=41) and normal internet use (NIU) below 50 points (n=41). The groups were compared by giving the AtillaTurgay DSM-IV Based for Child and Adolescent DistruptiveBehaviour Disorders Rating Scale (ATS) to the parents and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) to the adolescents. Results: The sample consisted of 25 (30.5%) girls and 57 (69.5%) boys, with a mean age of 14±1.8 years. Major depressive disorder (p=0.012), conduct disorder (p=0.034), and elimination disorder (p=0.040) were significantly higher in the PIU group compared to the NIU group. The mean scores of the YIAS, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) subscale of ATS, and the goals subscale of DERS were higher in the PIU group (p&amp;lt;0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between YIAS and DERS (p=0.030). Conclusion: The attendance of ADHD with problematic internet use increases emotion regulation difficulties and morbidity. There is a need for studies with a larger sample size and including healthy controls.

S100B and Neuron-Specific Enolase Levels as Brain Injury Biomarkers in Internet Addiction: Effect of Sleep

BackgroundComorbidity of Internet addiction (IA) with sleep disruptions is common in adolescents. There is evidence that the levels of brain injury markers could be affected by sleep disruptions. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality and these biomarkers within the framework of the relationship between IA and sleep disruptions. MethodsA total of 65 drug-free adolescents with newly diagnosed IA, aged 12 to 18 years, were included in the study, and they were divided into two groups considering the comorbidities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and social anxiety. The control group consisted of 30 healthy children. The participants were asked to complete the Young Internet Addiction Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire, Beck's Depression Inventory, Beck's Anxiety Inventory, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11. Blood samples were taken between 8 and 9 am to analyze S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ResultsPlasma S100B and NSE levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the IA with ADHD and the IA with anxiety groups than in healthy controls. NSE and S100B levels were found to be correlated with PSQI scores in both the IA groups. Also, there was a positive correlation between these biomarkers and IA severity. ConclusionsDecreased sleep quality and daily sleep duration in IA might cause brain injury, resulting in an increase in the severity of the addiction. Prospective studies with large samples are needed to better explain the IA-sleep-brain injury relationship.

A Systematic Review of Pharmacological Treatments for Internet Gaming Disorder.

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is an increasingly common behavioral addiction, with an estimated global prevalence of 3%. A variety of pharmacological treatments have been used to treat IGD, yet no review to date has synthesized clinical trials evaluating their efficacy. This systematic review therefore synthesized the literature reporting on clinical trials of pharmacological treatments for IGD. We reviewed articles from MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed Central, CINAHL, and PsycINFO that were published as of March of 2022. A total of 828 articles were retrieved for review and 12 articles were included, reporting on a total of 724 participants. Most participants were male (98.6%), and all were currently living in South Korea. The most common drugs used to treat IGD were bupropion, methylphenidate, and a range of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The Young Internet Addiction Scale was the most frequently used to measure gaming-related outcomes. All studies reported reduced symptoms of IGD from pre- to post-treatment. Across all clinical trials, IGD symptom reductions following the administration of pharmacological treatments ranged from 15.4% to 51.4%. A risk of bias assessment indicated that only four studies had a low risk of bias. Preliminary results suggest that a wide array of pharmacological interventions may be efficacious in the treatment of IGD. Future studies using double-blind randomized controlled trial designs, recruiting larger and more representative samples, and controlling for psychiatric comorbidities are needed to better inform understanding of pharmacological treatments for IGD.

LEVELS OF CYBERCHONDRIA, HEALTH ANXIETY AND INTERNET ADDICTION IN MEDICAL FACULTY STUDENTS

OBJECTIVE: In this study, it was aimed to compare the levels of cyberchondria, health anxiety and internet addiction of medical faculty students with other faculty students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 223 students studying at the faculty of medicine and 211 students studying at other faculties were included in the study. Students studying in health-related faculties such as nursing etc. were not included in the study. Socio-demographic data form, Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS), Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI), and Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS) were administered to all participants. RESULTS: The mean age of medical faculty students (21.27±2.27 years) was found to be similar to the mean age of other faculty students (21.38±2.05 years) (p=0.440). HAI mean scores were found to be significantly higher in medical faculty students than in other faculties (p=0.007). YIAS and CSS scores were found to be similar in both groups (respectively; p=0.536, p=0.960). YIAS scores and CSS scores of medical faculty students in pre-clinical classes were higher than those in clinical classes (respectively; p=0.017, p&amp;lt;0.001). As the age increased in all participants, the YIAS scores decreased (r= -0.119, p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: It can be said that health anxiety is higher in medical faculty students. In addition, cyberchondria levels and internet addiction levels are higher in medical school students in pre-clinical classes than in clinical classes. We suggest that the awareness levels of students about health anxiety and cyberchondria should be increased in medical school education, where the knowledge about diseases increases intensively.

Investigating the Relationship between Internet Addiction and Dietary Behavior among Students: an analytical cross-sectional study

Background: Internet addiction can affect students' general health. Regarding to the importance of healthy eating and the impact on health and academic achievement of students. This research was conducted to aim the assessment of relationship between internet addiction and dietary behavior among students.&#x0D; Methods: In this an analytical cross-sectional study, 373 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences participated in 2020. Data were collected by Young's Internet Addiction Scale, demographic data and Dietary Behavior questionnaire. Data analyzed by SPSS V.21 and descriptive indicators including percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation and inferential tests including Spearman’s test, T-test and Kruskal-Wallis. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered&#x0D; Results: The majority of the student population had no internet addiction by 91.4%. Also, 8.3% and 0.3% from student population were potential risk and high risk respectively. There was a statistical significant correlation between levels of internet addiction and dietary behavior in high-fat diets (r = 0.483, P = 0.004), snacking (r = 0.455, P &lt; 0.001), emotional eating behavior (r = 0.543, P &lt; 0.001) and poor dietary pattern (r = 0.632; P &lt; 0.001).&#x0D; Conclusions: It is suggested to improve students' beneficial use of the internet with training and improve their dietary behavior.

The Effectiveness of Game Coding Education on Problematic Internet Gaming.

Problematic internet gaming in adolescents is associated with various negative outcomes, such as low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and attention problems. We hypothesized that game coding education, by improving adolescents' self-esteem, would be more effective than game literacy education in mitigating problematic internet gaming. A total of 126 adolescents who voluntarily applied for the game coding education and game literacy education program of the "Visiting Game Class" project operated by the Game Cultural Foundation participated in this study. We collected data on demographics, gaming patterns, and psychological status, including positive or negative perceptions of online games, depression, and anxiety. We designated those with scores higher than 40 on Young's Internet Addiction Scale as the "problematic internet gaming" group. Only game coding education was significantly effective in decreasing internet use, lowering depressive symptoms, and improving self-esteem. In the hierarchical logistic regression analysis, more frequent education time, coding education, stronger negative perceptions of gaming, and high self-esteem predicted decreased internet gaming among participants exhibiting problematic internet gameplay. Game coding education effectively mitigates problematic gaming by improving adolescents' self-esteem. Thus, it may be beneficial to increase education time and devise game education programs tailored to adolescents' psychological status.

The effectiveness of reality therapy on aggression, loneliness and emotional divorce in married women with internet addiction

Objective: The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of reality therapy on aggression, loneliness and emotional divorce in married women dependent on cyberspace. Method: The research method was a quasi-experimental type of pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population is all married women related to cyberspace who were referred to counseling centers in the east of Tehran in 2022. The sample was 36 people from the statistical population based on Morgan's table and selected by available online sampling method. They were replaced randomly in two groups of 18 people, experimental and control. In order to collect data, Young's Internet Addiction Scale, Buss and Perry's Aggression Questionnaire (1992), UCLA Loneliness Questionnaire (1980) and Gottman's Emotional Divorce Scale were used. The experimental group subjects received 8 sessions of 120 minutes of reality therapy intervention with a time interval of one session per week for two months. The control group did not receive any intervention. The collected data were analyzed with spss software and analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that reality therapy the variable of aggressiveness, feelings of loneliness and emotional divorce in the experimental group compared to the control group had a significant effect (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The results of this research showed that reality therapy can be effective on aggression, loneliness and emotional divorce in married women dependent on virtual space.

Internet Addiction Amongst University Students Under COVID-19: Prevalence and Correlates

Under COVID-19, because of extensive online learning and the use of the internet for communication, there is a risk of intensification of Internet addiction (IA) in young people. Unfortunately, there are very few related studies in different Chinese contexts, including Hong Kong. In this study, we examined several research gaps in the literature with reference to university students in Hong Kong: a) prevalence of IA; b) socio-demographic factors related to IA; c) relationships between IA and other mental health problems and stressors (i.e., comorbidity); and protective factors for IA. To address the above research issues, we conducted an online survey in early 2021 (N = 1,648) using validated instruments on IA, psychological well-being, and stress. Based on the Young Internet Addiction Scale, roughly half of the respondents could be considered as showing excessive IA symptoms. Regarding demographic correlates of IA, younger students and those who experienced personal financial difficulty showed higher IA levels, and there was no observed gender difference. There were positive relationships between IA symptoms and mental health problems (depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal behavior, and hopelessness) and stresses (difficulties encountered and unmet psychosocial needs), suggesting co-morbidity of IA. IA was also negatively associated with positive psychological attributes such as flourishing and emotional competence, which could be regarded as factors protecting young people from IA. Results are discussed with reference to the different ecological risks and protective factors in IA amongst young people in the Chinese context.

Investigation of the relationship between 2D:4D finger ratios and internet and smartphone addiction in middle school children

In humans, prenatal testosterone exposure affects a sexually dimorphic feature called the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D). Our research sought to better understand the connections among 2D:4D, Internet addiction (IA), and smartphone addiction (SPA) among middle school students. The study included 104 students aged between 10 and 14 years (mean age for girls: 11.3, the mean age for boys: 11.6), with 48 male and 56 female participants. Measurements of 2D:4D, hand length, and hand width were taken from the participants' hands. IA was assessed using the Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS), and SPA was assessed using the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form (SAS-SF). In male participants, a negative correlation was found between the 2D:4D ratio and IA, while no correlation was observed in female participants. Both male and female participants showed a high correlation between IA and SPA. The study concludes that 2D:4D is an easily measurable and reliable marker for gender differentiation. It was found that male participants had higher levels of IA compared to female participants and that IA and SPA are strongly correlated in both genders.

Aile İletişim Kalıpları ve Akran İlişkilerinin Siber Mağduriyet ve Zorbalık Üzerindeki Etkisi: İnternet Bağımlılığının Aracı Etkisi

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı aile iletişim kalıpları, akran ilişkileri ve internet bağımlılığının siber mağduriyet ve zorbalık üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi ve internet bağımlılığının aracı etkisinin bir model aracılığı ile değerlendirilmesidir.&#x0D; Yöntem: Araştırmaya İzmir İlinde 4 farklı türdeki 8 lisede öğrenim gören 14-19 yaş aralığında toplam 320 kişi katılmıştır. Sosyodemografik bilgiler formu, Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık Envanteri, Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, Akran İlişkileri Ölçeği ve Aile İletişim Kalıpları Ölçeği uygulanmıştır &#x0D; Bulgular: Katılımcıların %49,9’u erkek olup yaş ortalaması 16,25±1,13’tür. %95,4’ü cep telefonuna, %71,2’sinin bilgisayara, %42,5’i tablete sahiptir. Öğrencilerin çoğunluğu (%67,5) interneti ebeveynlerinin denetimi olmaksızın istediği kadar kullanabilmekte ve günde beş saatten fazla internette zaman geçirmektedir (%30,5). Çok değişkenli analizde siber mağduriyet ile internet bağımlılığı, akran, serbestiyetçi ve koruyucu aile türü ile anlamlı düzeyde ilişkili iken, siber zorbalıkta internet bağımlılığı serbestiyetçi ve koruyucu aile türü ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Yol analizinde siber mağduriyet üzerinde akran ilişkilerinin ve aile iletişimin toplam etkisi sırasıyla β=0,212 ve β=0,144 düzeyindedir. Siber zorbalık üzerindeki toplam etki sırasıyla β=0,158 ve β=0,138 büyüklüğündedir.&#x0D; Sonuç: Siber mağduriyet ve zorbalık, akran ilişkileri, aile iletişimi ve internet bağımlılığından etkilenmektedir. Gençlerde internet bağımlılığına ve dolayısıyla siber mağduriyet ve zorbalığa neden olan faktörler etki yolakları ile birlikte iyi tespit edilip denetlenmelidir.

Adölesanlar arasında internet bağımlılığı prevalansı ve etkili faktörler: Erzurum ili örneği

Amaç: Adölesan çağın özellikleri göz önüne alındığında adölesanların internetin olumsuz etkilerine karşı savunmasız ve internet bağımlılığı açısından oldukça duyarlı bir grup oldukları bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, adölesanların internet bağımlılığı düzeylerinin ve etkili faktörlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: Kesitsel nitelikteki bu çalışmaya, Erzurum il merkezi ortaöğretim kurumlarında öğrenim gören 798 öğrenci katıldı. Çalışma verilerinin toplanmasında kişisel bilgi formu ve Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği kullanıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmada adölesanların %18.9’u (K: %20.6, E: %17.1) patolojik internet kullanıcısıydı. Katılımcılar interneti en sık film/video vb. izleme (%16.9), sosyal medya (%16.1) ve eğitim ve/veya araştırma (%15.6) amaçlı kullanıyordu. Sigara içenöğrencilerde (%17.0) internet bağımlılığı anlamlı düzeyde yüksekti (p&amp;lt;0.001).Sonuç: Yaklaşık her beş öğrenciden birinin patolojik düzeyde internet kullanıcısı olarak saptanması, adölesanlarda önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olduğuna işaret etmektedir. İnternet bağımlılığı düzeylerinin ve belirleyicilerinin kapsamlı çalışmalar ile ortaya konulması, etkili müdahalelerin belirlenmesinde önemlidir.

The Influence of Internet Addiction and Time Spent on the Internet Towards Social Isolation Among University Students in Malaysia

Recent research has shown that there is a connection between Internet addiction and time spent on the Internet with social isolation of the users. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the influence of Internet addiction and time spent on the Internet towards social isolation among university students in Malaysia. A total of 110 respondents who were undergraduate and postgraduate students from four universities participated in the survey. The collected sample through purposive sampling technique was 110 responses which exceeded the minimum sample size. The research instruments for Internet addiction were adopted from Young Internet Addiction Scale Test which consist of 20 items whereas social isolation was measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale consisting also of 20 items. Time spent on the Internet was measured based on the number of hours the students spent on social media platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, and Instagram. The questionnaire was distributed via online channels due to the physical constraints of the Covid-19 pandemic. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22 and Smart PLS-SEM Version 3.2.8. The measurement assessment showed that the data had fulfilled the composite reliability and convergent and discriminant validities requirements. The findings revealed that the level of Internet addiction, time spent on the Internet and social isolation were moderate. The findings also demonstrated that Internet addiction and time spent on the Internet influenced social isolation among university students.

The Relationship Between Chronotype and Impulsivity, Attention-Deficit Disorder, Internet, Social Media, and Smartphone Addiction.

The aim of our study is to investigate the relationship between chronotypes and impulsivity, attention-deficit disorder and smartphone, social media, and internet addiction in a sample of university students. The study was conducted at our university from May to July 2021. A total of 255 subjects were recruited in the study among the students from the medical faculty and the faculty of health sciences (departments of nutrition and dietetics, nursing, and physiotherapy and rehabilitation) of our university who received face-to-face education in 2020-2021. Sociodemographic data form, the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 Short Form, Young's Internet Addiction Scale, Social Media Addiction Scale-Adult Form, and Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version were administered by the study investigators through face-to-face interviews. Among the students, the intermediate type was most common (n = 157) and the evening type was least common (n = 44). The chronotypes differed in terms of the time spent daily on smartphone and internet (P = .001 and P < .001). The evening types showed significantly higher mean scores on the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 Short Form, Young's Internet Addiction Scale, Social Media Addiction Scale-Adult Form, and Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version when compared with other chronotypes. Female and male students showed comparable scores on all scales. Chronotypes were not different between genders. The results of our study showed a greater frequency of smartphone, internet, and social media addiction among the evening types than in the other chronotypes. Greater impulsivity and attention problems as observed in the evening types may be predisposing these individuals to develop addiction to smartphone, internet, and social media.

Pathological Internet Use, Aggression, and Cyberbullying in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pathological internet use, aggression, and cyberbullying/victimization in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Male children (10-18 years old) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 30) and without any diagnosis (n = 30) were evaluated using Questionnaire of Computer/Internet Use of Children and Adolescents (Children-Adolescent Form and Parent Form), Children's Aggression Scale-Parent Version, Young Internet Addiction Scale, and Cyber Bullying and Online Aggression Survey Instrument. Weekly internet/computer using time, Young Internet Addiction Scale scores, Children's Aggression Scale-Parent Version scores were higher in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group. When all participants included in the study were compared for the availability of rules related to the PC/internet use at their homes, it was determined that there were rules by 53.3%, and the rate of setting rules was higher in the control group than attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group. There is a high level of positive correlation between Internet Addiction Scale score and duration in internet use in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group. Those who experienced cyberbullying throughout their lives were at a higher rate in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group compared to the control group. "Physical aggression without provoking" subgroup of Children's Aggression Scale-Parent Version is correlated with cyberbullying in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group and cyber victimization in the control group. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have higher levels of aggression and pathological internet use than healthy controls, but there is no difference between cyberbullying and victimization. Cyberbullying/victimization is independent of diagnosis. For this reason, it is necessary to create awareness and preventive measures of cyberbullying.