Young Class Research Articles

Investigation on Cutting Forces and Surface Finish in Mechanical Micro Milling of Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass

Precision micro-component fabrication demands suitable manufacturing processes that ensure making of parts with good form and finish. Mechanical micro milling represents a flexible and powerful process that exhibits enhanced capability to create micro features. Bulk metallic glass (BMG) represents a young class of amorphous alloy material with superior mechanical and physical properties and finds appreciable micro scale applications like biomedical devices and implants, micro parts for sport items and various other micro- components. In the present work, an attempt has been made to analyze the influence of the cutting parameters like spindle speed, feed per tooth and axial depth of cut on the machinability of BMG, in mechanical micro-milling process. The micro-milling process performances have been evaluated concerning to cutting forces and surface roughness generated, by making full slots on the workpiece with solid carbide end mill cutters. The paper presents micro-machining results for bulk metallic glass machined with commercial micro-milling tool at low cutting velocity regime. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been employed for process modeling and subsequent analysis to study the influence of the combination of cutting parameters on responses within the selected domain of cutting parameters. It has been found that the effect of axial depth of cut on the cutting force components is remarkably significant. Cutting force components increases with the increase in axial depth of cut and decreases with increase in spindle speed. At low feed rate, cutting force in the feed direction (Fx, i.e., cutting force along x-direction) increases with a decrease in feed rate. This increase of force could be due to the possible ploughing effect. A similar pattern of variation has been observed with cutting force component in cross-feed direction (Fy) also. It has been found that effect of feed per tooth on the roughness parameter Ra is remarkably significant. Surface roughness increases with feed per tooth. Axial depth of cut does not contribute much to the surface roughness. Surface roughness decrease with the increase of spindle speed.

ALMA High Angular Resolution Polarization Study: An Extremely Young Class 0 Source, OMC-3/MMS 6

Abstract Using the ≈16 km long baseline data obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), we imaged the Stokes I emission and linearly polarized intensity (PI) in the 1.1 mm continuum band of a very young intermediate-mass protostellar source, MMS 6, in the Orion Molecular Cloud-3. The achieved angular resolution, 0.″02 × 0.″03 (≈10 au), shows for the first time a wealth of data on the dust emission polarization in the central 200 au of a protostar. The PI peak is offset to the southeast (SE) by ≈20 au with respect to the Stokes I peak. Its polarization degree is 11% with its E-vector orientation of the position angle ≈135°. A partial ringlike structure with a radius of ≈80 au is detected in PI but not in the Stokes I. Northwest (NW) and SE parts of the ring are bright, with a high polarization degree of ≳10%, and their E-vector orientations are roughly orthogonal to those observed near the center. We also detected an armlike polarized structure, extending to 1000 au scale to the north, with the E-vectors aligned along the minor axis of the structure. We explored possible origins of the polarized emission by comparing them with magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the toroidal wrapping of the magnetic field. The simulations are consistent with the PI emission in the ringlike and the extended armlike structures observed with ALMA. However, the current simulations do not completely reproduce observed polarization characteristics in the central 50 au. Although the self-scattering model can explain the polarization pattern and positional offset between the Stokes I and PI in the central 50 au, this model is not able to reproduce the observed high degree of polarization.

I like to go out and have a good time: An ethnography of a group of young middle class urban Indian women participating in a new drinking culture

BackgroundUrban, middle-class Indians are a market demographic target of transnational alcohol companies seeking to exploit neoliberal-informed deregulation policies. Against this backdrop is an emerging drinking culture in Mumbai, in which women participate. MethodAn ethnography with a friendship group of five middle-class, heterosexually-identified women aged between 22–24 years living in Mumbai. Poststructuralist informed analysis was performed on data from market mapping and venue mapping activities, interviews and participant observations. ResultsA range of on and offline corporate marketing practices facilitated an understanding of drinking as a cool practice of freedom, individualism and equality. Participants’ echoed this sense making, but they also described their drinking as occurring in a wider context of gendered inequality and national identities that made them vulnerable to sexual harassment and being ‘against Indian culture’. ConclusionsThis paper is the first to examine how a group of women make sense of their participation in an emerging Indian drinking culture, the wider material and discursive contexts enabling this sense-making, and the consequences for who and how such women can be in the world. The study highlights important similarities between this emerging drinking culture and the culture of intoxication documented in countries with a drinking culture norm. It also highlights the potential impact of the deregulation of alcohol sales and new marketing policies on groups of Indian women; and shows the importance of taking an intersectional approach that considers the interplay of gendered and national identities when analysing the impact of alcohol marketing policies.

Western Imaginary of Jihadism

Western jihadism is a complex phenomenon in which the imaginary dimension, the subjectivity of the actors linked to their socio-economic condition but also to their ethnicity, and beyond that, what I call their subjectivation (the ability to empower oneself as a social actor), play a significant role. In Europe, among the Muslim offshoots of migrant workers, most of the psychological developments associated with Jihadism occurs in very specific urban structures, the poor districts or suburbs, where a high concentration of urban poor live with a burden of social stigma linked to the high criminality rate. These settings are often de facto ghettoes. The development of a specific urban imagination often gives meaning to the jihadist commitment among young people living in this type of settlement. This imaginary often feeds on a feeling of stigmatization among these people. Jihadism is not a quest for meaning, but its discovery, the wielding of it through embracing death and inflicting it on the ‘infidels’. It is, in another way, a punishment of society, an act of vengeance against it, be it due to personal reasons (mainly for the young downtrodden of the immigrant origin who feel stigmatized by the society) or due to the lack of ideal, utopia and social justice in society (the case of the young middle class people). This study aims at underlining the fact that social imaginaries should be at the root of socio-anthropological analysis and without understanding the meaning of social action, quantitative views give us at best a unilateral, at most a distorted view of social action and social behavior.

Gender differences in entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions: the case of Brand Dubai

In this age of economic development and growth, entrepreneurship is regarded as an important factor for the promotion of economic growth, employment, social welfare in gender justice. This study is a study of entrepreneurial intentions of men and women in the Emirate of Dubai in UAE with the sample numbering 476. Entrepreneurship replete with a number of factors of entrepreneurial attributes, which however may vary over time and space and between genders. They may be universal too, which is established by this study. The result show that, the sample entrepreneurial class of women and men emerge as the one with good attitudes of 'self' and 'social', and not with the intention of just making a profit but also of creative achievement. Dubai is endowed by a well-motivated and well-intended, young and educated native and expatriate entrepreneurial class, which calls for policy and physical support from government and all concerned.

The construct of masculinity in the culture of modern Russia’s new working class

This article is dedicated to analyzing the construct of masculinity in the culture of modern Russia’s new working class. While leaning on an intersectional perspective, it considers practices of producing its plural forms in everyday interaction, as well as persistent structures of social inequality which secure gender order on an institutional level. The article conducts an analytical overview of relevant foreign studies on the working class’ modes of masculinity in the postindustrial era. An empirical study of young representatives of the new working class residing in the Ural federal district helped determine the most common structures of gender order in domestic life and in the workspace: standard male social roles, stereotypical everyday fulfillment of male gender roles, gender restrictions and privileges. It has been revealed that a persistent structural disproportion between various sectors of the economy, when it comes to wages and the gender composition of the workforce, determines the transmission of the standard tendency for reproducing the pattern of a “man-provider”, who possesses power in the family based on his control over economic resources. Young working class individuals are still interested in preserving and supporting a patriarchal model of distributing household labor. While women are assigned types of activity which require routine execution at a strictly defined time, men assume chores which can be done sporadically, and can be postponed, which provides them with more leisure time. While evaluating the importance of everyday communication rituals, it was established that young women seek to preserve a traditional pattern of gender interaction more so than young men. The results of the study show a distinction between the expectations of young men and women when it comes to standard everyday gender communication: for the most part, young men still lean towards a model of hegemonic masculinity within the working class, while young women, who support the idea of preserving a patriarchic social order, are prepared to assume their gender role within it provided that they receive financial support and protection on behalf of their men. Indirect signs of hegemonic masculinity are not considered by them to be relevant.

Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugation Using Microbial Transglutaminase.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively young class of cancer therapeutics that combine the superior selectivity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the high potency of cytotoxic agents. In the first generation of ADCs, the toxic payload is attached to the mAb via chemical conjugation to endogenous lysine or cysteine residues providing only limited control over site specificity and drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). The resulting product is a heterogeneous population of different ADC species, each with individual characteristics concerning pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and efficacy. Such diverse ADC mixtures are not only difficult to develop but are potentially also accompanied by a suboptimal therapeutic window. To overcome these limitations, alternative conjugation technologies have been developed that allow the production of tailor-made homogeneous ADCs. Due to its high specificity and robust applicability, microbial transglutaminase (mTG), a protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferase isolated from Streptomyces mobaraensis, emerged as a versatile tool for ADC manufacturing. Herein, we report a protocol for the site-specific, mTG-mediated modification of antibodies that allows the production of homogeneous and defined ADCs. Moreover, analytical methods for ADC characterization are provided.

ALMA observations of the young protostellar system Barnard 1b: signatures of an incipient hot corino in B1b-S.

The Barnard 1b core shows signatures of being at the earliest stages of low-mass star formation, with two extremely young and deeply embedded protostellar objects. Hence, this core is an ideal target to study the structure and chemistry of the first objects formed in the collapse of prestellar cores. We present ALMA Band 6 spectral line observations at ~0.6″ of angular resolution towards Barnard 1b. We have extracted the spectra towards both protostars, and used a Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) model to reproduce the observed line profiles. B1b-S shows rich and complex spectra, with emission from high energy transitions of complex molecules, such as CH3OCOH and CH3CHO, including vibrational level transitions. We have tentatively detected for the first time in this source emission from NH2CN, NH2CHO, CH3CH2OH, CH2OHCHO, CH3CH2OCOH and both aGg' and gGg' conformers of (CH2OH)2. This is the first detection of ethyl formate (CH3CH2OCOH) towards a low-mass star forming region. On the other hand, the spectra of the FHSC candidate B1b-N are free of COMs emission. In order to fit the observed line profiles in B1b-S, we used a source model with two components: an inner hot and compact component (200 K, 0.35″) and an outer and colder one (60 K, 0.6″). The resulting COM abundances in B1b-S range from 10-13 for NH2CN and NH2CHO, up to 10-9 for CH3OCOH. Our ALMA Band 6 observations reveal the presence of a compact and hot component in B1b-S, with moderate abundances of complex organics. These results indicate that a hot corino is being formed in this very young Class 0 source.

Syntheses, crystal structures and optical properties of two one-dimensional germanophosphates: HRb3Ge2(HPO4)6 and CsGe(HPO4)2(OH).

Germanophosphates, as a young class of metal phosphates, have been less reported but might possess more diverse structural types and potential applications. Here, two one-dimensional (1D) alkali-metal germanophosphates (GePOs), namely, hydrogen hexakis(μ-hydrogen phosphato)digermaniumtrirubidium, HRb3Ge2(HPO4)6 (1), and caesium bis(μ-hydrogen phosphato)(μ-hydroxido)germanium, CsGe(HPO4)2(OH) (2), have been prepared by the solvothermal method. Compound 1 shows 1D [Ge(HPO4)6]∞ chains along the c axis formed by GeO6 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra, with Rb+ cations dissociated between the chains. Compound 2 also exhibits 1D [Ge(HPO4)4(OH)2]∞ chains constructed from adjacent Ge(HPO4)4(OH)2 octahedra, with Cs+ cations dissociated between the chains. XRD, TGA, IR and UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra are presented and discussed for both compounds.

The politics of Generation Grime

In the 2017 UK general election, Grime artists (musicians representing the experience of a young black dispossessed city working class) came out in support of the Labour Party’s radical leader Jeremy Corbyn. The author, drawing on in-depth interviews with Grime experts and leftwing activists and an examination of social media, explains that endorsement in terms of the concept of ‘embedded ethics’ which allows Grime artists to present themselves as authentic social commentators on intersecting forms of poverty, state racism and social exclusion. Using the work of cultural theorists Stuart Hall and Paul Gilroy, she argues that Grime is more than a music genre and more a way of life giving cultural meaning – explaining the mobilisations for both the election and, later, over the Grenfell fire. But the piece asks whether, at a time of blatant neoliberalism and harsh austerity, there is a need now to insert a more direct discussion of class into the cultural theory debate.

ALMA Observations of the Very Young Class 0 Protostellar System HH211-mms: A 30 au Dusty Disk with a Disk Wind Traced by SO?

Abstract HH 211-mms is one of the youngest Class 0 protostellar systems in Perseus, at a distance of ∼235 pc. We have mapped its central region at up to ∼7 au (0.″03) resolution. A dusty disk is seen deeply embedded in a flattened envelope, with an intensity jump in the dust continuum at ∼350 GHz. It is nearly edge-on and is almost exactly perpendicular to the jet axis. It has a size of ∼30 au along the major axis. It is geometrically thick, indicating that the (sub)millimeter light-emitting grains have yet to settle to the midplane. Its inner part is expected to have transformed into a Keplerian rotating disk with a radius of ∼10 au. A rotating disk atmosphere and a compact rotating bipolar outflow are detected in SO N J = 89 − 78. The outflow fans out from the inner disk surfaces and is rotating in the same direction as the flattened envelope, and hence could trace a disk wind carrying away angular momentum from the inner disk. From the rotation of the disk atmosphere, the protostellar mass is estimated to be ≲50 M Jup. Together with results from the literature, our result favors a model where the disk radius grows linearly with the protostellar mass, as predicted by models of pre-stellar dense core evolution that asymptotes to an r −1 radial profile for both the column density and angular velocity.

Dari Materialisme Ke Identitas: Transformasi Radikalisme Kelas Menengah Muda

The terminology of radicalism had been accepted largery as physical expression aims to create violence and riots. Radicalism is understood as informal style to negotiate when formal politics unsuccessfully created resolution. The young middle class were categorized vulnerable groups which easily infiltrated within several of ideologies. However, it is important to be noted that radicalism is a way to make expression space for youth people. The role of social media altered characteristic of movement that become rigorious. By using both perspective namely new social movement dan resources mobilization, this article aimed to analyse great transformation on radicalism nowadays.

Estimation of Population Density And Food Sort of KELASI (Presbytis Rubicundamuller 1838) in Nyaru Menteng Arboretum of Palangka Raya

Nyaru Menteng Arboretum is one of Conservation area in Palangka Raya for biodiversity protection width 65,2ha and in that area have established an Orang Utan Reintroduction Center from Borneo Orangutan Save Foundation (BOSF). The aims of this research are to estimated the population density of Kelasi in this area and to know many kinds of Kelasi food and the part of trees that Kelasi put to eat. The result of this research that has found one species (young class) in January 2017, then we can find 3 species again in April 2017 there is one male, one female, and one young kelasi. Population density rate of Kelasiof 2017 is 0,06 species/ha that meaning is population density of Kelasi have a degraded experience if comparing with the same population density data on 2007 that found 15 species in the area (in 2 group)with 0,23 species/ha. Food sort of Kelasi is juvenile of : Jambu-jambu (Syzgium cerinum), Saga (Adenathera microsperma), cassava (Manihot utilisima), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), pineapple (Ananas comosus), Kelakai (Stenochlaena ralustris) dan jackfruit (Artocarpus integra), other fruits and residue of orangutan food in Reintroduction area lie pineapple and papaya.

Apnea-Hypopnea Index in Healthy Class III Patients Treated With Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy: A Prospective Cohort Study

The study purpose was to assess whether mandibular setback surgery by intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) induces obstructive apnea and hypopnea in healthy Class III patients without a history of respiratory dysfunction. We hypothesized that the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) would not exceed 5 events per hour after surgery. A prospective cohort study was conducted. The sample was composed of healthy Class III patients without a history of obstructive sleep apnea treated with isolated mandibular setback surgery by the IVRO procedure at a university hospital. In-home respiratory sleep recordings (Nox T3; Nox Medical, Reykjavik, Iceland) and self-administered questionnaires were obtained before and at least 3months after surgery. The AHI was the primary outcome variable. Other study variables were as follows: peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, oxygen desaturation index, snore index, body mass index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Oral Impact on Daily Performance index. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed, and the significance level was set at .05. The sample was composed of 8 patients. The mean age at surgery was 23.2years (range, 18.2 to 33.4years). The mean amount of surgical setback was 4.3mm (range, 2.5 to 7.4mm). The mean body mass index was 24.2kg/m2 (standard error [SE], 1.3kg/m2) and 23.9kg/m2 (SE, 1.4kg/m2) at the presurgical and postsurgical sleep recordings, respectively. The mean AHI was 1.3 events per hour (SE, 0.3; range, 0.1 to 2.5) before surgery and 1.8 events per hour (SE, 0.4; range, 0.3 to 3.3) after surgery. No statistically significant changes in AHI (P=.412), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (P=.443), oxygen desaturation index (P=.194), snore index (P=.363), or Epworth Sleepiness Scale (P=.812) were observed. The patients' self-reported oral health-related quality of life was statistically significantly improved after surgery (P=.034). Mandibular setback surgery with the IVRO procedure in the range of 2.5 to 7.4mm did not induce obstructive sleep apnea, measured as an AHI above 5 events per hour, in the 8 healthy, young adult Class III patients presented in this study. More studies including larger patient samples are needed.

In Defence of Formal Experimentation:

The present paper constitutes an exploration of the role of form and (visual) aesthetics in the construction and communication of ethnographic knowledge. It is based on the analysis of a documentary film entitled Flyoverdelhi (directed by the author of the article in 2004) that offers insights into the lives of young middle class men and women in Delhi at the dawn of India’s emergence as a superpower. Reflecting upon the process of making, screening and then re-analyzing the film (15 years after its making), this paper discusses different dimensions of the dialogue between content and form/aesthetics in the context of ethnography. Despite its focus on film and visual communication, the paper aims at raising questions that are common to ethnographers and anthropologists at large and discusses also the relation between ethnographic validity and authority. The paper contains links to visual materials available online hence making a claim for the importance of renewing practcies of publishing in the contextx of visual anthropology.

‘We must give them an education, large, liberal and comprehensive’. Catherine Vale Whitwell: teacher, artist, author, feminist and Owenite communitarian

ABSTRACTThis article was provoked by the author’s conviction that its subject was a great deal more significant than a marginalised woman on the fringes of Owenism, the reformist movement promoted by Robert Owen during the early nineteenth century. It examines the life of Catherine Whitwell, formally identified in studies of Owen and in histories of education as teacher cum artist in the school at New Lanark, Owen’s factory community in Scotland, and also one of several women writers on astronomy. Otherwise little was known of her activities or the contexts in which they occurred. There are many gaps in the record and her footprint is often illusive, but much new information in widely dispersed archives, periodicals, digitised newspapers and secondary sources helps cast further light on her background, a career embracing work as proprietor of girls’ schools, author of works on astronomy and mathematics, promoter of sciences for women, advocate of women’s education, artist and communitarian. The context of Whitwell’s work is reviewed with reference to recent relevant literature and followed by a case study explaining her association with Owen, speculating on her role in visualising his plans for communities of co-operation designed to relieve distress and create greater equality, then describing her teaching career both at New Lanark and later at Orbiston, the first British Owenite community near Glasgow. The study concludes with a brief review of her post-Owen work running girls’ schools and an assessment of her role in the development of education and disseminating knowledge, particularly for young middle class women and working class children in the first half of the nineteenth century.

The ‘Isle of Vice’? Youth, class and the post-war holiday on the Isle of Man

ABSTRACTThis article broadens our knowledge of post-war holidaymaking (c. 1950–80) by adopting the Isle of Man as a case study. A popular holiday resort from the late nineteenth century, the Isle of Man experienced considerable political turbulence during the 1950s and 1960s about how best to stay competitive as a seaside resort, where authorities employed uniquely stringent methods to contain rowdiness and protect the island’s ‘respectable’ atmosphere. The first two sections examine the leisure habits of the young and working class in a holiday context, integrating this analysis with perceptions of their behaviour gleaned from oral interviews with local residents. The concluding section explores how the presence of holidaymakers on the Isle of Man – uniquely among seaside resorts in the British Isles – informed (and in some cases emboldened) a sense of national identity. Oral history, complemented by the Hansard reports of the Isle of Man parliament and local press coverage, sheds light on the activities of the post-war working class at play, and how the presence of holidaymakers fortified Manx national consciousness.

Knotty protostellar jets as a signature of episodic protostellar accretion?

Aims. We aim to study the causal link between the knotty jet structure in CARMA 7, a young Class 0 protostar in the Serpens South cluster, and episodic accretion in young protostellar disks. Methods. We used numerical hydrodynamics simulations to derive the protostellar accretion history in gravitationally unstable disks around solar-mass protostars. We compared the time spacing between luminosity bursts Δτmod, caused by dense clumps spiralling on the protostar, with the differences of dynamical timescales between the knots Δτobs in CARMA 7. Results. We found that the time spacing between the bursts have a bi-modal distribution caused by isolated and clustered luminosity bursts. The former are characterized by long quiescent periods between the bursts with Δτmod = a few × (103–104) yr, whereas the latter occur in small groups with time spacing between the bursts Δτmod = a few × (10–102) yr. For the clustered bursts, the distribution of Δτmod in our models can be fit reasonably well to the distribution of Δτobs in the protostellar jet of CARMA 7, if a certain correction for the (yet unknown) inclination angle with respect to the line of sight is applied. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test on the model and observational data sets suggests the best-fit values for the inclination angles of 55–80°, which become narrower (75–80°) if only strong luminosity bursts are considered. The dynamical timescales of the knots in the jet of CARMA 7 are too short for a meaningful comparison with the long time spacings between isolated bursts in our models. Moreover, the exact sequences of time spacings between the luminosity bursts in our models and knots in the jet of CARMA 7 were found difficult to match. Conclusions. Given the short time that has passed since the presumed luminosity bursts (tens to hundreds years), a possible overabundance of the gas-phase CO in the envelope of CARMA 7 compared to what could be expected from the current luminosity may be used to confirm the burst nature of this object. More sophisticated numerical models and observational data on jets with longer dynamical timescales are needed to further explore the possible causal link between luminosity bursts and knotty jets.

ALMA’s Polarized View of 10 Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud

Abstract We present 870 μm ALMA dust polarization observations of 10 young Class 0/I protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud. At ∼0.″35 (80 au) resolution, all of our sources show some degree of polarization, with most (9/10) showing significantly extended emission in the polarized continuum. Each source has incredibly intricate polarization signatures. In particular, all three disk-candidates have polarization vectors roughly along the minor axis, which is indicative of polarization produced by dust scattering. On ∼100 au scales, the polarization is at a relatively low level (≲1%) and is quite ordered. In sources with significant envelope emission, the envelope is typically polarized at a much higher (≳5%) level and has a far more disordered morphology. We compute the cumulative probability distributions for both the small (disk-scale) and large (envelope-scale) polarization percentage. We find that the two are intrinsically different, even after accounting for the different detection thresholds in the high/low surface brightness regions. We perform Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Anderson–Darling tests on the distributions of angle offsets of the polarization from the outflow axis. We find disk-candidate sources are different from the non-disk-candidate sources. We conclude that the polarization on the 100 au scale is consistent with the signature of dust scattering for disk-candidates and that the polarization on the envelope-scale in all sources may come from another mechanism, most likely magnetically aligned grains.

Trends and Themes in Contemporary Young Adult Literature

In the past few decades, Young Adult literature has become progressively more popular. Film makers, Television, Fans, Critics and Academics all seem to have an inclination towards the Young Adult field. The present mankind genus is more engrossed in the literature contextualizing analysis of broader trends. However, while Young Adult persist to expand, it often materialize that the corpus of texts which is taught, studied, and critically examined overlap with texts discussed in the popular media; this has resulted in increasingly diminutive hyper canon of texts and is very often limited to the kinds of bestseller texts that make an enormous impact on popular traditions and ethnicity. To non-experts, the Young Adult class is often considered to be identical with huge blockbuster fiction titles like Harry Potter, The Fault in Our Stars, Twilight and The Hunger Games. The Young modern adult now seeks variant approaches with tangible trends in terms of theoretical importance, cultural significance, pedagogical value or amalgamation of all these approaches