Youden Square Research Articles

Effects of hempseed cake on ruminal fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, nutrient flow, and nitrogen balance in finishing steers.

Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated red angus steers (n = 5; initial body weight [BW] = 542 kg, SD = 40 kg) were used in a three-period Youden square design consisting of three 21-d periods, three treatments, and five steers (one or two steers per treatment within each period) to evaluate the effect of feeding hempseed cake on ruminal fermentation parameters, organic matter (OM) intake, total tract nutrient digestion, and nitrogen (N) balance in steers fed finishing diets. The control (CON) diet contained 75% dry-rolled corn, 20% corn silage, and 5% supplement (DM basis). The dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) and hempseed cake (HEMP) diets contained 55% dry-rolled corn, 20% corn silage, 20% dried corn distillers grains plus solubles or hempseed cake, and 5% supplement (DM basis). Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration was greater (P < 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet than in steers fed the DDGS or CON diets. Ruminal fluid pH was not influenced (P = 0.93) by treatment. Organic matter intake tended (P = 0.07) to be greater and OM total tract digestibility was less (P = 0.03) in steers fed the HEMP diet compared with steers fed the DDGS or CON diets. Ruminal true and total tract apparent N digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet than steers fed the DDGS or CON diets. Duodenal flow of essential, nonessential, and total amino acids was not influenced (P ≥ 0.37) by dietary treatment, but the lack of response was likely because ruminally degradable protein (RDP) supply exceeded the RDP requirement. Steers fed the HEMP diet had greater (P < 0.01) N retention (g/d) than steers fed the DDGS diet, which was greater (P < 0.01) than steers fed the CON diet, suggesting that feeding hempseed cake improved utilization of N. Although inclusion of hempseed cake decreased total tract OM digestibility compared with dried corn distillers grains or corn, improvements in N utilization suggest that hempseed cake could be a useful alternative feed ingredient for finishing cattle diets.

Influence of fiber-rich coproducts on nutrient and energy digestibility and utilization in sows.

Coproducts from the food and agricultural industries can potentially be used to replace concentrated high-value grain crops in diets for sows. The coproducts are typically high in fiber and with diverse composition. Energy digestibility and utilization are generally high in sows fed fiber-rich feedstuff, but nitrogen digestion and utilization may be compromised. The purpose of this study was to quantify the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and utilization of energy and nitrogen in empty nonlactating sows fed with six different fiber-rich coproducts (FRCP). Brewers spent grain (BSG), pea hull (PH), potato pulp (PP), pectin residue (PR), sugar beet pulp (SBP), and seed residue (SR) were mixed into a basal diet (BD) with as high an inclusion level as possible, or the BD was fed solely to eight empty sows in a Youden square incomplete cross-over design. The collection period consisted of a total collection period of 5 d, of which 2 d were in a respiration chamber. The sows had a gross energy (GE) intake between 28.5 and 42.3 MJ/d; greatest for the PH fed sows and lowest for the PP fed sows. The ATTD of dry matter, organic matter, GE, and N did not differ among the BD and the PH and SBP fed sows, while the ATTDs of all nutrients and energy were intermediate for PR and BSG lowest in SR fed sows (P < 0.01). The differences were caused by variation in digestible and metabolizable energy content of the FRCP ingredients, which was lowest for SR, intermediate for PR followed by BSG and greatest for SBP, PP, and PH (P < 0.001). Total heat production (HP) did not differ among treatments but the nonactivity related HP was highest in SR fed sows and lowest in PH and SBP fed sows (P < 0.05). Retention of energy was greatest following the PH and BD (7.42 and 2.19 MJ/d, respectively), intermediate for PP, SBP, and BSG fed sows (-0.22 to -0.69 MJ/d) and lowest for the PR and SR fed sows (-4.26 and -6.17 MJ/d, respectively; P < 0.001). From a sow feeding perspective, SBP and PH have the potential to partly replace high-value grain crops due to high ATTD of all nutrients and because sows can efficiently utilize energy and protein. In contrast, SR and PR show low ATTD of nutrients and energy, thereby compromising the nutritive value. PP and BSG also have the potential to be included in sow diets, but caution should be taken because of compromised N utilization and thereby increased environmental impact.

Effects of Aspergillus oryzae prebiotic on dietary energy and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Aspergillus oryzae prebiotic (AOP) on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed high-fiber diets. Eighteen growing barrows (initial body weight = 50.6 ± 4.9 kg) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. Corn and soybean meal-based diets were formulated with fiber from cereal grain byproducts corn (distillers dried grains with solubles, DDGS), rice (rice bran, RB), or wheat (wheat middlings, WM) to meet or exceed all nutrient requirements for 50 to 75 kg growing pigs. Three additional diets were formulated to contain 0.05% AOP supplemented at the expense of corn in the DDGS diet (DDGS + AOP), RB diet (RB + AOP), and WM diet (WM + AOP). All diets contained 0.5% of titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Pigs were allotted randomly to a triplicated 6 × 2 Youden square design with six diets and two successive periods. Ileal digesta and fecal samples were collected for 2 d after a 21-d adaptation period, and dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ash were analyzed to calculate apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) was calculated by correcting AID with basal endogenous AA losses from the same set of pigs. Pigs fed the DDGS+AOP diet had greater (P < 0.05) AID of EE compared with those fed the DDGS diet. However, supplementation of AOP did not (P > 0.05) affect AID of GE, DM, CP, NDF, ash or SID of AA of any high-fiber diet. Supplementation of 0.05% AOP increased (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM, GE, CP, NDF, and ash in DDGS, RB, and WM diets. Diet digestible energy was 35 kcal/kg greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed AOP supplemented diets compared with those fed diets without AOP. In conclusion, supplementation of AOP increased ATTD of nutrients and energy value in high-fiber diets containing DDGS, RB, or WM.

Available Lysine in Foods as Determined in Adult Ileostomates

BackgroundWhen foods are subjected to heat and pressure, a proportion of lysine is structurally altered and some will revert to lysine because of acid hydrolysis during amino acid analysis. Altered lysine molecules may be partly absorbed but are not utilized post-absorption. ObjectivesA guanidination-based bioassay has been developed to determine true ileal digestible reactive lysine but it was only used in animal models (pig and rat). The objective of this study was to apply the assay and determine whether there is a difference between true ileal digestible total lysine and true ileal digestible reactive lysine in adult human ileostomates. MethodsSix cooked or processed foods were analyzed for total lysine and reactive lysine. Six adults with a fully functioning ileostomy (4 women and 2 men; age range: 41–70 y; BMI: 20.8–28.1) participated. Foods for which total lysine > reactive lysine (cooked black beans, toasted wheat bread, and processed wheat bran), as well as a protein-free diet, were consumed by the ileostomates (n = 5 to 8; test food meals contained 25 g protein) and ileal digesta was collected. Each food was ingested twice by each participant, and the digesta was pooled. The order of foods for each participant was determined according to a Youden square. True ileal digestible total lysine and true ileal digestible reactive lysine were determined and a 2-way ANOVA model was used to analyze data. ResultsTrue ileal digestible reactive lysine was significantly lower than true ileal digestible total lysine for cooked black beans, toasted wheat bread, and processed wheat bran by 89%, 55%, and 85%, respectively (P< 0.05). ConclusionsTrue ileal digestible reactive lysine was lower than true ileal digestible total lysine, similar to that previously reported in pigs and rats, demonstrating the importance of determining the true ileal digestible reactive lysine contents of processed foods.

Effects of dietary oil sources and fat extraction methods on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs

BackgroundThere is a lack of data for the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of fat and fatty acids in national feed databases. In addition, it is important to specify the procedures used for fat analyses. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to 1) determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID of fat and fatty acids in ten different oil sources for growing pigs and to develop prediction equations for SID of fat based on fatty acid composition; and 2) compare the effect of the fat extraction methods on the calculated values for endogenous loss and digestibility of fat.MethodsTwenty-two barrows (initial body weight: 32.1 ± 2.3 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum, and allotted to 1 of 11 experimental diets in a 4-period Youden Square design. A fat-free diet was formulated using cornstarch, soy protein isolate and sucrose. Ten oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6% of dietary oil sources to the fat-free diet at the expense of cornstarch. All diets contained 26% sugar beet pulp and 0.40% chromic oxide.ResultsThe endogenous loss of ether extract (EE) was lower than that of acid-hydrolyzed fat (AEE; P < 0.01). There were significant differences in the AID and SID of fat and saturated fatty acids across the dietary oil sources (P < 0.05). The SID of AEE for palm oil was lower than that of sunflower oil, corn oil, canola oil, rice oil and flaxseed oil (P < 0.01). The AID and SID of fat ranged from 79.65% to 86.97% and from 91.14% to 99.18%. Although the AID of EE was greater than that of AEE (P < 0.01), there was no significant difference in SID of EE and AEE except for palm oil. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (U/S) had a positive correlation with SID of fat (P < 0.05), whereas C16:0 and long chain saturated fatty acids (LSFA) were significant negatively correlated with SID of fat (P < 0.01). The best-fit equation to predict SID of fat was SID AEE = 102.75 − 0.15 × LSFA − 0.74 × C18:0 − 0.03 × C18:1 (Adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.88, P < 0.01).ConclusionsWhen calculating the SID of fat, the EE content of the samples can be analyzed using the direct extraction method, whereas the acid hydrolysis procedure should be used to determine the AID of fat. Fat digestibility of dietary oils was affected by their fatty acid composition, especially by the contents of C16:0, LSFA and U/S.

Determination and prediction of the available energy and amino acids digestibility of full-fat soybean fed to growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the digestible energy and metabolizable energy contents, as well as the apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in full-fat soybean fed to growing pigs. Ten full-fat soybean samples were collected from different areas in China and used in two experiments in this study. In Exp. 1, 66 growing pigs (initial body weight = 18.48 ± 1.2 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 11 diets (n = 6) including a corn basal diet and 10 experimental diets formulated by replacing the corn with 30% full-fat soybean. In Exp. 2, 11 growing pigs (initial body weight = 50.45 ± 3.2 kg) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and arranged in a 6 × 11 Youden square design with 11 diets and 6 periods. The diets included an N-free diet based on cornstarch and sucrose and 10 experimental diets formulated with full-fat soybeans as the sole source of amino acids. Chromic oxide was added into the diets as an indigestible maker to calculate the digestibility of the amino acids. Results showed that there was considerable variation in neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and trypsin inhibitor contents in the 10 full-fat soybean samples with a coefficient of variation greater than 10%. On a dry matter basis, the averaged digestible energy and metabolizable energy values in the 10 full-fat soybean samples were 4,855 and 4,555 kcal/kg, respectively, both were positively correlated with the ether extract content. The best-fitted prediction equations for digestible energy and metabolizable energy of full-fat soybean were: digestible energy, kcal/kg = 3,472 + 94.87 × ether extract - 97.63 × ash (R2 = 0.91); metabolizable energy, kcal/kg = 3,443 + 65.11 × ether extract - 36.84 × trypsin inhibitor (R2 = 0.91). In addition, all full-fat soybean samples showed high apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility values in amino acids and were all within the range of previously published values. Those values significantly varied among different samples (P < 0.05) for most amino acids, except for glycine and proline. In conclusion, full-fat soybean is a high-quality protein ingredient with high ileal digestibility of amino acids when fed to growing pigs, and the metabolizable energy value of full-fat soybean could be predicted based on its ether extract and trypsin inhibitor contents.

Ileal nutrient and energy digestibility of steam-exploded canola meal in cannulated grower pigs and total tract nutrient digestibility and growth performance of diets containing steam-exploded canola meal in weaned pigs

Canola meal is a relatively highly fibrous protein meal that could benefit from further processing to disrupt its fibre matrix, reduce anti-nutritional factors and increase nutrient availability. Two studies were conducted to determine effects of steam-explosion on digestibility of gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in solvent-extracted Brassica napus canola meal in grower pigs and diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs. Canola meal was steam-exploded at either 0.7 MPa (CM7) or 1.1 MPa (CM11) for 5 min. In study 1, 8 ileal-cannulated barrows (29 kg mean initial body weight) were fed 3 corn starch-based diets including 400 g non-steam-exploded canola meal (CM0), CM7 or CM11/kg and a N-free diet in a replicated 4 × 3 Youden square. The canola meal sample contained 361 g CP/kg and 17.2 g chemically available lysine/kg that was reduced to 14.1 g/kg in CM7 and 14.6 g/kg in CM11. Steam-explosion of canola meal at 0.7 MPa decreased (P < 0.05) the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of dry matter (DM) and GE. Steam-explosion decreased (P < 0.05) the coefficient of standardised ileal digestibility (CSID) of CP and AA in canola meal except for tryptophan, proline and tyrosine. In study 2, four wheat-based diets were formulated to include 200 g/kg soybean meal (SBM), CM0, CM7 or CM11 and to provide 9.6 MJ net energy/kg and 12 g standardised ileal digestible lysine/kg. In total, 256 weaned pigs (10 kg mean initial body weight) were fed the diets for 4 weeks starting 2 weeks post-weaning. The CM0, CM7, and CM11 diets had lower (P < 0.05) coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of DM, CP and GE than the SBM diet. Steam-explosion of canola meal reduced (P < 0.05) dietary CATTD of CP. For the 28-day nursery trial, average daily feed intake (ADFI) of pigs fed the CM0 diet was lower (P < 0.05) than of pigs fed the SBM diet. Steam-explosion of canola meal increased (P < 0.05) ADFI. Average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among pigs fed the 4 diets. Finally, gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the 3 canola meal diets than the SBM diet. In conclusion, steam-explosion reduced ileal digestibility of CP, most indispensable AA and GE of canola meal in grower pigs. Dietary inclusion of 200 g canola meal/kg supplemented with crystalline amino acids and canola oil to replace dehulled soybean meal reduced ADFI, but not ADG, and thus increased G:F in weaned pigs. Steam-explosion of canola meal reduced dietary CATTD of CP and increased ADFI, but not ADG or G:F of weaned pigs.

345 Evaluation of the Effects of Hempseed Cake on Ruminal Fermentation Parameters, Nutrient Digestibility, Nutrient Flow, and Nitrogen Balance in Finishing Steers

Abstract There is interest in feeding industrial hemp production byproducts to livestock, but little is known about the digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters associated with this feedstuff. A nutrient balance experiment using crossbred steers (n = 5; initial BW = 542 kg, SD = 40 kg) in a Youden square design was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding hempseed cake (HEMP) or dried corn distillers grains plus solubles [DDGS; each included at 20% of diet dry matter (DM) in respective treatments] in comparison with a dry-rolled corn-based negative control treatment (CON) on ruminal fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, nutrient flow and nitrogen (N) balance. Organic matter (OM) tended (P = 0.07) to increase and OM total tract apparent digestibility decreased (P = 0.03) in steers fed the HEMP diet compared with steers fed the DDGS and CON diets. Total tract apparent N digestibility was greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet, while total tract apparent digestibility in all other nutrients was not influenced (P ≥ 0.13) by treatment. Furthermore, apparent ruminal digestibility of OM was greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP or CON diets, and neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and true ruminal digestibility of N was greatest (P ≤ 0.04) in steers fed the HEMP diet. Ruminal total amino acid degradation and total ruminal VFA concentration was greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet. A treatment by hour interaction (P = 0.01) was observed for ruminal ammonia concentration. Nitrogen retention was greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet, suggesting that feeding hempseed cake improved utilization of N. These results suggest that although ruminal digestibility of all nutrients is greater in steers fed the HEMP diet, greater ADF concentration in hempseed cake negatively influences total tract apparent OM digestibility when fed to finishing steers.

The nutritive value of soybean meal from different sources for sows during mid- and late gestation.

A precise understanding of the nutritive value of soybean meal (SBM) for pregnant sow is required for accurate feeding. Hence, we evaluated the nutritive value of 11 SBM samples from different sources for sows during mid and late gestation. In total, 24 mid-gestating sows (parity three; 230.3 ± 12.0 kg on day 37 of gestation) and 24 late-gestating sows (parity three; 238.8 ± 20.9 kg on day 72 of gestation) were assigned to a replicated 12 × 3 Youden square design with 12 diets and 3 periods. The 12 diets included a corn-based diet and 11 diets containing 25.50% SBMs from different sources. After 5-d adaptation, urine and feces were collected for 5 d. Although the chemical characteristics of SBM varied between samples, no differences were observed in digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, gross energy, crude fiber, and neutral detergent fiber values in SBMs fed to both animal groups. However, de-hulled SBM 4 from Brazil displayed greater ATTD for nitrogen (N) in late-gestating sows (P < 0.05); animals displayed significantly (P < 0.01) greater ME, ME:DE ratio, and N net utilization values when compared with mid-gestating sows. The chemical composition of SBMs can be used to predict DE and ME values. In conclusion, ME, ME:DE ratio, and N net utilization SBM values for late-gestating sows were greater than in mid-gestating sows. Therefore, we should consider differences in ME values for SBMs when formulating diets for sows in mid and late gestation periods.

Comparative ileal digestibility of gross energy and amino acids in low and high tannin sorghum fed to growing pigs

Low tannin sorghum cultivars (LTS) have been previously proved to contain greater available energy and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) than high tannin sorghum cultivars (HTS); however, their comparative ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen excluding microbial interference in pigs remains mostly unknown. This study was designed to compare apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) associated with the AID and hindgut disappearance (HGD) of GE and CP in 4 LTS and 4 HTS fed to growing pigs. Eighteen barrows (27.6 ± 3.5 kg) fitted with a distal ileum T-cannula were allotted to a replicated 9 × 3 Youden square design with 9 diets and 3 periods to give a total of 6 replicate pigs per diet. Each period lasted 10 days, with 5 days adaption to the diets followed by 3 days collection of faeces and then 2 days collection of ileal digesta. Eight sorghum diets contained 966 g/kg sorghum grain as the only source of dietary energy and nitrogen, and one nitrogen-free diet was used to determine basal ileal endogenous nitrogen loss. Mean AID, ATTD, and HGD of GE and CP were higher in LTS than in HTS (P < 0.05). Mean SID of 8 out of 15 AA were decreased in HTS (P < 0.05). The AID, ATTD, and HGD of GE or CP had a negative correlation with condensed tannins and total phenolics in sorghum grain (P < 0.05). The SID of essential AA, including lysine, threonine, valine, histidine, and arginine, were highly or moderately negatively correlated with condensed tannins and total phenolics content in sorghum grains (P < 0.05). Overall, HTS provided less ileal digestibility and hindgut disappearance of energy and nitrogen, implying that condensed tannins in sorghum grain may impede nutrient digestibility, not only in the foregut but also in the hindgut segements of pigs.

Apparent digestibility of energy and nutrients and efficiency of microbial phytase is influenced by body weight of pigs.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that regardless of pig body weight (BW), increasing dietary phytase results in increased phytate degradation and improved digestibility of minerals, amino acids (AA), and gross energy (GE). Eighteen pigs were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a triplicated 6 × 3 Youden square design with six diets and three collection periods of 7 d, for a total of nine replicate pigs per diet. This design was repeated four times to simulate four production phases, and there was a 7-d resting period before each collection phase started (BW at start of collections: 29.3, 53.6, 85.1, and 114.4 kg for phases 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Six corn-soybean meal diets were formulated by including 0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units/kg feed (FTU). The six diets were used throughout the experiment. Samples of feces and ileal digesta were collected in each period. Results indicated that regardless of pig BW, increasing inclusion of phytase increased (quadratic; P < 0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and most AA, increased apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca, P, K, Mg (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05), and Na (linear; P < 0.05), but decreased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) AID and ATTD of GE. In all phases, ileal concentrations of inositol phosphate (IP) 6, IP5, IP4, and IP3 decreased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05), whereas ileal inositol increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) with increasing dietary phytase. However, as pig BW increased, AID of GE, CP, and AA increased (linear, P < 0.05), and the AID of a few AA (Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Ala, Asp, Gly, and Ser) also increased quadratically (P < 0.05). The ATTD of GE, K, and Mg increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05), but ATTD of Ca and Na (linear; P < 0.05) and of P (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) decreased as pig BW increased. Ileal IP6 and IP3 (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) and ileal IP5 and IP4 (linear; P < 0.05) increased, whereas ileal inositol decreased (linear; P < 0.05) as pig BW increased. In conclusion, regardless of pig BW, increasing dietary phytase increased phytate degradation and inositol release in the small intestine, and consequently increased mineral and AA digestibility. Older pigs have reduced Ca, P, and Na digestibility, but increased K, Mg, AA, and GE digestibility compared with younger pigs. The efficiency of dietary phytase to degrade phytate appears to decrease as pigs get older.

Cereal grain fiber composition modifies phosphorus digestibility in grower pigs.

Increased fermentable carbohydrates (e.g., β-glucan, amylose) may increase endogenous losses including for P, and thereby reduce apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P. The present study assessed effects of barley cultivars varying in fermentable starch and fiber on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and ATTD of P, myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate; InsP6) and Ca, and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P and the presence of lower inositol phosphates (InsP) compared to wheat. In a 6 (period) × 5 (diet) Youden square, seven ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW, 27.7 kg) were fed diets containing 80% of one of five cereal grains differing in amylose, β-glucan, and fiber content: 1) high-fermentable, high-β-glucan, hull-less barley (HFB); 2) high-fermentable, high-amylose, hull-less barley (HFA); 3) moderate-fermentable, hull-less barley (MFB); 4) low-fermentable, hulled barley (LFB); and 5) low-fermentable, Canadian Western Red Spring wheat (LFW). On dry matter (DM) basis, cereal grains contained between 0.32% to 0.53% total P and 0.24% to 0.50% InsP6-P. The InsP6-2-P was calculated as the sum of all detected InsP-P (InsP6-P to InsP2-P) in the sample. The P release of degraded InsP-P was calculated by using the following equation: sum InsP6-2-Pdiet (g/kg DM) × (AID or ATTD sum InsP6-2-P (%)/ 100). Data were analyzed using a mixed model with diet as fixed effect, and pig and period as random effects. On DM basis, diets contained 41.4% to 50.6% starch, 0.88% to 8.54% β-glucan, 0.81% to 0.89% total P, and 0.19% to 0.35% InsP6-P. The MFB, LFB, and LFW had greater (P < 0.05) diet AID of P than HFB and HFA, and MFB had greater (P < 0.05) diet ATTD and STTD of P than HFB. The ATTD of InsP6-P was greater (P < 0.05) for HFB than LFB and the ATTD of the sum InsP6-2-P was greater (P < 0.05) for HFB and HFA than LFB. Total tract P release was greater (P < 0.001) for HFB, HFA, and LFW than MFB and LFB. The LFW had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of Ca than LFB. Diet β-glucan content was not correlated with STTD of P (R2 = 0.03) or ATTD of InsP6 (R2 = 0.05). In conclusion, cereal grains high in fermentable fiber, e.g., amylose and β-glucans included in specific hull-less barley cultivars, had lower diet AID, ATTD, and STTD of P, but greater ATTD of InsP6-P and sum InsP6-2-P. Carbohydrate fermentation, thus, results in greater total tract P release from InsP-P hydrolysis.

Concentrations of Digestible, Metabolizable, and Net Energy in Coconut Co-products Fed to Growing Pigs

This experiment was conducted to determine the concentration of digestible (DE), metabolizable (ME), and net energy (NE), and to develop prediction equations for DE and ME in coconut co-products (CCP) fed to growing pigs. The CCP used were copra meal (CM), protein enriched copra meal (PECM), and white copra (WC) obtained from the different sources in the Philippines. Twenty-two growing barrows (PIC L337 × C24; initial BW 18.74 ± 0.91 kg) were individually housed in metabolism cages that allowed for a total but separated collection of feces and urine. Pigs were arranged in a replicated 11 × 3 Youden square design with 11 dietary treatments at three periods each. A basal diet that contained 96.26% corn, and ten additional diets consisting of 70% basal diet and 30% CCP were formulated. All diets have the same proportion of corn and other ingredients. Fecal, urine, diet, and CCP samples were analyzed for gross energy (GE) using bomb calorimetry. The DE and ME concentrations of CCP diets and ingredients were calculated. The NE of diets and ingredients were estimated using the prediction equation (NE = 0.870 × ME – 442). The DE, ME, and NE concentrations differed (P &lt; 0.001) among CCP and ranged from 1,843 to 3,284, 1,666 to 3,211, and 1,008 to 2,352 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The DE (3,193 kcal/kg DM), ME (3,074 kcal/kg DM), and NE (1,774 kcal/kg DM) concentrations of CM was greater (P &lt; 0.001) than PECM (1,859, 1,717, and 1,052 kcal/kg DM, respectively) but with similar DE (2,657 kcal/kg DM), ME (2,562 kcal/kg DM), and NE (1,787 kcal/kg DM) of WC. However, the DE, ME, and NE of WC was greater (P &lt; 0.001) than PECM. A positive correlation (r ≥ 0.72; P &lt; 0.05) was observed between the DE and ME and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in 8 CCP (excluding WC samples). The DE and ME concentrations in CCP may be predicted using the following equations: 1) DE = -715.30 + 101.42 × % ADF (R2 = 0.52, RMSE = 403.85, P = 0.04); and 2) ME = -983.16 + 106.13 × % ADF (R2 = 0.51, RMSE = 427.42, P = 0.04). In conclusion, DE and ME concentrations differ among CCP sources fed to growing pigs. Moreover, DE and ME values in CCP can be predicted using ADF as independent variable.

Pea starch increases the dry matter flow at the distal ileum and reduces the amino acids digestibility in ileal digesta collected after 4 hours postprandial of pigs fed low-protein diets.

ObjectiveThe study was aimed to investigate the rules of postprandial changes in intestine digesta dry matter (DM) flow and amino acid digestibility of growing pigs fed low-protein (LP) diets made of different starch.MethodsEight barrows (28.8±2.1 kg) with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were randomly allotted to an 8×3 Youden square design. Treatments included: waxy corn starch LP (WLP); corn starch LP (CLP) and pea starch LP (PLP). Diets were given at 08:00 and 20:00. Digesta samples were collected in six 2-h stages from 08:00 to 20:00.ResultsThe Cr concentrations of ileal digesta increased and then decreased in WLP and CLP, while increased continuously in PLP as time passed after postprandial (p<0.05). Higher average Cr concentrations (0.78% and 0.84% vs 0.70%; p<0.05) and lower average DM flow (181.1 g/kg and 166.3 g/kg vs 240.3 g/kg; p<0.001) were observed in WLP and CLP, compared with PLP. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of most amino acids in WLP and CLP increased compared with that in PLP. No difference in lysine or methionine digestibility was observed. When digesta were collected in 2-h periods, the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids did not change over time. When digesta was collected in 4-h periods from 16:00 to 20:00 and 6-h periods from 14:00 to 20:00 (p<0.05), WLP and CLP showed markedly higher amino acid digestibility than PLPConclusionHigh-amylose slowly digested starch can increase the DM flow at the distal ileum and reduce the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of pigs fed LP diets. Compared with waxy corn starch and corn starch, pea starch reduced the digestibility of amino acids in digesta collected after 4 h postprandial.

Determination, comparison, and prediction of digestible energy, metabolizable energy, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in novel maize co-products and conventional distillers dried grains with solubles for swine

The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and the coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of amino acids (AA) in novel maize co-products and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) for swine and to compare in vivo determined values with calculated values from published equations. Seven maize co-products were used including two sources of conventional DDGS (DDGS-A and DDGS-B), two sources of high protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG-A and HPDDG-B), two sources of high yeast and protein co-products (HYP-A and HYP-B), and one source of maize fiber and solubles (MFS). In Exp. 1, thirty-two barrows (initial body weight = 24.2 ± 3.4 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to a maize-soybean meal basal diet or 1 of 7 diets, in which 300 g/kg of each co-product partially replaced a portion of maize and soybean meal, in a randomized two-period crossover design. Feces and urine were collected in two 7-d adaptation and 4-d collection periods. In Exp.2, sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight = 37.0 ± 3.8 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and assigned to a nitrogen-free diet or 1 of 7 diets containing 300 g/kg of each maize co-product as the sole crude protein (CP) source in a repeated 8 × 4 Youden square design to determine CSID of AA. Diets were fed for four consecutive 7-d periods (5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection). Co-products contained 18.34–22.28 MJ/kg gross energy, 155.3–502.0 g/kg CP, 46.2–137.4 g/kg ether extract, 95.2–463.2 g/kg neutral detergent fiber, and 4.3–20.8 g/kg Lys on an as-fed basis. The HYP-A and HYP-B had the greatest DE (18.04 and 17.51 MJ/kg DM, respectively) and ME (17.24 and 16.63 MJ/kg DM, respectively) compared with other co-products (P < 0.05), and HPDDG-B had the lowest (P < 0.05) DE and ME. The CSID of Lys ranged from 0.30 to 0.70 among co-products. The CSID for Arg, His, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val were not different among DDGS-B, HPDDG-A, HYP-A, and HYP-B, while HPDDG-B had the lowest (P < 0.05) CSID for all AA. Use of published equations for DDGS resulted in low prediction accuracy and precision for estimating DE, ME, and SID AA compared with observed values. The high ME and SID Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp of HYP-A and HYP-B indicated greater feeding value for swine compared to other co-products evaluated.

Long-term steam conditioning is needed to maximize the nutritional value of expander-processed soybean expellers

Two experiments were conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and the concentration of metabolizable energy (ME) in non-heat-treated and heat-treated soybean expellers (L-0, L-12, and L-48). L-0 underwent short-term steam conditioning for 60 s, whereas L-12 and L-48 underwent short-term steam conditioning for 60 s and long-term steam conditioning for 12 or 48 min. All heat-treated soybean expellers were expander processed. In experiment 1, 10 ileal-cannulated barrows (54.22 ± 4.54 kg) were allotted to a replicated 5 × 4 Youden square design with eight replicate pigs per diet. Each source of soybean expellers was included in one diet, and a nitrogen-free diet was also used. Results indicated that the SID of AA in non-heat-treated soybean expellers was less (P &lt; 0.01) than in heat-treated soybean expellers. In experiment 2, 40 barrows (17.52 ± 1.63 kg) housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a corn-based diet or four corn–soybean expellers diets. Feces and urine were collected with 5 d adaptation and 4 d collection periods. The ME in non-heat-treated soybean expellers was less (P &lt; 0.01) compared with L-0, L-12, or L-48. In conclusion, the SID of AA and the ME in heat-treated soybean expellers were greater than in non-heat-treated soybean expellers.

Chemical composition, energy content, and amino acid digestibility in Cyperus esculentus co-products fed to growing pigs.

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, DE, ME, and NE contents, and the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID) of AA in Cyperus esculentus co-products fed to growing pigs. The five C. esculentus co-products included expeller-pressed C. esculentus cake (EPCC), cold-pressed C. esculentus cake (CPCC), solvent-extracted C. esculentus meal (SECM), C. esculentus distillers's dried grains with solubles (CE DDGS), and C. esculentus meal (CEM). In Exp. 1, a total of 36 crossbred growing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; BW: 50.12 ± 2.91 kg) were fed one of six diets in a completely randomized design. The diets included a corn-soybean meal basal diet and five experimental diets containing 24.31% C. esculentus co-products. In Exp. 2, 12 same breed of growing pigs (BW: 47.12 ± 3.2 kg), surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum, were allotted to one of four experimental diets in a 2-period Youden Square design. The diets included one N-free diet and three experimental diets containing 50% C. esculentus co-products (including EPCC, SECM, and CE DDGS). Results indicated that the SECM and CE DDGS had the greatest contents of starch and CP, respectively. The contents of CF, NDF, and ADF were the greatest in CEM and the lowest in SECM. On a DM basis, the DE, ME, predicted NE, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE values of the 5 C. esculentus co-products ranged from 1,203 to 3,897 kcal/kg, 1,127 to 3,621 kcal/kg, 536 to 2,871 kcal/kg, and 28% to 79%, respectively. The EPCC and CPCC had the greatest DE, ME, and predicted NE values, and CPCC, EPCC, and SECM had the greatest ATTD of GE, whereas CEM had the lowest DE, ME, NE, and ATTD of GE (P < 0.001). The NDF and ADF were negatively correlated with DE, ME, and NE (P < 0.05). The AID and SID of CP varied from 53.57 % to 57.86% and from 69.99% to 87.85%, respectively. The EPCC and SECM had greater SID of CP, Ile, Met, Val, Asp, Cys, and Tyr compared to those of CE DDGS (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the chemical composition, DE, ME, and NE as well as the most AA digestibility of C. esculentus co-products obtained from different processing techniques varied greatly. Based on the energy contents and AA digestibility, the EPCC is a better feedstuff for growing pigs compared with the other 4 C. esculentus co-products.

Net energy value of canola meal, field pea, and wheat millrun fed to growing-finishing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to (1) determine net energy (NE) values of soybean meal (SBM), Napus canola meal (NCM), Juncea canola meal (JCM), field pea, and wheat millrun (WM) using indirect calorimetry, and (2) compare the determined NE values with the calculated NE values of the same feedstuffs based on a prediction equation. In experiment 1, six ileal-cannulated barrows (31 kg) were fed five diets in 5 × 6 Youden square to give six replicates per diet. Diets were cornstarch-based diets containing SBM, NCM, JCM, field pea, or WM. The SBM was included as a reference. In experiment 2, six ileal-cannulated barrows (70 kg) were fed a N-free diet for determining energy digestibility and NE values of test feedstuffs fed in experiment 1 by difference method. The NE values of test feedstuffs were also calculated from the digestible energy (DE) values and analyzed macronutrient content of the test feedstuffs. On dry matter (DM) basis, SBM, NCM, JCM, field pea, and WM contained 51%, 41%, 42%, 28%, and 18% crude protein; 1.52%, 2.95%, 2.36%, 1.33%, and 3.12% ether extract; 2.93%, 0.14%, 1.44%, 36.7%, and 28.7% starch; and 5.30%, 21.0%, 13.4%, 9.49%, and 16.1% acid detergent fiber, respectively. The determined NE value for SBM (2.29 Mcal/kg) did not differ from that of NCM (1.72 Mcal/kg DM) or JCM (2.14 Mcal/kg DM). The NCM and JCM did not differ in NE value. Also, the determined NE value did not differ between field pea (2.00 Mcal/kg) and WM (2.55 Mcal/kg). The calculated NE values for SBM (2.18 Mcal/kg DM), NCM (1.73 Mcal/kg DM), and JCM (1.86 Mcal/kg DM) did not differ from the corresponding determined NE values of the same feedstuffs. However, the calculated NE value for field pea (2.51 Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.004) than the determined NE value of field pea, whereas the calculated NE value for WM (2.27 Mcal/kg DM) tended to be lower (P = 0.054) than the determined NE value of WM. In conclusion, the NE value for SBM and canola meals can be predicted based on the DE value and the macronutrient composition of the same feedstuffs. However, the NE value for field pea and WM may not be predicted precisely based on the DE value and the macronutrient composition of the same feedstuffs.

Amino Acid Absorption Profiles in Growing Pigs Fed Different Protein Sources.

Simple SummaryThe speed by which amino acids are absorbed into the blood after intake of different protein sources may affect their metabolism and utilization. A better understanding of the absorption pattern can be used to optimize the formulation of diets for pigs and to reduce the nitrogen excretion to the environment. We studied the amino acid appearance in blood of growing pigs after a meal, as influenced by protein source (wheat, soybean meal, enzyme-treated soybean meal, hydrothermally-treated rapeseed meal, casein, or hydrolyzed casein). The amino acid concentration in plasma was influenced by both time after feeding and the protein source. Overall, the highest concentrations were found at 60 min after feeding for all diets, and soybean meal had a prolonged AA absorption compared to especially casein and hydrolyzed casein. We conclude that the AA absorption profiles did not indicate clear differences among protein sources, allowing categorizing in fast and slow proteins sources, but the results show differences in the duration of AA absorption.The aim of the present study was to determine postprandial amino acid (AA) appearance in the blood of growing pigs as influenced by protein source. Seven growing pigs (average body weight 18 kg), in a 7 × 5 Youden square design, were fitted with a jugular vein catheter and fed seven diets containing wheat, soybean meal, enzyme-treated soybean meal, hydrothermally-treated rapeseed meal, casein, hydrolyzed casein, and a crystalline AA blend with the same AA profile as casein. The latter was not eaten by the pigs, therefore being excluded. Blood samples were collected at −30, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 360 min after a meal and analyzed for free AA. Overall, plasma AA concentrations were highest 60 min after feeding. There were no differences in plasma AA concentration between casein and hydrolyzed casein, but soybean meal resulted in lower AA plasma concentrations compared with enzyme-treated soybean meal at 60 and 120 min after feeding. There were no differences between hydrothermally-treated rapeseed meal and soybean meal. In conclusion, the ingredients could not clearly be categorized as being slow or fast protein with regard to protein digestion and absorption of AA, but soybean meal resulted in a prolonged appearance of plasma AA compared to casein and hydrolyzed casein.

212 Conditioning and Expansion Increases Nutritional Value of Soybean Expellers

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that different combinations of conditioning and expansion of soybean expellers increases nutritional value. Non-heat-treated soybean expellers (L-1) and soybean expellers conditioned for 60 s at 90ºC followed by expansion at 110ºC (L-2) were used. Two additional sources of soybean expellers (L-3 and L-4) were processed as L-2 with the exception that the initial conditioning was followed by long-term conditioning for 12 or 48 min at 100ºC before expansion. Analyzed trypsin inhibitor activity in L-1, L-2, L-3, and L-4 was 34.0, 23.1, 4.2, and 2.4 mg/g, respectively. In experiment 1, 10 cannulated barrows (54.22 ± 4.54 kg) were allotted to a replicated 5 × 4 Youden square with 5 diets and 4 periods and 8 replicates per diet. Each source of soybean expellers was included in one diet, and a N-free diet was also used. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the Mixed Procedure of SAS. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all amino acids (AA) in L-1 was less (P &amp;lt; 0.01) compared with L-2, L-3, and L-4 (Table 1), and SID of all AA in L-2 was less (P &amp;lt; 0.01) than in L-3 or L-4. In experiment 2, 40 barrows (17.52 ± 1.63 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and fed a corn diet or 4 diets based on corn and each source of soybean expellers. Feces and urine were collected using the marker-to-marker approach with 5-d adaptation and 4-d collection periods. Data were analyzed as in Exp. 1. The metabolizable energy (ME) in L-1 was less (P &amp;lt; 0.01) than in L-2, L-3, and L-4 (Table 1). In conclusion, the SID of AA in soybean expellers was maximized if 12 or 48 min of conditioning at 100ºC was used before expansion, but long-term conditioning did not increase ME.