Young Adults Research Articles

Metabolic score and its components are associated with carotid plaque prevalence in young adults.

No study has comprehensively assessed the relationship of metabolic factors including insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperuricemia, and hypercholesterolemia with the development of carotid plaque. Therefore, we constructed metabolic scores based on the above metabolic factors and examined its association with carotid plaque in young and older Chinese adults. This study included 17,396 participants who underwent carotid ultrasound examinations, including 14,173 young adults (<65 years) and 3,223 older adults (≥65 years). Individual metabolic score was calculated using triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, mean arterial pressure (MAP), uric acid, and total cholesterol (TC). Logistic regression models were conducted to examine the role of metabolic score and its components in the prevalence of carotid plaque. The nonlinear relationship was examined using restricted cubic spline regression. Meanwhile, subgroup, interaction, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that TyG (OR: 1.088; 95%CI: 1.046-1.132), MAP (OR: 1.121; 95%CI: 1.077-1.168), TC (OR: 1.137; 95%CI: 1.094-1.182) and metabolic score (OR: 1.064; 95%CI: 1.046-1.082) were associated with carotid plaque prevalence in young adults rather than older adults. The nonlinear association was not observed for metabolic scores and carotid plaque. Subgroup analyses showed significant associations between metabolic scores and carotid plaque prevalence in men, women, normal-weight, and overweight young adults. No interaction of metabolic score with sex and BMI were observed. The results support that control of TyG, MAP, TC, and metabolic scores is a key point in preventing the prevalence of carotid plaque in the young adults.

Trends in Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol and Cannabis Among Young Adults in Washington State From Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives. To examine trends in young adult self-reported driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI-A), cannabis (DUI-C), and simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (DUI-AC) in a state with legalized nonmedical cannabis use from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We used logistic regression and annual statewide data from the Washington Young Adult Health Survey to assess DUI behaviors from 2016 to 2021. Results. Both prepandemic yearly changes in prevalence and deviations from those trends during the pandemic years were small and not statistically significant. However, prevalence estimates were alarming: 12.0% of participants reported DUI-A, 12.5% reported DUI-C, and 2.7% reported DUI-AC. Exploratory moderation analyses indicated a relative increase in DUI-A during 2020 among 4-year college students relative to young adults not attending 4-year colleges. Conclusions. Young adults in Washington State continued to engage in risky DUI behaviors during the pandemic. College students may have increased their likelihood of DUI-A during COVID-19. Public Health Implications. Young adults, for whom vehicle crashes remain a leading cause of death, showed little change in DUI behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is continued need for young adult DUI prevention efforts. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S8):S698-S701. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307767).

Psychometric properties of the Child Anxiety and Depression Life Interference Scale - Young Adult version.

A life interference measure specifically designed for young adults with anxiety and depressive symptoms does not currently exist. This paper describes the development and psychometric evaluation of a brief self-report measure of life interference associated with young adult anxiety and depression, the Child Anxiety and Depression Life Interference Scale - Young Adult version (CADLIS-YA). Cross-sectional, correlational and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Five-hundred and thirty-two participants aged 18-24 years recruited from an undergraduate and community sample completed the CADLIS-YA. An EFA supported a three-factor model describing the impact of young adult anxiety and depression on social life, family and daily life interference. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were good to excellent. Convergent validity was demonstrated, and the scale differentiated between young adults with and without elevated anxiety and depressive symptoms. Support for divergent validity was limited. The CADLIS-YA is a reliable and valid life interference measure for young adults with symptoms of anxiety and depression. It is potentially suitable for administration in low-resource research settings and it has promise for use in clinical settings; however, it needs validation in a clinical sample.

Distinct mechanisms for online and offline motor skill learning across human development.

The human central nervous system (CNS) undergoes tremendous changes from childhood to adulthood and this may affect how individuals at different stages of development learn new skills. Here, we studied motor skill learning in children, adolescents, and young adults to test the prediction that differences in the maturation of different learning mechanisms lead to distinct temporal patterns of motor learning during practice and overnight. We found that overall learning did not differ between children, adolescents, and young adults. However, we demonstrate that adult-like skill learning is characterized by rapid and large improvements in motor performance during practice (i.e., online) that are susceptible to forgetting and decay over time (i.e., offline). On the other hand, child-like learning exhibits slower and less pronounced improvements in performance during practice, but these improvements are robust against forgetting and lead to gains in performance overnight without further practice. The different temporal dynamics of motor skill learning suggest an engagement of distinct learning mechanisms in the human CNS during development. In conclusion, adult-like skill learning mechanisms favor online improvements in motor performance whereas child-like learning mechanisms favors offline behavioral gains. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Many essential motor skills, like walking, talking, and writing, are acquired during childhood, and it is colloquially thought that children learn better than adults. We investigated dynamics of motor skill learning in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adults displayed substantial improvements during practice that was susceptible to forgetting over time. Children displayed smaller improvements during practice that were resilient against forgetting. The distinct age-related characteristics of these processes of acquisition and consolidation suggest that skill learning relies on different mechanisms in the immature and mature central nervous system.

Longitudinal patterns of alcohol and cannabis use among US young adults: Correlates and implications for problematic health outcomes.

Alcohol and cannabis use are common during young adulthood. Less is known regarding correlates of alcohol-cannabis use patterns and related problematic health outcomes. Using longitudinal survey data (Fall 2018, 2019, 2020) from 2,194 young adults (YAs; ages 18-34), bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regressions examined: (1) Wave 1 (W1) sociodemographics and psychosocial factors (i.e., adverse childhood experiences [ACEs], depressive symptoms, personality traits, parent and peer alcohol and cannabis use) in relation to W3 past-month use group (i.e., use of neither, alcohol only, cannabis only, both/co-use); and (2) W3 use group in relation to W5 problematic alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), problematic cannabis use (Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test), and depressive/anxiety symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire - 4 item). Overall, 42.3% reported W3 alcohol-only use, 34.9% co-use, 17.8% no use, and 5.0% cannabis-only use. Those reporting W3 co-use reported greater W1 extraversion, openness, friend alcohol/cannabis use, and were more likely to report parent cannabis use (vs. no use); reported less conscientiousness, greater friend cannabis use, and were more likely to report depressive symptoms and parent cannabis use (vs. alcohol-only use); and reported greater friend alcohol use, and were more likely to report parent alcohol use (vs. cannabis-only use). W3 co-use was associated with higher odds of W5 problematic alcohol use (vs. alcohol-only use) and problematic cannabis use (vs. cannabis-only use). Substance use messaging and interventions should consider YAs' alcohol-cannabis co-use and the unique correlates of such use.

'It's Not Like a One-Way Street': Using Photovoice to Understand How College Students With Intellectual Disability Experience Interdependence.

Many people view people with intellectual disability primarily as needing help. That perspective limits relationships and can promote discrimination. We sought to better understand social relationships among young adults with intellectual disability. Seven postsecondary students with intellectual disability participated in a photovoice study, sharing photos and stories about giving and receiving help. They participated in individual interviews, a group meeting, and a photo exhibition, and helped identify results and conclusions. Participants viewed themselves as helpers and recipients of help. Themes were: foundational importance of families; openness to being helped; personal growth through challenging experiences; and tension between wanting to help and risks of helping others. Participants wanted to raise awareness that people with disabilities can help others, educate them about disability, and contribute to research. Many young adults with intellectual disability want to contribute to relationships, which are often limited by others' expectations about disability.

Changes in 24-h Movement Behaviors During Relationship and Parenthood Transitions: A Compositional Data Analysis.

There is scarcity of studies using device-based measures to examine how relationship and parenthood transitions modify 24-h movement behaviors. This study examined how the composition of 24-h movement behaviors changes during these life transitions. Young adults (n = 170, mean age 25.6 years, SD 0.6) from the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) wore wrist-worn accelerometers for 1 week and completed questionnaire at ages 26 and 31 years. Participants were categorized by relationship status into single (16%), those transitioning from single to partnered (31%), partnered (47%), and separated (7%), and by parenthood status into non-parents (73%), new parents (19%), and parents (8%). Changes in daily movement behaviors, including sleep, sedentary behavior (SED), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), were examined using compositional linear mixed models. In general, LPA and MVPA decreased relative to sleep and SED (p = 0.007). Differences emerged between LPA and MVPA in relationship and parenthood groups (p for group × time interaction 0.008 and 0.001). Those transitioning to partnership decreased MVPA by 17 min/day, while partnered and separated individuals showed no notable MVPA change but decreased LPA by 14 and 43 min/day. Single individuals and non-parents decreased LPA and MVPA in similar proportions. New parents decreased MVPA by 20 min/day, while parents increased it by 19 min/day. Becoming first-time parent and starting relationship was associated with decline of MVPA. Our results suggest the importance of considering these life transitions and providing guidance for maintaining physical activity despite changes in life situations.

ASO Author Reflections: Young Adults and Racial Minorities May Be at High Risk for Financial Toxicity After Breast Cancer Treatment.

ASO Author Reflections: Young Adults and Racial Minorities May Be at High Risk for Financial Toxicity After Breast Cancer Treatment.

Cardiovascular responses to experimental weight gain in humans: a feasibility study.

Obesity and hypertension share a well known association. However, the mechanisms underlying their relationship are not well understood. Our goal was to assess the feasibility of a longitudinal, interventional weight gain study with detailed cardiovascular measurements in humans. Sixteen healthy, normotensive, young, male volunteers (28 ± 7 years) were enrolled. Body composition, biochemical and cardiovascular data were obtained at baseline, and after an 8-week period of overfeeding (800-1000 kcal/day). Blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO) and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) were determined, as were the minimum forearm vascular resistance (MFVR), forearm blood flow (FBF) response to mental stress and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. Overfeeding resulted in a median weight gain of 5.6 kg [interquartile range (IQR) 4.6-6.4 kg; P < 0.001]. Seated systolic and diastolic BP were significantly increased by 10 ± 9 and 4 ± 6 mmHg, respectively, after weight gain ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). CO also increased and PVR decreased significantly as a result of weight gain ( P = 0.032 and P = 0.044, respectively). MFVR was also significantly decreased after weight gain ( P = 0.023). The FBF response to mental stress was blunted significantly ( P = 0.002), and sympathovagal balance and responsiveness to orthostatic challenge altered moderately after weight gain. Our overfeeding regimen resulted in moderate weight gain and significant increases in BP. An increase in CO is likely to be the dominant mechanism underlying the observed BP changes, with decreases in PVR partially compensating for these effects. Experimental weight gain, coupled with detailed cardiovascular phenotyping, is a feasible model to examine potential mechanisms underlying obesity-associated hypertension in young adults.

Mindfulness, crashes, and risky driving behaviors among adolescents and young adults in the United States

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between individual-level mindfulness and a range of risky driving behaviors among U.S. adolescents. MethodsWe conducted a survey of a nationally representative sample of 16–19-year-olds, recruited from the National Opinion Research Center AmeriSpeak panel, a probability-based sample. Participants completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. Risky driving measures were adapted from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Spline regression analysis was performed to identify the threshold where mindfulness scores significantly changed driving behaviors. ResultsAfter adjusting for age, gender, and race, adolescents reporting higher mindfulness scores were significantly less likely to engage on all risky driving behaviors and significantly less likely to have been involved in a crash. Spline regression analysis indicated that a mindfulness score of 75 corresponded to the minimum marginal probability change averaged across the outcomes of interest. DiscussionThis paper describes a previously unknown association between mindfulness and risky driving in a vulnerable population which is at higher risk of injury and death from motor vehicle crashes. The strength of the associations across a range of behaviors suggests mindfulness could be a general protective factor for adolescents’ driving behaviors and suggests that mindfulness training may be a promising safety intervention for adolescents. A mindfulness score of 75 could be a potential target for mindfulness training interventions aiming to reduce risky driving behaviors and crashes among teenage drivers.Abbreviations: ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; CI, Confidence Interval; MAAS, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale; NORC, University of Chicago’s National Opinion Research Center; YRBS, Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Pediatric Practice.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is prevalent among pediatric population, adolescent and young adults. Patients with ACD experience a lot of sociopsychological and qualityof- life (QoL) difficulties. Children and their caregivers alike are vulnerable to the burden of ACD. We have, in this paper, provided an overview of ACD and discussed common and unusual causes of ACD. We performed an up-to-date literature review in the English language on "allergic contact dermatitis" via PubMed Clinical Queries, using the keywords "allergic contact dermatitis" in August 2022. The search included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, casecontrol studies, cohort studies, observational studies, clinical guidelines, case series, case reports, and reviews. The search was restricted to English literature and children. ACD may be acute or chronic and it affects more than 20% of children and adults with significant quality-of-life impairments. ACD is manifested by varying degrees of cutaneous edema, vesiculation, and erythema. The hypersensitivity reaction is one of the most prevalent forms of immunotoxicity in humans. Localized acute ACD lesions can be managed with high-potency topical steroids; if ACD is severe or extensive, systemic corticosteroid therapy is often required to provide relief within 24 hours. In patients with more severe dermatitis, oral prednisone should be tapered over 2-3 weeks. Rapid discontinuation of corticosteroids can result in rebound dermatitis. Patch testing should be performed if treatment fails and the specific allergen or diagnosis remains unknown. ACD is common and can be a physically, psychologically, and economically burdensome disease. Diagnosis of ACD is primarily based on history (exposure to an allergen) and physical examination (morphology and location of the eruption). Skin patch test can help determine the causative allergen. Allergen avoidance is the cornerstone of management. Topical mid- or highpotency corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment for lesions on less than 20% of the body area. Severe cases of ACD may require treatment with systemic corticosteroids.

Mutant Huntingtin Drives Development of an Advantageous Brain Early in Life: Evidence in Support of Antagonistic Pleiotropy.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a triplet repeat expansion within the gene huntingtin (HTT). Antagonistic pleiotropy is a theory of aging that posits that some genes, facilitating individual fitness early in life through adaptive evolutionary changes, also augment detrimental aging-related processes. Antagonistic pleiotropy theory may explain a positive evolutionary pressure toward functionally advantageous brain development that is vulnerable to rapid degeneration. The current study investigated antagonistic pleiotropy in HD using a years-to-onset paradigm in a unique sample of children and young adults at risk for HD. Cognitive, behavioral, motor, and brain structural measures from premanifest gene-expanded (n = 79) and gene nonexpanded (n = 112) participants (6-21 years) in the Kids-HD study were examined. All measures in the gene-expanded group were modeled using a mixed-effects regression approach to assess years-to-onset-based changes while controlling for normal growth. Simultaneously, structure-function associations were also examined. Decades from motor onset, gene-expanded participants showed significantly better cognitive, behavioral, and motor scores versus gene nonexpanded controls, along with larger cerebral volumes and cortical features. After this initial peak, a prolonged deterioration was observed in both functional and structural measures. Far from onset, brain measures were positively correlated with functional measures, supporting the view that functional advantages were mediated by structural differences. Mutant HTT may drive the development of a larger than normal brain that subserves superior early-life function. These findings support the antagonistic pleiotropy theory of HTT in HD, where this gene drives early advantage followed by accelerated aging processes. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:1006-1019.

Painless knee mass in a young adult: question.

Painless knee mass in a young adult: question.

Exposure Matching-Based Pediatric Dose Selection for Drugs with Renal Excretion - Lessons Learned from Pediatric Development of Direct Oral Anticoagulants.

The pediatric clinical development programs of the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) edoxaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran have recently been completed, with apixaban close to the finish line. One common pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristic of these four DOACs is that renal excretion contributes 27% or more in their elimination, resulting in age-dependent drug clearance in both pediatric and adult subjects. Several lessons have been learned from adult exposure matching and pediatric dose selection for DOACs. The main goal of this tutorial is to provide an informed perspective on pediatric dose selection for renally excreted drugs, using these four DOACs as case examples. This tutorial is organized into seven steps: (1) consideration of age-related differences in disease and response to treatment; (2) consideration of age-related differences in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; (3) selection of the reference adult population and exposure for pediatric exposure matching; (4) prediction of pediatric clearance and pediatric dose selection based on data from young adults; (5) conduct and design of efficient pediatric PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) studies that inform dose selection; (6) assessment of exposure matching and dose adjustment using population PK simulation; (7) evaluation of the need for dose adjustment in pediatric sub-populations.

Toluene Inhalant Addiction and Cardiac Functions in Young Adults: A Comparison of Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Parameters.

Volatile substance (thinner) addiction can cause serious cardiac events, such as malignant ventricular arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes, sudden death syndrome, and dilated cardiomyopathy, as reported in many case studies. We aimed to find echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters that could foresee these adverse outcomes in clinical settings. We enrolled 32 healthy young adult patients with at least 1 year of thinner addiction and no cardiac symptoms. We also recruited a control group of 30 healthy individuals without any medical problems. Both groups received standard echocardiography and ECG tests. We analyzed the following echocardiographic parameters: LVEDd (left ventricular end-diastolic diameter), LVESd (left ventricular end-systolic diameter), mitral valve EF slope, E/A ratio, and aortic and pulmonary valve VTI (velocity time integral). We also measured the corrected (QTc), uncorrected QT intervals, and widest P-wave values in the ECG. We used the SPSS 13 software for statistical analysis. The echocardiographic findings did not differ significantly between the groups. However, the ECG results showed that the thinner addicts had higher values of corrected (QTc), uncorrected QT intervals, and widest P-wave values than the control group, according to Mann-Whitney U and Student's T test. Corrected QT (QTc) and P-wave duration are increased in individuals with a thinner addiction. These findings may suggest a higher risk of sudden cardiac death, atrial, and ventricular dysrhythmias in the future.

Embodying Tourette’s Syndrome in Young Adult Literature

The article foregrounds two protagonists with Tourette Syndrome (TS) from contemporary Young Adult (YA) novels written by authors with TS. Grounded in the interdisciplinary field of cultural disability studies in education (CDSE), each protagonist is analyzed for (1) physical manifestations of TS (external depiction), (2) emotional reactions about having TS (internal depiction), and (3) the response of parents and family members, friends, acquaintances, and strangers (societal depiction). Both main characters navigate a world in which they are viewed as abnormal, frequently working through internalized feelings of freakery as they struggle to become more self-accepting during their adolescent years. Such depictions “engage with disability as an isolating, hurtful, and joyful experience” (Bolt 11), allowing for the complexities, tensions, contradictions, and general messiness of embodying TS. These depictions suggest that the authors seek to provide readers with an empathetic understanding of TS, while allowing the simultaneous contemplation of ways in which the embodiment of TS informs us about our culture.

Middle cerebral artery blood velocity and end-tidal carbon dioxide responses to moderate intensity cycling in children, adolescents, and adults.

This study investigated the middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) response to constant work-rate moderate-intensity cycling exercise in 21 children (9.3 ± 0.8 yr), 17 adolescents (12.3 ± 0.4 yr), and 20 young adults (23.6 ± 2.4 yr). Participants completed an incremental ramp test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer to determine maximal oxygen uptake and gas exchange threshold (GET) before completing three 6-min transitions at a moderate intensity (90% GET) on separate visits. On each visit, bilateral MCAv was measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and breath-by-breath end-tidal carbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) via a metabolic cart. Data were ensemble-averaged for each participant and analyzed using a monoexponential model. Absolute MCAv was significantly higher throughout exercise in children and adolescents compared with adults (P < 0.001). Children had a significantly lower relative increase in MCAv from baseline (∼12%) compared with adolescents (∼20%) and adults (∼18%, P < 0.040). All adolescents and adults had a monoexponential rise in MCAv and [Formula: see text], but this was observed in only eight children. Children and adolescents had a significantly faster MCAv time constant (τ, 12 ± 6 and 14 ± 8 s, respectively) compared with adults (27 ± 9 s, P < 0.001). MCAv τ was positively associated with faster [Formula: see text] τ in adolescents (r = 0.70, P = 0.002) but not in children (r = -0.20, P = 0.640). Time- and amplitude-based response parameters of MCAv kinetics were significantly associated with [Formula: see text] kinetics in adults (r = 0.50-0.74, P ≤ 0.025), but not in children (r = -0.19 to -0.48, P > 0.227). These findings suggest that the transition from childhood to adulthood impacts the MCAv response to exercise and the relationships between [Formula: see text] and MCAv kinetics during exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to find that children have smaller increases in Δ%MCAv (∼12%) during moderate-intensity exercise compared with adolescents and adults (∼18%-20%). Furthermore, MCAv kinetics were significantly faster in children and adolescents, compared with adults. MCAv kinetic responses were significantly and positively associated with [Formula: see text] kinetics in adults, but not in children. These novel data also suggest that the regulatory role of [Formula: see text] on MCAv during exercise begins to strengthen during adolescence.

Diagnostic and New Therapeutic Approaches to Two Challenging Pediatric Metabolic Bone Disorders: Hypophosphatasia and X-linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets.

The diagnosis and management of metabolic bone disease among children can be challenging. This difficulty could be due to many factors, including limited awareness of these rare conditions, the complex pathophysiology of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, the overlapping phenotype with more common disorders (such as rickets), and the lack of specific treatments for these rare disorders. As a result, affected individuals could experience delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, leading to improper management. In this review, we describe the challenges facing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to two metabolic bone disorders (MBD) among children: hypophosphatasia (HPP) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). We focus on explaining the pathophysiological processes that conceptually underpin novel therapeutic approaches, as well as these conditions' clinical or radiological similarity to nutritional rickets. Particularly in areas with limited sun exposure and among patients not supplementing vitamin D, nutritional rickets are still more common than HPP and XLH, and pediatricians and primary physicians frequently encounter this disorder in their practices. More recently, our understanding of these disorders has significantly improved, leading to the development of novel therapies. Asfotas alfa, a recombinant, human- tissue, nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, improved the survival of patients with HPP. Burosumab, a human monoclonal anti-FGF23 antibody, was recently approved as a specific therapy for XLH. We also highlight the current evidence on these two specific therapies' safety and effectiveness, though long-term data are still needed. Both HPP and XLH are multisystemic disorders that should be managed by multidisciplinary teams. Finally, recognizing these conditions in early stages will enable affected children and young adults to benefit from newly introduced, specific therapies.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DISORDERED EATING BEHAVIOURS AND SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE IN YOUNG ADULTS A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: Disordered eating behaviours(DEB) have increased significantly in recent times, especially among young adults. These behaviours are the result of several variables, including conventional beauty ideals. Social media plays a significant role by popularizing unrealistic beauty standards. The correlation between DEB and the use of social media has not been adequately explored in young adults. Methodology: Data from engineering students (n = 690 mean age = 19.5) was collected. Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used to determine DEB and social media disorder (SMD) scale was used to determine disordered social media usage. Chi-square test was applied to find the association between DEB and problematic usage of social media. Results: Out of 690 sample size, 53.6 % of the sample were female and 46.4% were male. DEB were reported by 44.2% of which 15.2% were female and 29.0% were male with dieting being the most common disordered eating behavior. A total of 31.9% reported problematic or disordered social media usage of which 15.2% were female and 16.7% were male. A Significant association was found between DEB and disordered social media usage with p value=0.000 and ᵡ² value= 15.06. A Significant association was also found between DEB and male sex with p value=0.000 and ᵡ² value= 16.2. Conclusion: The results of this study point to a correlation between DEB and problematic usage of social media in young adults.

Emotional aftermath of the 2020 U.S. presidential election: a study of hindsight bias in younger and older adults

ABSTRACT Hindsight bias – also known as the knew-it-all-along effect – is a ubiquitous judgment error affecting decision makers. Hindsight bias has been shown to vary across age groups and as a function of contextual factors, such as the decision maker’s emotional state. Despite theoretical reasons why emotions might have a stronger impact on hindsight bias in older than in younger adults, age differences in hindsight bias for emotional events remain relatively underexplored. We examined emotion and hindsight bias in younger and older adults (N = 272) against the backdrop of the 2020 U.S. presidential election. Participants predicted electoral college votes for the two presidential candidates before the election and were asked to remember their predictions approximately three weeks later, after the election results had been finalised. Republicans, for whom the electoral outcome was negatively tinged, exhibited greater hindsight bias for President Biden’s result compared with Democrats, for whom the electoral outcome was positive. The asymmetry in hindsight bias between Republicans and Democrats was similar for younger and older participants. This study suggests that negative emotions may exacerbate hindsight bias, and that adult age differences in hindsight bias observed in laboratory settings may not translate to real-world contexts.