Young Households Research Articles

Interregional Migration: Who Decides to Move?

Abstract The functionality of a region depends on its people. Yet for some regions within Australia, attracting and retaining varied skilled people continues to be a challenge. What influences people to want to stay, move away from or move into a region? Before we can answer this question, we firstly need to understand ‘who’ is making this decision. Much of past research assumes the decision is made at the individual head of household level or must assume the decision is made at the individual as opposed to the household level as a result of data availability. This paper highlights the limitations of making such an assumption and offers an alternative method transforming secondary microdata to reflect the collective household unit as the decision making unit. We find that our migration models are statistically robust with results consistent with conventional studies that show smaller, younger households are more mobile. Most importantly, however, we find evidence that our proxies which represent characteristics of the collective unit, termed “Decision Making Unit”, are also statistically significant. Thus, justifying the need for migration models to reflect the collective unit and not just the individual, should we seek to better understand motives. JEL classification numbers: J61, R23, R58 Keywords: interregional migration, migration, decision-making, households, regions

Dietary Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease among Low-Income Haitian Adults: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort.

Poor diets are responsible for a large burden of noncommunicable disease (NCD). The prevalence of modifiable dietary risk factors is rising in lower-income countries such as Haiti, along with increasing urbanization and shifts to diets high in sugar, salt, and fat. We describe self-reported dietary patterns (intake of fruits, vegetables, fried food, sugar-sweetened beverages, and added salt and oil) among a population-based cohort of low-income adults in Port-au-Prince and assess for associated sociodemographic factors (age, sex, income, education, body mass index). Among 2989 participants, the median age was 40 years, and 58.0% were women. Less than 1% met the World Health Organization recommendation of at least five servings/day of fruits and vegetables. Participants consumed fried food on average 1.6 days/week and sugar-sweetened beverages on average 4.7 days/week; young males of low socioeconomic status were the most likely to consume these dietary risk factors. The vast majority of participants reported usually or often consuming salt (87.1%) and oil (86.5%) added to their meals eaten at home. Our findings underscore the need for public health campaigns, particularly those targeting young males and household cooks preparing family meals at home, to improve dietary patterns in Haiti in order to address the growing NCD burden.

Optimizing the Life-Cycle Path of Pension Premium Payments and the Pension Ambition in the Netherlands

We determine the optimal life-cycle path of pension premiums during the working ages and pension benefits during retirement, assuming that households can choose these freely. We calibrate the model on Dutch data. The optimization takes into account the fact that incomes generally rise during the working ages and that children are generally present in young households. Both features lead to an upward sloping path of optimal pension premium rates over the working life, while under the current pension system this is rather flat. The welfare gains from implementing the optimal pension system depend on the specification of the model, but can be sizable. A potentially lower return on pension assets in the future implies a further delay of optimal pension premiums during the working ages and a lower optimal pension benefit after retirement. Differentiating the path of pension premiums and benefits according to the level of educational attainment of the main income earner brings only small additional welfare gains compared to the situation in which pension premium rates are based on the average income profile in the Dutch economy.

Changes in Housing Behaviors of Young Single Person Households by COVID-19

With the aim of identifying changes in the housing behavior of young single-person households before and after the outbreak of COVID-19, this study analyzed 133 Internet articles published from January to December before the COVID-19 crisis for a comparison with preceding studies on the housing behavior of young single-person households after the pandemic began. In addition, in order to closely examine the actual behavior changes in young households in connection with the results of the article analysis, interviews were conducted with 10 young single-person households on the changes in their housing behavior before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. The article analysis led to the observation that more articles about hobby and home decoration were published after the crisis. The interview results show, consistent with the article analysis results, an increasing trend of hobby activities, along with a marked increase in activities related to telecommuting, online classes and eating (specifically in relation to delivery meals). The results of this study provide a glimpse of the changes in the housing behavior of young single-person households before and after the pandemic, and are expected to be used as basic data for planning youth housing suitable for the post-corona era.

Countercyclical Labor Income Risk and Portfolio Choices over the Life Cycle

Abstract I estimate a life cycle model of portfolio choices that incorporates the relationship between market returns and the skewness of idiosyncratic income shocks. The cyclicality of skewness can explain (a) low stock market participation among young households, (b) why the equity share of participants slightly increases until retirement, and (c) why renters invest less in stocks than do homeowners. With a relative risk aversion of 6 and yearly participation cost of $250, the model matches the evolution of wealth, participation, and conditional equity shares over the life cycle. Nevertheless, cyclical skewness increases the equity premium by at most 0.5 percentage points. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.

Who is afraid of sanctions? The macroeconomic and distributional effects of the sanctions against Iran

AbstractThe sanctions imposed on Iran at the beginning of 2012 have simultaneously limited the country's access to the international financial system, levied a strict boycott on Iran's oil and petrochemical exports, and limited imports of intermediate goods. This paper tries to quantify the aggregate and heterogeneous effects of these sanctions. Applying the synthetic control method, I show that the sanctions had persistent and significant effects on the Iranian economy. The cost reached its maximum of 19.1% of real gross domestic product 4 years after the application of the sanctions, and the economy has not fully recovered after their removal. I trace the poverty dynamics for different household groups after the sanctions by adopting a synthetic panel using Iran's household income and expenditure survey data. Inconsistently with the sanctions' initial goals, poverty dynamics suggest that households working in governmental sectors and educated households are unaffected by the sanctions. Instead, the sanctions condemn young, illiterate, rural, or religious minority households to poverty.

Demand elasticities for fresh meat and welfare effects of meat taxes in Germany

This paper assesses the effect of different meat tax designs in Germany including increasing the value-added tax as well as two climate-gas-emission-sensitive excise tax scenarios. For the simulation study, we first estimate price and expenditure elasticities for fresh meat for different household types using data from the GfK ConsumerScan FreshFood panel over the period 2012–14. The estimated elasticities are used to derive budget and welfare effects for the tax scenarios. A general rise in the value-added tax from 7% to 19% leads to a welfare loss of 0.83 euros per household per month. Disentangling the effect by household group according to income and age shows that low-income and older households experience a higher welfare loss and bear a larger tax burden relative to their income compared to low-income and younger households, respectively. Comparing the different taxation scenarios highlights the comparative efficiency of excise taxes and the importance to consider effects on older households.

Residential satisfaction in gated communities according to stages in the life cycle with reference to Cairo, Egypt

The objective of the study is to investigate, in the Egyptian context, residential satisfaction in gated communities (GCs) in relation to stages in the life cycle. The aim is to identify possible differences between the different stages in the life cycle in terms of the most important predictors of overall residential satisfaction. The study relies on a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of residents of Al-Rehab GC in Cairo, Egypt (n = 131). The sample was divided into four life cycle stage groups: young singles (YS) (n = 36), heads of young family households (YF) (n = 41), heads of households with older children (OC) (n = 34), and empty nesters (EN) (n = 20). Statistical analysis does indeed reveal differences between stages in the life cycle in relation to the most important components of residential satisfaction. In particular, for YF and OC, the social environment within the GC was the most important predictor of overall residential satisfaction. For these two life cycle groups, issues related to the needs and safety of their children were also important. In contrast, for EN, the social environment and characteristics of the area around the dwelling appeared to be much less important than for other groups. For EN, satisfaction with the dwelling unit itself was shown to be the most important predictor of overall residential satisfaction.

Kesepakatan Menunda Kehamilan Bagi Pasangan Muda Perspektif Hukum Islam: Upaya Menekan Pernikahan Dini di Masa Pandemi

This research is an attempt to look deeper into why delaying early marriage is appropriate during the COVID-19 pandemic based on the view of Islamic law and the human rights approach. The phenomenon of early marriage during the pandemic had appeared and even jumped based on the data collected. This phenomenon encourages conditions of vulnerability (fiqh: mudharat) which will have an impact on the emergence of new problems and even conflicts for young people, especially if they already have children, given the pandemic conditions that often threaten the household economy. This study departs from the question of why Islamic law and human rights must play a role in reducing the number of early marriages during the pandemic based on the assumption of household vulnerability? How is the phenomenon of early marriage during the pandemic seen from the point of view of human rights and maqasid? This research is analytical descriptive with qualitative methods, and data collection is carried out by literature study on secondary materials to observe the phenomenon of early post-marriage during the pandemic. The results show that the function of Islamic law and human rights can be an important instrument to suppress the surge in early marriage, which will save young households from the vulnerability of household conflicts based on observations made during the covid pandemic.

Analysis of China's urban household indirect carbon emissions drivers under the background of population aging

Population aging is an important concern not only in China but also to many developed countries, and it will be a more serious issue throughout the world in the future. From this point, understanding the impact of population aging on CO2 emissions is important for achieving carbon neutral in the future. To analyze this impact, this study quantifies lifestyle and urban household's consumption impacts upon carbon emissions from the indirect CO2 emissions aspect and uses the structural decomposition method to analyze the factors influencing the growth of indirect CO2 emissions from 2007 to 2012. The analysis results indicate that the indirect CO2 emissions peak at 20 s age group and gradually decline as age increases. Since elderly households have relatively lower indirect CO2 emissions, population aging in the future will reduce indirect CO2 emissions. The decomposition analysis for indirect CO2 emissions shows that the effects of changes in consumption pattern and production technology progress reduced indirect CO2 emissions to a large extent. The main factors leading to the increase in indirect CO2 emissions are the increase in the number of households and consumption volume. The corresponding policy implications are proposed based on our findings: improving energy efficiency in older households, promoting energy conservation promotion among younger households, and cultivating consumers’ green-consumption awareness.

Severe and persistent housing instability: examining low-income households’ residential mobility trajectories in the United States

Given the growing threat of housing instability in the United States, this study explores the variability in housing instability experiences in terms of severity and persistence by tracking low-income households in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data from 2003 to 2017. First, this study examines the associations between one housing instability incident at a particular time and subsequent mobility trajectories. Second, by incorporating sequence analysis, this study explores the conditions under which low-income households are likely to suffer from more chronic forms of housing instability. The results reveal that the more severe one housing instability incident is, the more prolonged the entire housing instability experience is likely to be over time. The ability to maintain homeownership, repeated transitions in partnerships, job insecurity, and repetitively moving across distressed neighborhoods are the conditions for housing instability that occurs more frequently. Moreover, younger households and households with a member with health problems are likely to suffer from more chronic forms of housing instability.

Spatial gaps – Narrowing or widening? Changes in spatial dynamics in the new millennium

Spatial dynamics and its impact on core–periphery relations and on people’s lives have always been a major concern for both scholars and decision makers in many parts of the world. These issues are of greater concern today than ever before because of the global housing affordability crisis that is intertwined with changes in traditional internal migration patterns. This study offers a unique analysis, combining theoretical developments and in-depth empirical research, using big data on the entire Israeli population ages 21 + . It examines changes in spatial dynamics in Israel to understand whether core–periphery disparities have been narrowing or widening in the past two decades. The research findings show mixed trends. With regard to educational level and the distribution of age groups, they indicate the strengthening of the peripheral areas. However, the distribution of income classes shows the strengthening of the center of the country (Tel Aviv area) and the weakening of the other areas. This reflects the relatively stable spatial gaps between the center and the periphery. However, this study further shows that there is a high probability that young, educated, and affluent households will abandon the periphery and that the gaps will eventually widen. Though the findings focus on Israel, they are relevant to many countries because they address core–periphery relations from a spatial-demographic perspective, thus emphasizing the great importance of making peripheral areas attractive places to live.

A Study on the Effect of Housing Support Program on Housing Cost Burden －Focused on Low-Income Young and Elderly Household Tenants－

A Study on the Effect of Housing Support Program on Housing Cost Burden －Focused on Low-Income Young and Elderly Household Tenants－

Financial Protection in Health among the Elderly – A Global Stocktake

ABSTRACT Universal Health Coverage is one of the key targets of the Sustainable Development Goals and it implies that everyone can access the healthcare they need without suffering financial hardship. In this paper, we use a large set of household surveys to examine if older populations are facing different degrees of financial hardship compared to younger populations. We find that while differences in average age structures between countries are not systematically associated with higher financial risk related to out-of-pocket health expenditures, there are large differences in financial hardship between younger and older households within countries. Households with more elderly members are more likely to face catastrophic and impoverishing out-of-pocket health payments compared to younger households, and this age gradient is stronger for the poorest segments of the population. Making progress toward Universal Health Coverage will require extension and improved targeting of benefit packages and financial protection to meet the health needs of older adults, and especially the poorest and most vulnerable segments of elderly populations.

KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA MUDA DI DESA MANUMPITAENG KABUPATEN SANGIHE

The purpose of this study is to find out the Young Domestic Violence in Manumpitaeng Village, Sangihe Regency. This research uses qualitative research, with techniques in the form of interviews and observations, data validation in this study using internal validation of external validation, reliability and objectivity, Sugiyono 2010. The results showed that the violence that occured in the young household in Manumpitaeng village was due to easy marriage, was pregnant first and had stopped school. Economic factors, insufficient salaries to meet the needs of households every month often cause quarrels. And it can be described that the parents of the husband or wife always interfere in their child’s household such as finansial problems, child education, work, moreover this can be triggered because of differences in attitudes towards each parent.

Analysis on Housing Behaviors of Young Single Person Households after the COVID-19 Appeared in Internet Articles

The purpose of this study is to analyze the housing behaviors of young single person households that will be experiencing the most serious housing conditions due to the COVID-19. This study utilized a content analysis method and targeted 122 articles published by two internet media sources that published in-depth articles related to single person households from January to October 2020, when the coronavirus broke out in Korea. The analysis criteria used 14 housing behaviors developed in consideration of the characteristics of young single person households and current home life based on the housing behaviors used in previous studies. As a result, the most frequently mentioned housing behavior was hobby, accounting for 42.6% of all articles, followed by eating (35.2%), shopping (21.3%), and home decorating (14.8%) in descending order. Among hobbies, media appreciation (32.7%) was the highest, followed by online learning for self-development (25%). In terms of eating, delivery meals (32.6%) and convenience meals (30.2%) accounted for a high proportion. The results of this study can be used as basic data in planning a housing space that can support a healthy life for young households that will live in the era of COVID-19 that will continue in the future.

A Smart Community Model for Shared-Housing of Young Single-Person Households

Recently single-person households in their 20s and 30s account for 38.3% of the total single-person households, and the number is steadily increasing. The aim of this study is to develop a smart community model for a shared-housing of young single-person households. The residential conditions and daily living patterns of single-person households was identified. The subjects were limited to those of 20-30s in single-person households. A total of 142 questionnaires were used for the analysis, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 24. Based on the result of the survey, most of young single-person households did not interact with their neighbors at all in their living environment, but they had more social activities such as meeting friends. They basically solitary live alone, but they are facing a new normal where social distance is emphasized due to Covid-19 pandemic. A smart community could be one of potential for overcoming it since single-person households can interact with neighbors and makes friends while not being contact. The smart community model for a shared-housing was presented in five categories: ‘safety’, ‘health’, ‘convenience’, ‘comfort’ and ‘fun’. The proposed model reflects the needs and preferences of young people and supports their fun life through technology adoption.

Renters vs owners: The impact of accessibility on residential location choice. Evidence from Lyon urban area, France (1999–2013)

Urban areas face important challenges linked to contradictory trends of concentration, urban sprawl and segregation. More and more people choose to buy a residence in the suburbs taking advantage of the accessibility increase. At the same time, young households choose to rent in central areas. In this paper, distinguishing between renters and owners, we investigate the evolution of the households’ location choice determinants over time with a special focus on accessibility to employment. Our case study is the Lyon urban area. We rely on discrete choice models using the disaggregated census data of the location choices of households from 1999, 2008 and 2013 and we calculate elasticities. The results confirm our initial intuition. Owners become less sensitive to accessibility to employment over time whereas it is the opposite for renters. Our results suggest the importance of incorporating these temporal evolutions into models for a better land-use transport integration and policy.

Drivers of Rural Income Diversification in Developing Countries: Case Study of Burundi

The significance of rural income generation is obvious for rural well-being enhancement and rural development in particular and widely national development. The research carried on income pattern analysis enabling to detect the ways to achieve the rural income generation enhancement and so far, the rural development and rural well-being improvement. The discussions about income diversification aim have mainly been divided on one hand in income maximization household objective by increasing output, on the other hand, risk and seasonality of income management. Nevertheless, in all cases, income diversification has been seen as an income increasing factor of income, poverty reduction, and well-being enhancement. The study findings shows that The income level is quite different by sources of income of household, a high income level is achieved in beekeeping at level of 5134.04 thousand BIF, but only 5% of households are involved in beekeeping, whereas the lowest income average is realized in livestock selling, 12.88 thousand BIF and 83% of households benefit from the income of livestock selling. The income from agriculture is also low, it is 112.1 thousand BIF and 100% of the 2,560 households surveyed are involved in agricultural income generation. It is also shown that there is a high share of agricultural income in the total rural income, 67% of rural income is from agriculture. The income diversification level was calculated by using the Berry index. The average Berry index of 0.06 shows a low-income diversification level in the rural households of Burundi. The analysis of income diversification by considering the household income diversification index has proven a higher income for household that their income sources are diversified. The household average income for the household with sources of income diversified is 2.7 times higher than those with one source. The analysis of determinants of income diversification participation realized using probit model has shown that household income, agricultural household landholding, the age of household head, belonging to agricultural producers’ organization, reading skills at least of the national language, and access to market positively induce the income diversification participation, while female household headed status and the non-governmental organizations interventions negatively impact the income diversification participation. The intensity of income diversification analysis done by Tobit model shows that income diversification intensity is positively influenced by household income level, producers’ organization participation, access to market, age of household head and negatively affected by the female household headed status, and non-governmental organizations interventions. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations and policy implications are possible to improve the rural well-being and poverty reduction by increasing rural income through income diversification facilitation. The research findings showed that rural income diversification is positively related to market access. The policy aiming at rural income enhancement by increasing rural income source diversification might take into consideration the increasing availability of the market and linkages of rural households to the market by any means. The increase in the market orientation of the rural household might be achieved by increasing the availability of the market information system. Policy making might focus on increasing factors that increase the market orientation decisions of rural household by the increase of the rural market place, making market information available and enhancing the transport means of rural products. The policy targeting rural income enhancement and sources of diversification should be achieved by reducing the vulnerability of young farmers and households headed by females by supporting rural young farmers and female farmers. The increasing economic empowerment of young farmers and female headed households should be promoted. The policy makers should also focus on increasing education skills at least the reading skills of the national language of rural farmers since reading skills have been proven to have a positive influence on rural income source diversification. The adult literacy programs might continue and try to reach the majority of rural uneducated farmers.

1인가구의 신체활동 결정요인 : 다수준 모형을 활용한 청년층 및 노년층의 비교연구

1인가구의 신체활동 결정요인 : 다수준 모형을 활용한 청년층 및 노년층의 비교연구