Young Emigrants Research Articles

Migration sentiments of modern youth of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

The subject of the research in this article is the migration sentiments of the modern youth of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). For Yakutia, both in Soviet and modern times, the importance of migration has always been enormous. Migration indicators are the most sensitive in relation to the socio-political and economic conditions of the development of the country and the region and require more careful research. The authors consider in detail such aspects of the topic as the socio-demographic characteristics of potential young emigrants from Yakutia, and preferred destinations for migration. Special attention is paid to the identification of the causes of migration that stimulate the active outflow of young people from Yakutia, the factors that shape migration moods among residents of the region. In addition, the article reveals the relationship between the potential migration activity of young people and satisfaction with the standard of living in the region, as well as the experience of traveling abroad. The main research method was a questionnaire survey of residents of Yakutia aged 17 to 35 years, conducted in October 2023. 239 respondents from 9 districts of Yakutia and Yakutsk took part in the survey. The study revealed a high level of migration sentiment among the youth of Yakutia, more than 90% of respondents plan to move to another locality in the future, either to another region or abroad. The share of those wishing to move to another country was 46.6%, to another region of Russia - 52.2%. Emigration sentiments were highest among men aged 17 to 25, single, unemployed and students. The main reasons that encourage young people to emigrate are the desire to improve the quality of life, unfavorable natural and climatic conditions in the north, the desire to travel and a more fulfilling life. Dissatisfaction with the standard of living among young people leads to an increased desire to move to other regions of Russia or abroad.

Образ героини повести В. Яновского «Любовь вторая»: интертекст и автобиографический контекст

The article is devoted to a little-known story by the young emigrant writer V. Yanovsky “Love Second”. The author is known to the modern reader mainly by his memoir book “The Elysian Fields” (1983). However, he has a considerable artistic heritage, among which the analysed work takes one of the leading places. Thematically, it continues the plot line of homeless meaningless existence, which is topical for the young emigration, which connects it with the works of such authors as Gazdanov, Poplavsky, Felsen. Some fragments of the heroine’s search for a job are based on the biography of the writer himself. In this part of the plot, the influence of the “human document”, relevant to the poetics of the authors of the young emigration, is strong. However, unexpectedly Yanovsky turns his plot in the direction of the heroine’s discovery of the meaning of life, who discovers God through a sudden mystical experience. In this part, the plot is enriched with a new series of intertextual cross-relations, including the prose of L. Tolstoy, “The Book of My Life" by St. Teresa of Avila, Poplavsky’s novel “Apollo Bezobrazov”.

Эмиграция молодежи из Таджикистана в страны Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития: история и современные тренды

Introduction. Being a country with a young age structure, Tajikistan has become a prominent participant of various migration flows in recent years. A large number of labor migrants from Tajikistan to the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have been reported since 2014, which is associated with a fall in the ruble’s exchange rate and a decrease in incomes of migrants to Russia in currency equivalent. At the same time, traditionally Tajik youth used to to study in Russia and Kazakhstan, but in recent decades the flow to OECD member countries has also increased significantly. Goals. The study aims to identify the causes and features underlying the reorientation of the flows of educational migrants from Tajikistan toward new geographical directions, namely the OECD member countries. Materials and methods. The work basically employs two research methods. Firstly, the statistical method processes data on the scope and structure of educational emigration from Tajikistan. Secondly, the sociological method provides insights into outcomes of sociological surveys and expert interviews (secondary analysis of sociological data). The key sources of information are OECD-related data from the OECD.Stat reports, and the author’s survey (conducted online via Facebook social network — banned in Russia — accounts of several associations of Tajik citizens abroad) among young individuals from Tajikistan who study in OECD member countries. The questionnaire contained 17 questions about adaptation and integration of migrants, educational levels of migrants, age-sex structure, migration channels, reasons for the reorientation of labor migrants toward OECD member countries, resettlement, and sectoral employment in host countries. The convenience sampling yielded a total of was 417 individuals who were then undertaking training programs in Austria, Germany, the U.S., and Canada. The survey was primarily seeking to identify adaptation strategies selected by young emigrants from Tajikistan in OECD member countries. Results. So, the article presents the outcomes of the survey. Half of Tajik university graduates try to continue their studies and/or find a job abroad via the Internet. Actually, many tend to view educational migration as an emigration channel. This process is accompanied by that Tajik citizens take additional training or retraining programs, seek to receive acknowledgement certificates for diplomas of Tajikistan, and undergo corresponding courses in the receiving countries. As a rule, they quickly adapt to labor markets in OECD member countries: it takes ‘less than a month’ (or ‘from 1 to 3 months’) to get a job. The working language for most Tajik migrants is English and German, and they get jobs in the fields of education and medicine, which attests to somewhat increased educational levels of theirs.

Między Wschodem a Zachodem (pisarze czwartej fali emigracji rosyjskiej)

Between the East and the West (Writers of the Fourth Wave of Russian Emigration) This article attempts to define the phenomenon of the fourth wave of Russian emigration in relation to writers leaving their homeland after the symbolic collapse of the USSR, or who are descendants of representatives of the third wave. The characteristics of contemporary emigration that differ from previous waves of refugees and the reasons for leaving their homeland are indicated here. The destinations of emigrants (USA, Canada, Switzerland, Israel) that shape the specifics of the mental landscape of the newcomers, the barriers, the borders that they have to overcome in order to establish good relations with the citizens of their host countries are also included. Indeed, the aim of multiculturalism is not to tear down walls, but to build bridges. In this respect, dialogue and the associated language as a fundamental distinctive feature of culture that determines the identity of each person is of paramount importance. The current of post-memory, autobiographical and memoir literature, promoted by many emigrants, is linked to identity and its recovery. As far as young emigrants are concerned, they have to live in a global village, in a specific uniformity introduced by the 21st century, which makes mobility one of the most important values.

Редукция ностальгии в сознании героев прозы русских младоэмигрантов

This paper considers the manifestations of nostalgia in the narrative and plot scenes of the protagonists of Russian young emigrants’ fiction of the 1930s – early 1940s. The focus is on the works of B. Poplavsky, G. Gazdanov, and J. Felzen. A reduction of nationally oriented nostalgic myths and feelings can be seen in the prose of young emigrants. However, a strengthened existential nostalgia is evident: a longing for the fullness of existence and wholeness of being or awareness of the impossibility of finding a new Home in the reality where one is abandoned and unrooted. The national nostalgia reduction determines the national identity reduction. The internal crisis of the heroes under study proves to be an identity crisis, intensified by an existential crisis. Their situation in an alien world is an existential dead end amid total disorientation. The heroes’ attempts to overcome existential nostalgia are different but equally fruitless: the entry into the “paradise of friends” and the Russian women’s love (“Apollo Bezobrazov” and “Home from Heaven” of Poplavsky), the myth of the House and the understanding of one’s past (“A Tale of One Travel” and “Night Roads” of Gazdanov), an appeal to the poet’s work, bringing the feeling of fullness of being in Russia (“Letters about Lermontov” of Felzen). To conclude, when interpreting nostalgia (its reduction), we find the prose of young emigrants to be closer not to the “older” generation of Russian emigration but to the Western emigrant prose (“Tropic of Cancer” by Miller and “Triumphal Arch” by Remarque).

Migracijska motivacija mladih Hrvatske kroz prizmu nekih stavova i mišljenja

Croatia, as a traditionally emigrant country, has experienced large population emigrations since the 15th century, and this trend has continued until today. With Croatia’s entry into the European Union, the conditions for migrating have changed significantly, and it has never been easier to migrate, with the majority of people emigrating being young people of working age between the ages of 20 and 39. This is also evident from the net migration, that is, the difference in the number of immigrants and emigrants, which has shown a negative trend in the last few years. Knowing and understanding the emigration motives is one of the most important preconditions to being able to influence the factors that encourage young people to emigrate. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the main emigration motives and their representation among young emigrants from Croatia through the prism of their attitudes and opinions. The research was conducted as part of the flzaJEDNO srce, jedna dusa, jedna Hrvatska« project, which was encouraged by the Humanitarian Association of Father Mladen HrkaÊ. The research focused on new emigrants to European countries, aged 18 to 40. The results show that, according to their statements and opinions, the motivation of youth from Croatia, in accordance with the theoretical framework, is based on the complementary effect of push and pull factors, whereby the pull factors are perceived as stronger motivational factors for the decision to migrate. This research, in addition to providing and expanding insight into the motivational factors of Croatian youth through their attitudes and opinions, emphasizes the necessity of further research and the expansion of scientific knowledge on which it is possible to base public policies.

Suvremene migracijske motivacije mladih Hrvatske — vrijednosni i identitetski aspekti

According to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, the net migration in Croatia, i.e., the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants, has shown a negative trend in the last few years. Even though it is important to know the emigration demographic data, it is also important to include the wider context in the research, i.e., the social factors behind the emigration of youth. Therefore, the main goals of this research were: 1) to determine the average importance of personal and social components of identity and the average representation of self-actualization-related, conventional and hedonistic values orientation among young emigrants, and to compare them to the youth population in Croatia; 2) to examine whether there is a connection between the social identity, value orientations and sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, education) of young emigrants and their migration motivation; and 3) to examine which characteristics of young emigrants are the best predictors of their intention to return to Croatia. The research was carried out as part of the flzaJEDNO srce, jedna dusa, jedna Hrvatska« project, which was encouraged by the Humanitarian Association of Father Mladen HrkaÊ. The research included 934 first- generation emigrants aged 18 to 40 in Europe and 977 young persons aged 18 to 40 from Croatia. The research results show that participants from both groups attach high average importance to the determinants of both aspects of identity, as well as to three value orientations. However, expatriates attach greater importance to all measured identity and value categories. It was also found that older men from the age group of 18 to 40 with a lower level of education and participants with a more pronounced social identity and a more pronounced hedonistic value orientation emigrate most often. In contrast to the migration motivation, the intention to return is expressed more among younger emigrants, with a less pronounced hedonistic value orientation and a more pronounced social identity.

Метафизическая самоидентификация женщины-эмигрантки в повести В. Яновского "Любовь вторая" и романе Б. Поплавского "Аполлон Безобразов"

The aim of the research is to understand the “male” version of a woman in the prose of young emigrants: firstly, the metaphysical intuitions of female characters, and, secondly, the discovery of the metaphysical essence of a woman in the perception of characters and authors. The material of research is Vasilyy Yanovsky’s story “The Second Love” (1933) and Boris Poplavsky’s novel Apollo Bezobrazov (1932), and episodically Poplavsky’s novel Home From Heaven (1935). The main aspects of comparative analysis are the image of an emigrant woman (Yanovsky’s nameless heroine and Poplavsky’s Teresa) and the plot of her personal and metaphysical selfidentification (building a myth about her connection with God and the transcendent). The attitude towards explaining the female consciousness appears in the narration: the main narrators, carriers of the male consciousness, introduce the female “voice” (the heroines’ diaries) that objectifies and mythologizes women. In both works, the picture of the world is built in accordance with the world image of female characters: in the opposition “earth/heaven”, close to the symbolist dual world. The plots of the heroines recreate their personal and metaphysical self-identification – the search for their place in the earthly and metaphysical realities, identification of themselves in relation to God, and not to society – and the author’s test of the salvation of the metaphysical myth both for the women and for the male characters. Based on the classifications of the image of a woman in Russian culture (traditional type, demonic type, woman- heroine), the author has established that the image of an emigrant woman in Yanovsky and Poplavsky is closer to the traditional type. Although the heroines are not allowed to realize themselves in the sphere of the family, to fulfill their biological destiny, they are not the carriers of Eros, but victims of the male world, open to metaphysical spirituality. Allusions to the Mother of God bring together the heroines of Yanovsky and Poplavsky (Teresa’s intercession for other characters, the pregnancy of Yanovsky’s heroine). The author interprets the key event of Yanovsky’s story – the transformation of the heroine on the top of the Notre Dame Cathedral as a result of the appearance of God to her – as a rewriting of real events for the aim of self-justification and self-persuasion. Transformation is associated with the expectation of a child, pregnancy, and the divine meaning she has acquired is a miracle of a new life that has arisen inside her. However, the modern “Mother of God” does not fulfill her mission: the heroine of Yanovsky does not give birth to a new life and does not find her place in the world; she remains an emigrant in an existential sense. Teresa in Poplavsky’s novel is unable to overcome the collapse of the “paradise of friends”, to cement the existence of a small circle of people with spiritual efforts. In the novel Home from Heaven, Poplavsky shows a really established type of a modern woman: “earthly” temptresses Katya and Tanya, who do not become a salvation for the central character, like Teresa in the first novel. Poplavsky finds a tragic gap between corporality and the metaphysics of the feminine, Yanovsky sees in a woman the connection between the physicality and the metaphysical. Both authors agree on the idea of the doom of a woman in modern reality and the impossibility of transforming the world with the Eternal Femininity.

Higher Education Received by Young Russian Emigrants in European Countries in the 1920s-1930s and Problems of further Employment (Based on Materials of Czechoslovakia and France)

The article presents the process of getting higher education by students, emigrants from Russia. Special attention is paid to the organizations that rendered assistance in the admission and training of students at the universities of Czechoslovakia and France. The Committee on Education for Russian students in Czechoslovakia (CERSC) and the Committee on Higher Education for Russian youth abroad ("Fedorov Committee") contributed to the organization of student education by providing scholarships, by exempting them from paying tuition fees, and providing a dorm. The activities of these organizations were carried out at the expense of the governments of the host countries and benefactors.The article notes that getting a European education contributed to the success-ful adaptation of Russian youth in a foreign society with different culture, which gave them an opportunity to find a job. The analysis of the documents showed the problems that graduates-emigrants of European universities encountered, in Czechoslovakia in particular. The low demand for personnel of intellectual labor led to the fact that many had to get a craft profession after graduating from a university. The Association of Russian Graduates of Higher Educational Institutions in the Czech Republic (AR-GHEI) arranged such short-term courses. Owing to the assistance of this organization, young emigrants were able to get jobs in other countries.The article is based on the analysis of documents from the National Archives of the Czech Republic (Czechia) and the Library-Fund "Russian Diaspora" (Russia).The article presents the process of getting higher education by students, emigrants from Russia. Special attention is paid to the organizations that rendered assistance in the admission and training of students at the universities of Czechoslovakia and France. The Committee on Education for Russian students in Czechoslovakia (CERSC) and the Committee on Higher Education for Russian youth abroad ("Fedorov Committee") contributed to the organization of student education by providing scholarships, by exempting them from paying tuition fees, and providing a dorm. The activities of these organizations were carried out at the expense of the governments of the host countries and benefactors. The article notes that getting a European education contributed to the successful adaptation of Russian youth in a foreign society with different culture, which gave them an opportunity to find a job. The analysis of the documents showed the problems that graduates-emigrants of European universities encountered, in Czechoslovakia in particular. The low demand for personnel of intellectual labor led to the fact that many had to get a craft profession after graduating from a university. The Association of Russian Graduates of Higher Educational Institutions in the Czech Republic (AR-GHEI) arranged such short-term courses. Owing to the assistance of this organization, young emigrants were able to get jobs in other countries. The article is based on the analysis of documents from the National Archives of the Czech Republic (Czechia) and the Library-Fund "Russian Diaspora" (Russia).

Children In Between: Child Migrants from England to the Cape in the 1830s

Abstract Between 1833 and 1841 the Children’s Friend Society, a London-based philanthropic organization, sent some eight hundred children from England to the Cape, where they were apprenticed to local settlers. This article focuses on two of them: Alfred Brooks, aged thirteen or fourteen, and twelve-year-old Elizabeth Foulger. Both of these children appear in archival traces because they transgressed and were subsequently disciplined by their masters. The article argues that a series of binaries shaped these young migrants’ lives: between infant and adult, black and white, and colonizer and colonized. The in-between status of the CFS apprentices had the potential to disrupt increasingly rigid hierarchies at the colonial Cape, during a time of significant social and political turmoil. The context of slave emancipation, as well as concerns over juvenile delinquency in London, affected these children’s experiences. Concerns over their categorization illustrate the complicated range of positions that migrant workers in the British empire could hold beyond simply ‘free’ and ‘unfree’. Thinking through the position of these young white emigrant workers in the post-emancipation Cape sheds light on the fragility of classed, gendered, racialized, adult and free identities in that context.

Раскол в нигилистах – раздор в нигилистах. К истории русской революционно-демократической журналистики 1860-х годов

In 1863–1865, two influential Russian revolutionary-democratic journals “Sovremennik” (“The Contemporary”) and “Russkoe Slovo” (“The Russian Word”) debated literary and social issues. In historiography, this debate – the so-called “split among the nihilists” – was an example of political conflicts in Russian press, but the author states that a personal factor was a more important reason for that case. It was not a single occasion of personal conflicts in the journalist community in the middle and the second half of the 1860s. In this period, there were the similar episodes: Maxim Antonovich and Yuly Zhukovsky’s accusation against Nikolay Nekrasov, the conflict between Alexander Herzen and “the young emigrants”, the debates in the periodicals of Mikhail Elpidin’ printing house, etc. They happened during the crisis of the Sixtiers movement (or the revolutionary-democratic movement), when expectations of a revolutionary explosion of the Russian people were not justified, censorship oppression rose, and political disorientation of Russian oppositional community increased. Under those circumstances, discussions did not lead to new ideas and trends, but only aggravated the depressive atmosphere in the journalistic community. Even among the Russian revolutionary diaspora – without censorship and other influence of the Russian government – publicists could not avoid personal conflicts. Many memoirs also confirm that those splits – or, more precisely, that strife – were more personal rather than political conflicts.

Joves migrats en contextos rurals. Per a una nova ruralitat global i culturalment diversa: polítiques d'inclusió social dels joves emigrats sols als municipis petits

<p>A partir de la seva experiència de treball en el servei de primera acollida de persones estrangeres de l’Equip d’Inclusió i Atenció a la Comunitat de l’àrea de Benestar del Consell Comarcal de l’Alt Empordà, les autores reflexionen sobre el suport als joves emigrats sols, especialment quan aquest s’ha de prestar des de municipis rurals. La seva experiència de treball en aquest àmbit i des d’aquests contextos ha estat pionera: el desembre del 2018 van posar en marxa la taula comarcal de joves sense referents adults, per coordinar<br />tots els agents que treballen a l’Alt Empordà amb aquests joves. En aquest article s’apunten tres línies de treball que poden facilitar l’acollida i inclusió social dels joves emigrats sols: 1) el disseny i la implementació de polítiques locals que garanteixin els drets dels joves i el seu empoderament; 2) polítiques pensades des de la proximitat i l’acció comunitària; i 3) polítiques emmarcades en una visió estratègica global del desenvolupament social i sostenible dels municipis rurals amb eines de diagnòstic concretes. Les autores, a més, aporten una eina per al diagnòstic i la promoció de les accions comunitàries orientades a la inclusió social d’aquests joves. Finalment, apunten les que entenen que seran les línies de treball en un futur proper.</p>

SPECIFICITY OF POETRY IN THE MAGAZINE OF THE RUSSIAN EMIGRATION “CHISLA” (“NUMBERS")

In this article the author examines the features of the form and content of poetic works in the literary and artistic magazine of the Russian emigration “Сhisla” (“Numbers”). The purpose of this article is to examine the poetry of the magazine “Сhisla” in the unity of the ideological and aesthetic position of the authors and their artistic practice. This poetry is closely connected with the creative, religious and philosophical searches of the Russian abroad of the 1930s and almost unknown in modern Russia. Through art that hides nothing, through creation-confession, to break through to the transcendent, to know oneself, to reach God (the Creator) - that is the highest task of the young authors of “Numbers”, which found its direct expression in theoretical articles by B. Poplavsky, L. Kelberin, A. Alferov. The authors of “Сhisla” try to solve the same problems in their lyrics. From here, motifs of prayer and conversation with God and the striving for full sincerity of creativity appear in the poems of young emigrants. The statements and conclusions contained in this article may be useful not only for students and teachers, but also for people interested in the literature and spiritual life of the Russian abroad.

Creating Ukrainian youth academic community in the interwar Poland: sources, tasks, centers, activity

The purpose of the article is to show the process of creating Ukrainian youth academic community in the interwar Poland. It is analyzed sources of the Ukrainian youth emigration, tasks put before the students (as the main part of young emigrants), foundation and activity of their organizations. Methodology is based on the use of general historical research methods, namely: historical-comparative, typology and system analysis. The article is based on numerous archival documents of the Czech, Polish and Ukrainian archives and also includes wide range of historiography. The most important sources for investigation were periodical issues of Ukrainian youth organizations in Poland, Czechoslovak Republic and other European countries. It is also pointed out in the article peculiarities of academic centers and types of emigrant organizations, influence on to the Ukrainians in the interwar Europe. It is analyzed cooperation between Ukrainian, European and international youth movement.

Simulate the Demographic Changes in Gaza Strip After the Last Three Wars by Using Statistical Physics

During the last period the Gaza Strip suffered a brutal war that has affected all aspects of life in Gaza Strip, especially the demographic and social harmonization, low level of birth rate and increased level of young people emigration. Mortality and birth rates, emigration and retirement age, those factors play a major role in demographic changes in many countries. The level of birth rate decreased in the past century, first without a noticeable decrease of the fertility, moreover the level of human life expectancy increased, leading to a significant increase in population growth. In many countries the number of births has fallen and the human life expectancy increased. This study concentrates on measuring, analyzing and extrapolating of age structure in the Gaza Strip for next few decades, using the updated data available. A Fortran program was designed to simulate and analysis of statistical data, to examine the demographic change in the Gaza Strip and the expectation of Palestinian problems in the future. The study showed that the Palestinians life expectancy will increase, the fertility the Palestinians women will decrease, the fraction of young manpower will decrease. Therefore the study recommends to increase the retirement age to 65 years, and to develop a strategic plan to decrease the emigration of young people.

ʽYou’re not getting rid of usʼ. Performing acts of citizenship in times of emigration

ABSTRACTThis article uses academic literature on acts of citizenship and performative citizenship to investigate the contestation, protest, and resistance actions carried out by the Marea Granate collective in defence of the citizenship rights of Spanish citizens living abroad. Marea Granate (Maroon Wave) is a transnational network of young Spanish emigrants that emerged in 2013 as a result of the recent widespread emigration provoked by the economic crisis and austerity politics in Spain. Based on their shared identity as economic exiles and demanding the right to participate in Spanish political life to change the conditions that led them to emigrate, the members of this organization have been carrying out innovative, creative citizenship acts that are breaking conventions and causing ruptures in the Spanish citizenship regime. These ‘transformative acts of recovering’, the term used to refer to Marea Granate’s demands and struggles for citizenship, have proven to be capable of being a driving force for change and also reveal the fluid and contested nature of citizenship in the contexts of austerity and emigration.

“Muscle”Yekkes? Multiple German-Jewish Masculinities in Palestine and Israel after 1933

AbstractIn the 1930s and 1940s, nearly ninety thousand German-speaking Jews found refuge in the British Mandate of Palestine. While scholars have stressed the so-calledYekkes’intellectual and cultural contribution to the making of the Jewish nation, their social and gendered lifeworlds still need to be explored. This article, which is centered on the generation of those born between 1910 and 1925, explores an ongoing interest in German-Jewish multiple masculinities. It is based on personal narratives, including some 150 oral history interviews conducted in the early 1990s with German-speaking men and women in Israel. By focusing on gender and masculinities, it sheds new light on social, generational, and racial issues in Mandatory Palestine and Israel. The article presents an investigation of the lives, experiences, and gendered identities of young emigrants from Nazi Europe who had partly been socialized in Europe, and were then forced to adjust to a different sociey and culture after migration. This involved adopting new forms of sociability, learning new body postures and gestures, as well as incorporating new habits—which, together, formed a cultural repertoire for how to behave as a “New Hebrew.”

Go west? Emigration intentions of young Bulgarian agricultural specialists

Western Europe is one of the main destinations for young emigrants coming from Eastern Europe. While most migrants want to move into urban areas, this paper explores in detail the motivational make-up of those targeting international rural destinations. Specifically, we look at the motivation behind the intentions of soon-to-graduate students of agriculture in Bulgaria to move into rural areas in Germany for high-skilled farm work. The formation of migration intentions is depicted along the lines of the Theory of Planned Behavior in a Structural Equation Model. The paper takes a pioneer step in identifying, operationalizing and analyzing the background factors driving the international migration decisions of high-skilled farm specialists. The quantitative survey results highlight general economic motives, such as the desire for better earnings and to avoid unemployment at home, as crucial for the attractiveness of a possible move. With regard to their future career in agriculture, the respondents wished to learn how to run their own farm, take managerial responsibility for a farm, and saw emigration as an opportunity to work with animals. Non-economic aspects such as the desire to escape corruption, or lifestyle considerations were overall not significant, although migration decision-making is influenced by the opinion of the core family. The main perceived barriers for potential migration are a lack of language skills and fear of difficult integration in the host country.

Kulturowa tożsamość emigranta rosyjskiego wobec świata zachodniego

The Cultural Identity of the Russian Emigration towards the Western World. Elysian Fields. A Book of Memory by Vasilij YanovskyElysian Fields. A Book of Memory by Vasilij Yanovsky The article analyses the problem of a cultural identity in the situation of culture collision. Vasilij Yanovsky, representative of the first wave emigration from Soviet Russia to France, in his memories described many cultural differences between French people and Russian emigrants. He showed some features characteristic or west culture in contrast to Russian culture: personal freedom, attitude to the work and others. As an emigrant Yanovsky was both witness to and participant in the creative life of the period between the wars. He paints a picture of those young emigrants who made up Russian Paris and in the same time tried to found out their own culture identity.

An Interpretation of the Chinese American Novel “Been There, Done That” from the Perspective of Initiation Story

Growth has always been a long, long journey, for everyone. But for one special group, the emigrants, they experience “the journey to the west” and we can have a deeper understanding of their growth by reading relevant books that have a vivid description of their life. Been There, Done That is an autobiographical initiation novel that is written by a young girl Katharine Wang who emigrated to the U.S.A with her parents when she was very young. This novel presents us the rich and colorful high school life of three young emigrants and their friends. These young emigrants were confronted with two diverse cultures, which made their growth tinted with unique characteristics that were quite different from those settled in native soil. The paper aims at analyzing the growth of these young emigrants through three different perspectives, that is, cognitive journey of colorful activities, emotional journey of kinship, friendship and relationship and spirtual journey of ethnic identity. A probe into their distinct cross-cultural growth will not only be conducive to the growth of countless emigrants, but also beneficial to all the teenagers’ growth on the whole.