Young Fishermen Research Articles

Why should scientists lead? To underpin policy on marine and polar ecosystems

Abstract I recount my personal history, beginning as a young fisherman, becoming an academic fisheries biologist, and ultimately a leader of institutions dedicated to marine and polar research, higher education, and advising policymakers. After my dissertation in the early 1990s, I embarked on an active research career at the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) in Bergen, Norway, developing a sonar method to estimate the abundance of schooling, pelagic fish. My career then transitioned to middle leadership—15 years as Section Leader and Research Director at IMR—followed by >10 years as a top leader for The University Centre in Svalbard, the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, and finally the Norwegian Polar Institute. I describe the major challenges, opportunities, and processes these leadership roles have entailed. I hope to send a positive message about the influential role of science, and the necessity of clear communication of results and advice at a time when there is a sense of urgency.

Social factors explaining poor fishing practices on Buyo Lake in N'zo Partial Wildlife Reserve, Côte d’Ivoire

The Buyo lake, which is the result of Buyo hydroelectric dam, is exploited by the local population for fishing. However, fishermen use non- regulatory fishing gear and techniques that destroy fish stock, leading to a depletion of the lake's fisheries resource. This study aimed at understanding the social factors that explain the use of non-regulatory fishing tools and techniques by fishermen. Social data and data relating to fishing practices were collected from 109 fishermen of Buyo lake in 3 fishermen camps, namely PK15, PK28, and Derra. Statistical analysis of the data showed that young fishermen are the most numerous and represent a proportion of 58.75% of this population. The years of experience of the fishermen vary from 2 years to 40 years with an average of 19.3 years. The majority of fishermen are illiterate, that is 86.24%. Fishing was the main economic activity for 96.33% of the fishermen. The fishermen visited Buyo lake daily for fishing. The majority of fishermen (92.66%) acknowledged a decline in the fishery resource in Buyo lake. The results also showed that the poor fishing practices adopted by the fishermen can be explained by the age of the fishermen and their years of experience of the fishermen.

Young Fishermen's Career Development (DOC)

Young Fishermen's Career Development (DOC)

PROCESSED PRODUCT DIVERSIVATION BASED COTTLE FISH FOR COASTAL FISHING COMMUNITIES

The highest production (catching) of tuna reached 32.22% per year but the selling price of fish was very low, while the fish processing business was only in the form of wooden fish (keumamah) and smoking due to low mastery of technology and absorption of innovation. The business of processing tuna into shredded fish and fish crackers has never been carried out by the coastal fishing communities of Aceh, even though this business has the potential to be developed on a household scale. The service activity aims to provide training on processing tuna into shredded fish and fish crackers for fishing communities in coastal areas in the category of poor families. The method used is the survey method and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Demonstrations of processing tuna into shredded fish and fish crackers can open up insights and business opportunities for housewives and young fishermen in creating added value and profit for traditional fishing households as well as improving production management and marketing of competitively processed fish. This activity can foster an entrepreneurial spirit among coastal fishing communities to increase fishermen's household income.

Senegalese artisanal fishers in the apprehension of changes of the marine environment: A universal knowledge?

Abstract In the context of climate change, which accentuates the growing scarcity of fishery resources, young fishermen are exploring increasingly remote fishing grounds with the immediate consequence of numerous cases of accidents and disappearances at sea and many human and material losses. Faced with this situation of looking for solutions to prevent accidents, the traditional knowledge of West African fishermen was examined. Semi-structured interviews and focus group meetings with fishermen aged 50 years or older were used to explore ways of understanding and predicting changes in the marine environment. It shows that experienced fishermen can apprehend the sea state, the occurrence of wind or precipitation, or orient themselves and understand the nature of fishing grounds and species through the stars, swell, waves, water table, animals, trees, clouds, sky colour, dugout, fish. The understanding, interpretation and, subsequently, the meaning they develop from their observations are based on empirical knowledge that can be tested and confirmed in other parts of the world. In this sense, the ways in which fishermen understand changes in the marine environment can be considered universal knowledge. Such knowledge, when properly transcribed, can be useful for conventional marine research and the prevention of accidents at sea, especially for the new generation of fishermen who rely solely on new technologies.

Sex, power, marginalisation and HIV amongst young fishermen in Malawi: Exploring intersecting inequalities.

Through scale-up of effective treatment and prevention, HIV incidence rates are falling across Southern and Eastern Africa. However, key population groups, including people living in fishing communities, continue to face an elevated risk of infection and have high rates of undiagnosed disease. We set out to investigate how intersecting inequalities make young fishermen working on the southern shores of Lake Malawi particularly vulnerable to HIV-infection. We used qualitative research methods including observations (over a 15-month period), in-depth interviews (59) and focus group discussions (16) with a range of male and female participants living and working in two fishing villages. We found that the roles that men occupied in the fishing industry depended on several factors, including their age, socio-economic position and the amount of experience they had in the industry. In turn these roles shaped their lives, including exposure to occupational risks, mobility, living conditions, economic remuneration and social standing within the community. In this context, younger and poorer men occupied roles with the lowest social standing in the industry. Nevertheless, in these communities where poverty was pervasive, young fishermen were able to exert the power they gained through access to money and fish over poorer younger women - pressuring them into sex and increasing the risk of HIV for both men and women. Drawing on an intersectionality framework, we contextualised these findings to consider how young men's social location, relationships and experiences of both privilege and marginalisation were shaped by broader economic and political processes. We conclude that interventions to prevent HIV in fishing communities need to address how power plays out in the broader social and economic environment.

Fishermen's perceptions of coastal fisheries management regulations: Key factors to rebuilding coastal fishery resources in Taiwan

Although Taiwan has taken conservation measures for coastal and offshore fishery resources in recent years, the effectiveness of resources rebuilding is unclear. Many initiatives, such as marine protected areas (MPAs), are frequently opposed by fishermen. This research reviewed management measures and interviewed 313 fishermen by purposive stratification and snowball sampling. Data were analyzed by fishery, age, and vessel size to address the attitudes and perceptions of fishermen toward twelve fisheries management measures. Descriptive statistics, as well as chi-squared tests and independent t-tests, were used for basic analysis and differences comparison between groups. The results showed that illegal fishing vessels from China (71%), overfishing (69.5%), and ghost fishing (64%) are considered as major threats to Taiwan marine resources. The measures from voyage data recorders, larval anchovy, precious coral, and shark management result in higher satisfaction because of strict monitoring. The satisfaction measures for three net-type measures, i.e., trawler area closure, torch-light limitation, and gillnet limitation, were low. Line-type and small-scale vessel fishermen are more concerned with “small mesh size” and “ghost fishing”. Net-type, large-scale vessels and young fishermen were concerned about “climate change” and “inappropriate measures”. In conclusion, the priorities are to (1) establish a comprehensive scientific research framework; (2) strengthen enforcement to ensure resources rebuilding, especially for large-scale net fisheries; (3) promote public awareness and build communication between stakeholders to obtain support; and (4) communicate among policymakers and fishermen to increase mutual understanding.

Fish Names Variability Traces the Geo-Historical Dynamics of Moroccan Fishermen Communities

INTRODUCTIONThe knowledge related to fish names is an integral part of being a fisherman and considered as a proof of competence within fishermen communities. This local knowledge is designated as folk taxonomy, and is in some ways predictably similar to the scientific (Linnaean) naming system (Berkes et al. 2001; Berlin 1992; Jernudd and Thuan 1984). Such knowledge is local in scope and thus highly variable by geographic region, language, and ethnic group depending on local culture, biodiversity patterns, and fishing practices. It is also assumed to vary in time. Due to widespread anthropogenic pressure causing the collapse of fishing stocks and local extinctions of species, young fishermen will have had little probability to meet as many species and in such numbers as have their predecessors. This folk taxonomy knowledge in its different dimensions is intimately associated with Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK), and its description is often a prerequisite to gather local biological and ecological knowledge (Berkes et al. 2001; Eugene Hunn 2011; Freire and Pauly 2003; Haggan et al. 2007). The relevance of ecological information is likely to be anecdotal if the accuracy of taxonomic identification is not guaranteed (Albuquerque et al. 2014). Local ecological knowledge has become an essential source of information for conservation ecology (Ruddle and Davis 2013), especially in data-poor ecosystems.Morocco presents an interesting case for examining variability in fish naming due to great diversity of species, as well as long and varied sociolinguistic traditions. Bordered by both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines of Northwestern Africa, Morocco is the center of the transition zone between temperate and tropical waters, populated with diverse species communities (Masski and Tai 2014; Tai et al. 2013). For bony fish alone, FishBase (Froese and Pauly 2011) lists more than 766 species for Morocco. Fishing activity is widespread along the Moroccan coast, involving culturally diverse populations. Cultural diversity, an additional variable to consider, has its origin in the geopolitical situation of the country, which has always put indigenous people in close interaction with the people of Europe, Africa, and Arabia.What is considered by one as a diversity of local knowledge is seen by others as a variability in seafood labelling and represents a central issue in trade control and regulation, and in fisheries science and conservation (Fraser 2012; Leunda Urretabizkaia et al. 2009). In developing countries, where the adoption of a standard for naming fish is uncommon, vernacular (folk) and common names are also used in national fisheries statistics systems (Previero et al. 2013). Due to the high variability in folk taxonomy, the same fish species can be named differently in different regions, and one name can be attributed to different fish species (Berlin 1973, 1992). Furthermore, the use of fishery statistics databases for scientific purposes is therefore restricted to well-identified species, which impedes fisheries management procedures (Kifani et al. 2008). The usual answer to such a situation is the adoption of a standard, which is the goal of the Moroccan fisheries management agencies.The success of the targeted standardization is, in our opinion, dependent on the strength of reflection and research previously conducted. Thus, and far from wanting to carry out a comprehensive inventory of vernacular names, the present study aims to 1) build correspondence lists between folk and scientific names for a set of species in different locations along the Moroccan coast and, on this basis, 2) to analyze the structure and variability of the Moroccan folk taxonomic system. We hope that the results from our study will help to improve the use of folk taxonomy in formal management procedures, facilitate local ecological knowledge gatherings, and clarify the view for the ways to achieve a standardization process. …

The Lobsterman’s Son

Nickel is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis in children and adolescents in the United States. If the cause of the initial and localized dermatitis is unrecognized, then further and chronic exposure to nickel can lead to widespread and uncontrollable dermatitis (autoeczematization or Id reaction). Because nickel is ubiquitous, a reaction can be insidious and elusive. This case is presented with a young fisherman’s son to heighten awareness of this condition in the hopes of lowering the significant morbidity that can be experienced from sources of nickel.

Leadership in the fishing cooperative in Mexico

Abstract The need to compete and grow encourages changes in organizations. In the fishing camps are created cooperatives, which know the reality of the environment and work with the aim of contributing to the development and progress of the fishermen and their communities. It is fundamental the role of its leaders, who have a responsibility to promote change in attitude and teamwork, to achieve personal and collective goals. This paper presents preliminary results of a larger study which main objective was to identify the type of leadership that dominates in the management of the Sinaloa fishing cooperatives. The study was conducted under the qualitative paradigm; data collection was carried out with semi-structured interviews with managers and former directives of fishing cooperatives located in central Sinaloa, complemented by the application of a questionnaire covering their socioeconomic profile. The main findings show that managers are fishermen, cooperative members, elected by the General Assembly as the highest organ of administration, with an average age from 35 to 45 years old, with basic school grades. They know about the productive activity of artisanal fisheries and occupy the job of president of the board in periods of 2-3 years without administrative preparation to run them. Regarding the predominant style of leadership, managers of fishing cooperatives say their efforts are focused on the development of organizational tasks such as setting goals and targets for each fishing season. In relation with the development of human relationships among members of the cooperative, indicate that their main concern is the quality of mutual relations and the level of involvement of partners, and with that in mind they implement strategies for the integration and participation in the opinions and decision making for the members. With the above it is concluded that managers of fishing cooperatives are young fishermen who run the organization with little training for the development of their job and they practice predominantly a style of democratic leadership, because they promote the participation of partners in both contribution of opinions as in decision making, strengthening the trust deposited in him at the time of his election as leader.

Climate Change, Urbanization and Livelihood Perspective of Indigenous Fishing Communities of Mumbai, India

Abstract This study is an attempt to derive the socio-economic implications of climate change and other environmental issues pertaining to fishing communities residing in and around Mumbai, India. A substantial number of populations in Mumbai city are the fishing communities, popularly known as ‘Koli’. They are the earliest inhabitants of the city. Coastal cities are most productive as well as most vulnerable to environmental changes. They support a number of economic activities which include fishing, agriculture, urbanization, real estate, tourism, transport, oil exploration etc. As a result, the anthropogenic pressure on coastal cities is increasing. Koli communities in Mumbai encounter diverse socio-economic and climatic pressures including sea level rise, floods, storms, etc. The implications of climate change on Koli communities as well as other environmental issues pertaining to fishing villages in Mumbai are discussed in detail in this study. Five fishing villages from Mumbai are selected for a primary study based on a structured questionnaire. Nearly 200 households are surveyed in a period over six months in 2011-12, finally 182 households information is considered for further analysis. On the basis of the findings, this study suggests that issue of lack of asset formation and financial insecurity among young fishermen may be taken care by linking the fisheries societies in Mumbai and in other regions with the support from local governments. The benefits of subsidies, insurance may be distributed progressively based on their financial needs to all fishermen rather than benefiting the large scale fishermen alone.

Readiness of Young Malaysian Fishermen to Use Global Positioning System within the Fishing Operation

Global Positioning System or GPS is an advanced tool that has been widely used in a number of industries including fisheries industry. The main attempt of the present study has much to do with GPS as it aims to identify young Malaysian fishermen readiness to use GPS within their fishing operation. The study is quantitative in nature where a developed questionnaire was used to collect the required data. A total of 240 young fishermen aged between 15 to 40 years old from four fishing areas in Malaysia were selected as the respondents. Overall, it can be concluded that young Malaysian fishermen are ready to use GPS within their fishing operation. However, their readiness can be further improved if aspects such as financial affordability, number of agencies staff, availability of workshop repairing dysfunction GPS and access to GPS are considered by the related agencies.

Readiness of Young Fishermen in Malaysia to Use Global Positioning System: A Preliminary Result

The main attempt of this study is to determine the level of readiness possessed by young fishermen to use the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the potential problems they might face in relation to using the technology. The results presented in this study were the findings of the pre-test process conducted among 30 young fishermen at Kuala Paka and Kuala Terengganu. Overall, four factors of readiness were studied, and the results show that the respondents were labelled as being ready to go ahead with using GPS in relation to the factor of readiness of the individual young fishermen and the factor of readiness of young fishermen. In addition to this, the respondents were labelled as being not ready to use GPS when it comes to the remaining two factors, namely readiness of infrastructure and readiness of agencies. The respondents agreed that the agencies were the main problem that was hindering their use of GPS. While the findings discussed were merely the preliminary findings, they are an early indicator of what the actual data might be.

Knowledge, Training and Access to Global Positioning Systems: Views of Young Fishermen in Malaysia

The main aim of this study is to identify the knowledge around, access to and training for use of a Global Positioning System (GPS) among young fishermen in Malaysia. This is a quantitative study, wherein a total of 240 young fishermen aged between 15 and 40 years old from four fishing areas have been chosen as the respondents. Based on the analyses performed, it can be seen that young fishermen in Malaysia have a good level of knowledge on the potential role GPS could play in their fishing activities. In addition, there is a lack of access to GPS training. A number of recommendations have been placed which, it is a hoped, can be used to further enhance the use of GPS among young fishermen in Malaysia.

Inhaled Live Fish—A Case Report

Foreign body inhalation is an emergency condition as it can cause sudden upper airway obstruction. It is rare in adults. They produce signs and symptoms initially which may progressively resolve and thus may be difficult to diagnose. Here, we report a rare case of inhalation of a live fish by a young fisherman. X-rays showed subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema. Emergency tracheostomy was performed under local anesthesia. Patient, however, died the following day after the subcutaneous emphysema had spread all over the body. Bronchoscopy could not be done as the facility was not available at our centre. Postmortem showed parts of the fish at the carina of the trachea and both bronchi.

Paranormal Experience in a Medico-Swimming Rescue: A Case Study

This study looks at the case of a 20-year-old fisherman, who was speared in the head, the spear entering at his jaw and protruding from the top of his scull, while he was swimming unaccompanied; he was rescued, admitted to the intensive care unit for an operation, remained in a coma for a few days and then had a full recovery. About 10 days before the rescue, he had visited a monk who, intuited and functioning as channel of the divine spirit, had told him that he 'should not be afraid of anything', rubbing the top of his scull and his jaw exactly at the points through which the 40-inch spear passed. After the incident, the monk prescience again the exact day on which he would recover from the coma. It is concluded that the survival of the fisherman can be attributed to a paranormal event. The monk's prescience permit the assumption that a divine spirit was pervasive throughout the universe and present in this life-threatening situation, endeavouring to assist the lifeguard, the neurosurgeons and the young fisherman.

Caught in memory

The traveller, George Shelvocke, sailing along the coast of South America in 1718, wrote: “whales, grampuses, and other fish of a monstrous bulk, are in such numbers off the coast of Patagonia that they were really offensive to us very often. For they would come sometimes so close to us as to stifle us with their stench when they blew, and would lie so near us that I have frequently thought it impossible to escape striking upon them on every send of a sea.” It is easy in the present day, when the sighting of a single whale during a sea crossing can be notable, to dismiss such accounts as implausible or unbelievable. But is this the result of our own impoverished view of the current environment and an inability to appreciate the abundance and diversity of ecosystems in the past? A team of researchers led by Andrea Saenz-Arroyo at the University of York, and colleagues in Baja California, Mexico, report in the Proceedings of the Royal Society series B (published online) a study of people’s memories of the fishery in the Gulf of California, where fish populations have declined steeply over the past 60 years. The aim was to assess whether people’s perception of the environment had changed over time, creating a shifting baseline for ecological and biodiversity studies that diminishes awareness of the true potential of various sites. The team interviewed fishermen in the region in three age ranges; young (15–30 years old), middle-aged (31–54 years old) and old (more than 55 years old). The team asked them to name species and places they considered to have been depleted by fishing. The results revealed that most fishermen considered that fishing had led to the depletion of some species and sites. The median number of species mentioned by the older group was eleven, the middle aged mentioned seven and the young fishermen, two. As older fishermen had had more opportunity to see species loss, the researchers calculated the rates of loss over time. The results revealed no decline in species loss. Older fishermen mentioned several species that they believed were once abundant but “by contrast middle-aged fishers showed less appreciation of past abundances and few young fishers seemed aware that such species had ever been common,” the team report. “It is evident that baselines shift rapidly even among people whose occupations bring them into daily contact with nature,” the team says. “Such rapid shifts help explain why human societies are so tolerant to the creeping loss of biodiversity,” the team believe.

The Fashion Among More Superior People: Charity and Social Change in Provincial New England, 1700-1740

JOHN BARNARD RELUCTANTLY ACCEPTED A CALL FROM THE CHURCH AT Marblehead, Massachusetts in 1714, and his first impressions of village did little to heighten his enthusiasm. As he later recalled in his Autobiography, town was an economic backwater with so much one proper carpenter, nor mason, nor tailor, nor butcher . .. nor anything of a market worth naming . . . above all, not so much one foreign trading vessel. Equally unpromising were inhabitants, as rude, swearing, drunken and fighting a crew they were poor . . . contented to be slaves that digged mines, and left merchants of Boston, Salem and Europe to carry away gains. But dismally poor circumstances of place did not prevent new minister from discerning its potential maritime advantages. Seeing that the town had a price in its hands, Barnard thought it my duty to stir up my people ... to enriching of themselves. 1 On his own, he learned fine points of fish marketing from masters of English vessels and then initiated into those mysteries one Mr. Joseph Swett, a young fisherman of enterprising genius, great industry, but small fortune. Within Barnard's lifetime and under his auspices, an economic miracle took place: profitable supply of fish first to Barbados and later to Europe ushered in prosperity and created a newly rich merchant class of gentlemanlike and polite families. 2 Above all, town's progress exemplified, at least for its pastor, natural congruence of interests of

THE SOURCES OF THE R�LVAAG BIOGRAPHY

THE SOURCES OF THE R0LVAAG BIOGRAPHY NORA O. SOLUM Speaking specifically to Mr. Lincoln Colcord in a letter of January, 1932, the sculptor and painter Mr. Carl Mose said of Rplvaag, " His vision was heroic. It gives those of us who follow him in the Northwest the first great vision of the foundations as well as the possibilities of this land." There can be little doubt that this vision in Rjfivaag, which Mr. Mose so aptly eulogizes and with whose nature we are all familiar, had its origin in certain instinctive conceptions of fundamental human values which in turn enabled him to evaluate almost immediately upon his arrival in America the immigrant chapter in the pioneer history of the Northwest. With a directness and a perspicacity characteristic of only the finer intellects, he saw straight into that saga. It appears to have been a clear instance of the man and the occasion finding each other. Out of what he saw came his searching but tempered appraisal and a battle for values, and when time had sufficiently matured his creative faculties, he set forth the vision in a glow of imagination so sure and bright as to illuminate it for all who care to read him. Though it may be questioned whether any biographer can know for a certainty that the sources of information about his subject are desirably full, it can sincerely be claimed, we think, in the case of Rplvaag, that the record of his life, though of unequal completeness for its various periods, is nonetheless so copious, consistent, and clear as to make its most significant facts and implications unmistakable. Rplvaag's life was lived principally in three places: from 1876 to 1896 in Nordland, Norway; during a brief interlude of five years, 1896 to 1901, in southeastern South Dakota; 150 THE R0LVAAG BIOGRAPHY 151 and from 1901 to 1931 in Northfield, Minnesota. If anything approaching a biographical haze hangs over any portion of his life it is over the first and a part of the second period. So few facts emerge from the first period that the best that it seems possible to achieve for it at present is a generalized picture, suggestive mainly of what are apparently the important factors in his background. Wherever it has been possible R0lvaag has been allowed to speak for himself concerning it. Since the material coming directly out of the period was scant, consisting only of facts derived from parish records, from a genealogy of the Mathiassen-R0lvaag family of D0nnes, Nesna Prestegjeld (actually compiled by Faste Swendsen at the instigation of the uncle Gunnar Berg of Nesna in 1912), and from nostalgic outpourings in the emigrant diary, it had to be supplemented by material from such sources as the following: an autobiographical composition exercise called " A Fishing Expedition in the Winter of 1896 " written at Augustana Academy, Canton, South Dakota ; letters from the family in Nordland which, though written at a later date, give an insight into family traits, occupations , and the general conditions of life in Nordland; letters written to Mrs. R0lvaag; a letter written by Captain Christian Andersen after R0lvaag's death; and sketches of the home written by R0lvaag himself after he came to America, including the autobiographical fragment, " The Romance of a Life." In order to augment the information, Mr. Jorgenson visited the family home in D0nna, studying the landscape and the locality and interviewing relatives and acquaintances who knew R0lvaag as a boy and as a young fisherman on the Lofoten fishing expeditions. The biography having been almost completely documented , there could be no purpose in any extensive rehearsal of facts already given there. Nor does it seem advisable to give a detailed account of sources by periods, inasmuch as that would involve a good deal of repetitiousness and because 152 STUDIES AND RECORDS in certain instances sufficient evidence for exact dating is lacking. Of greater worth and interest would be some conception of the general nature and extent of the entire body of documents out of which Rplvaag's life and thinking were reconstructed. Practically all the material is in the family archives. Exceptions would be such items as information drawn from college...

Book Review: The Young Fishermen: Or, the King of the Smuggler's Island

Book Review: The Young Fishermen: Or, the King of the Smuggler's Island