Yorkshire Terrier Research Articles

The effect of age on the induction dose of propofol for general anesthesia in dogs.

In people, the dose of propofol (DOP) required for procedural sedation and anesthesia decreases significantly with age. The objective of this study was to determine if the DOP required to perform endotracheal intubation decreases with age in dogs. Retrospective case series. 1397 dogs. Data from dogs anesthetized at referral center (2017-2020) were analyzed with three multivariate linear regression models with backward elimination using a combination of either absolute age, physiologic age, or life expectancy (ratio between age at the time of anesthetic event and expected age of death for each breed obtained from previous literature) as well as other factors as independent variables, and DOP as the dependent variable. The DOP for each quartile of life expectancy (<25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, 75-100%, >100%) was compared using one-way ANOVA. Significance was set at alpha = 0.025. Mean age was 7.2 ± 4.1 years, life expectancy 59.8 ± 33%, weight 19 ± 14 kg, and DOP 3.76 ± 1.8 mg kg-1. Among age models, only life expectancy was a predictor of DOP (-0.37 mg kg-1; P = 0.013) but of minimal clinical importance. The DOP by life age expectancy quartile was 3.9 ± 2.3, 3.8 ± 1.8, 3.6 ± 1.8, 3.7 ± 1.7, and 3.4 ± 1.6 mg kg-1, respectively (P = 0.20). Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, Maltese, mixed breed dogs under 10 kg, and Shih Tzu required higher DOP. Status of neutered male, ASA E, and Boxer, Labrador and Golden Retriever breeds decreased DOP, along with certain premedication drugs. In contrast to what is observed in people, an age cut-off predictive of DOP does not exist. Percentage of elapsed life expectancy along with other factors such as breed, premedication drug, emergency procedure, and reproductive status significantly alter DOP. In older dogs, the dose of propofol can be adjusted based on their elapsed life expectancy.

Clinical Features and Histopathologic Examination of Lentiginosis Profusa in a Dog

An 5-year-old Yorkshire Terrier dog was presented due to a gradually developing hyperpigmented spot at the ventral abdomen, around lips, interdigital space and paws. The skin lesions appeared 2 years ago and gradually increased the numbers. The skin condition was generally dry on presentation, and several hyperpigmented macules and patches were detected. Except for the hyperpigmented skin lesions, other physical examinations and dermatological examination results were non-remarkable. Based on the history and clinical examination results, the genetic dermatological disease, lentigo was highly suspected. Skin biopsy and histopathologic examination were performed to rule out other pigmentary skin disease including tumor. The histopathologic examination revealed epidermal hyperplasia, melanocytic hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. The dermatologic signs and histopathologic results were compatible with lentiginosis profusa. Canine lentiginosis profusa predominantly occurs in mature dogs and is generally considered a benign condition. While it is primarily a cosmetic concern, it is essential to distinguish it from other hyperpigmentation-related diseases.

Assessment of the etiological causes of hyperkalemia in dogs

Hyperkalemia is a marker of many disorders in different species of animals and birds, leading to a significant number of pathophysiological abnormalities. However, dogs have no literature data on the features of potassium metabolism and etiological causes of hyperkalemia in different breeds, especially when taking into account significant differences in size and conditions of keeping. The purpose of the presented study was to identify and assess the frequency of occurrence of etiological causes leading to the development of hyperkalemia in dogs of different breeds in the territory of the city. St. Petersburg with subsequent statistical processing of the obtained results.In the presented study, the analysis of biochemical blood parameters of dogs of small breeds (Yorkshire Terrier, Toy Terrier, Pomeranian, dachshund, tsvergpincher, Chihuahua, Shih Tzu), large breeds (Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd, Dalmatian, American Staffordshire Terrier, Central Asian Shepherd, Husky) enrolled in private veterinary clinic of St. Petersburg in the summer-autumn period.It was found that the most common causes of hyperkalemia in small breed dogs include chronic kidney disease (25%), oncological diseases (18%), infectious processes (pyometra) (14%), heart disease (14%). In dogs of large breeds, the main role in the development of hyperkalemia is played by diseases of the urinary system – 24% (of which chronic kidney disease - 14%, acute renal insufficiency – 5%, bacterial cystitis - 5%), endocrinopathy - 19% (of which diabetes mellitus – 14%, hypothyroidism - 5%), oncological diseases (19%), orthopedic disorders (19%), neurological disorders (14%).

Development of Yorkshire Terrier Dentition.

The development of dentition in dogs has been associated with several problems including tooth over-crowding, missing permanent dentition, and persistent deciduous teeth (PDT). Information on dentition development in different breeds is lacking. This study of 61 Yorkshire terriers aimed to determine the (i) average age at deciduous tooth exfoliation, (ii) average age at permanent tooth eruption, (iii) PDT incidence, and influencing factors such as body weight. The ages of exfoliation of deciduous teeth and eruption of permanent dentition were influenced by body weight and tooth type. These dentition changes tended to occur later in dogs ≤ 3 kg versus dogs > 5 kg. Generally, incisors were exfoliated first, followed by premolars and then canines. At a body weight of 4.5 kg, the middle of the data range, the estimated age at loss of deciduous teeth (with 95% confidence intervals) was 21.9 (21.1, 22.9) weeks for incisors, 26.1 (24.9, 27.4) weeks for canines, and 23.9 (22.9, 24.9) weeks for premolar. The estimated age at eruption of permanent dentition was 22.3 (21.6, 23.0) weeks for incisors, 23.8 (23.0, 24.6) weeks for canines, 24.7 (24.0, 25.5) weeks for premolars, and 26.4 (25.5, 27.3) for molar teeth. However, this sequence was disrupted in dogs ≤ 3 kg. Yorkshire terriers had a high incidence of PDT. At a body weight of 4.5 kg, the estimated proportion of PDT was: incisors 0.86% (0.32, 2.31), canines 15.62% (7.62, 29.37) and premolars 3.57% (1.62, 7.66). Canines constituted the most frequently retained tooth type, with 89.1% retained in dogs ≤ 3 kg compared to 12.0% in dogs > 5 kg. This information will enable veterinarians to provide personalised advice regarding the oral care requirements for Yorkshire terriers and highlights the need to regularly monitor this breed between the ages of two and seven months, during the active phases of tooth development.

Cervical intervertebral disc disease in 60 Yorkshire terriers.

Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is a common neurological condition in many dog breeds. This study aimed to describe this condition in Yorkshire terriers (YT) and calculate the prevalence of this condition amongst the YTs with neurological diseases. This is a double-centre retrospective study which was conducted in two arms. The first part of the study, describing the clinical features and prognosis of cervical (C) IVDE in YTs, is based on data from 2005 to 2021. The second part of the study calculated the prevalence of C IVDE amongst the YTs with neurological diseases based on data from 2016 to 2021. A retrospective search through the medical records was conducted. YTs with C IVDE diagnosed with MRI and confirmed surgically were eligible for inclusion in this study. Sixty YTs were included in the first part of the study. There were 48 (80%) dogs with acute onset and 12 (20%) with chronic onset with acute deterioration. Ambulation was preserved in 31 (51.7%) dogs on admission, and the remaining 29 (48.3%) dogs were non-ambulatory. No significant association was found between ambulation on admission and recovery status (p = 0.547). Seventy-three intervertebral spaces were treated during the surgical intervention. Relapses were seen in seven (11.7%) dogs. Forty-nine (81.7%) dogs were ambulatory at discharge. A complete recovery was observed in 46 (76.7%) dogs; the remaining dogs (14, 23.3%) were classified as incomplete recovery. A significant difference was found in time to ambulation (p = 0.0238) and time to discharge (p = 0.0139) between the on-admission ambulatory and non-ambulatory dogs. Three hundred and eight YTs were diagnosed with neurological diseases between 2016 and 2021 in one referral centre. C IVDE was diagnosed in 31 (10.06%) dogs. This is the first study explicitly describing the C IVDE in YTs and establishing the prevalence of this condition amongst YTs with other neurological disorders.

Hypokaliemia etiological causes in companion animals assessment

Potassium is a vital element involved in ensuring the work of excitable tissues and maintaining the osmotic pressure of all body cells, therefore any of its displacements are critically important both for the diagnosis and prediction of the course of the disease, but also for monitoring treatment. In the presented study, the biochemical blood parameters of small breeds of dogs (Yorkshire Terrier, Toy Poodle, pug, Miniature Pinscher and Pomeranian), large breeds (Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd), cats (Burmese, British, Maine Coon, Russian blue, Scottish Straight and European shorthair) were analyzed. The purpose of the presented study was to identify and assess the frequency of occurrence of etiological causes leading to the development of hypokalemia in cats and dogs of different breeds in the territory of St. Petersburg with subsequent statistical processing of the results obtained. Serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, glucose, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, as well as the activity of enzymes alanine aminotransferase (AlAt), aspartate aminotransferase (AsAt) and alkaline phosphatase were determined. The parameters of hematocrit, hemoglobin, the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes were determined in the stabilized blood, also according to generally accepted methods. It was found that the most common causes of hypokalemia in cats are chronic kidney disease (41%), dysphagia as a result of dental disease (29%), neoplasms – mainly mammary glands (24%). In dogs of large and small breeds – enteropathies and conditions accompanied by vomiting (32%), blood parasites (16%) and hepatopathy (16%), with a predominance of enteropathies in dogs of both groups and blood parasitic diseases causing anemia in dogs of large breeds. It should be noted that in order to more accurately determine the diagnostic significance and the possibility of determining forecasts, it is necessary to increase the number of samples of animals with an assessment of indicators in dynamics.

Monitoring studies of the spread of toxocarosis in dogs in the city of Poltava

Most types of helminths are widespread in many countries and severely threaten human health. One of the most dangerous zooanthropohelminthiases is toxocarosis. The causative agent of toxocarosis – the nematode Toxocara canis in the imaginal stage parasitizes in the small intestine of carnivores and the larval stage (Visceralis larva migrans) – in various organs and tissues of animals and humans. Toxocarosis has both veterinary and social significance. Toxocara canis larvae can migrate in the human body and cause various pathologies: hepatitis, encephalitis, chorioretinitis. The purpose of the research was to analyze data from the reporting documentation of the Poltava Veterinary Center regarding the prevalence of toxocarosis among the domestic dog population. According to the results of the analysis of the statistical data of the reporting documentation of the veterinary center of the Shevchenkivskyi district of the city of Poltava for 2019–2022, it was established that the average infestation of dogs by the causative agent of toxocarosis in the territory of the city of Poltava is 22.89 %, with a range from 17.51 to 28.02 %. The share of toxocarosis in the total parasitic pathology diagnosed in dogs was 27 %. The mestizos were the most affected by the causative agent of toxocarosis, where the extent of invasion was 29.26 %. A lower rate of toxocares was found in dogs of decorative (24.05 %), service (21.24 %), and hunting (18.56 %) breeds. In particular, the highest values of the extent of infestation were found in Yorkshire terriers (39.71 %). Less often, toxocarosis was diagnosed in toy terriers (extent of infestation – 19.12 %), English cocker spaniels (19.83 %), dachshunds (18.03 %), pugs (16.37 %), Jack Russell terriers (15.82 %) and pickiness (12.6 %). Seasonal dynamics of toxocarosis in dogs are characterized by the peak of invasion in the spring and autumn periods, where the infection rates of animals were at 35.0 and 30.0 %, respectively. The extent of toxocarosis infestation declined in winter – by 12.0 %. The obtained data indicate the relevance of the problem of toxocarosis as a zooanthroponous invasion in connection with the significant damage to domestic dogs by toxocares in the city of Poltava.

MONITORING RAS PSÓW ORAZ MONITORING PSICH WYBIEGÓW NA TERENIE DZIELNICY MOKOTÓW W WARSZAWIE

The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is the most popular human companion, also in Poland. Among recognized by FCI dog breeds, there are those that are more popular. In order to meet the needs of owners and their dogs, dog-parks were created. Sometimes they are controversial. The aim of monitoring is to determine the population of dogs in the study area and to evaluate the dogparks and their use by dog owners. 14 places were selected for monitoring in the Mokotów district: 6 dog-parks and 8 parks. The respondents to the survey were dog keepers and owners. A survey was conducted for dog owners in Warsaw and active monitoring of parks, green spaces and dog-park in the Mokotów district. The survey results showed that the most frequently owning type of dog is the Mongrel. The vast majority of respondents declare that they do not use dog-parks. The results of active monitoring of the dog population also showed that the most frequently owned type of dog is the Mongrel. From purebred dogs, sequentially: Yorkshire Terrier, Jack Russell Terrier, Labrador Retriever, next Golden Retriever. Parks for dogs in the Mokotów district are fenced or designated spaces, enriched with equipment that activates caregivers and their pets. 2 of the 6 dog-areas selected for observation have been permanently removed. Both facilities were located in a residential area. Dog-parks are most often used as places for free explorations of dogs, without leash. In most of the observations, no dog-owner activity was observed.

Gut microbiome signatures of Yorkshire Terrier enteropathy during disease and remission

The role of the gut microbiome in developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in humans and dogs has received attention in recent years. Evidence suggests that IBD is associated with alterations in gut microbial composition, but further research is needed in veterinary medicine. The impact of IBD treatment on the gut microbiome needs to be better understood, especially in a breed-specific form of IBD in Yorkshire Terriers known as Yorkshire Terrier Enteropathy (YTE). This study aimed to investigate the difference in gut microbiome composition between YTE dogs during disease and remission and healthy Yorkshire Terriers. Our results showed a significant increase in specific taxa such as Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus, and a decrease in Bacteroides, Prevotella, Alloprevotella, and Phascolarctobacterium in YTE dogs compared to healthy controls. No significant difference was found between the microbiome of dogs in remission and those with active disease, suggesting that the gut microbiome is affected beyond clinical recovery.

Prevalence of mitral valve regurgitation in 102 asymptomatic Chinese Crested dogs

IntroductionMitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the main features of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), which is the most common heart disease in dogs. Myxomatous mitral valve disease affects many small breed dogs, and some breeds such as Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Dachshunds, Yorkshire terriers, and Miniature Schnauzers have been studied more in detail. Breed-specific information regarding MMVD is valuable for providing appropriate advice on management and breeding. Data, based on insurance statistics in Sweden, show that Chinese Crested dogs (CCD) are twice as likely to visit the veterinarian for a heart-related problem than other breeds. AnimalsOne-hundred two privately owned, healthy CCD were recruited via the Swedish CCD club. Materials and methodsThis was a prospective observational study, in which clinical examinations, blood pressure measurements, and echocardiographic and Doppler examinations were performed in all dogs. Pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging was performed in 87 dogs. ResultsMitral regurgitation was present in 39 (38%) dogs, whereas a systolic murmur was present in 35 (34%) dogs. Mitral valve prolapse was present in 32 (31%) dogs. Tricuspid regurgitation was found in 29 (28%) dogs. Dogs in the MR group were older (median 9.5 years), and males were overrepresented compared with the non-MR group. Differences were also found between groups regarding left atrial size and transmitral E wave velocity. ConclusionsThe prevalence of MR in CCD is similar to reports in other small breeds. Whether the MR detected in these dogs is a sign of MMVD is unknown.

Nocardia and Streptomyces keratitis in dogs: In vivo detection of filamentous bacteria by confocal microscopy.

To describe the clinical features of dogs with Nocardia and Streptomyces keratitis, including the results of in vivo confocal microscopy examinations. A 15-year-old, male-castrated, miniature Schnauzer was presented with a multilobulated, cystic, pink, ulcerated corneal mass with surrounding dense leukocyte infiltrates. Cytologic evaluation of a corneal scraping identified pyogranulomatous inflammation and filamentous bacteria. Nocardia nova was cultured from corneal samples. Anterior lamellar keratectomy was performed to excise the affected corneal region and histopathologic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of pyogranulomatous keratitis. A 10-year-old, male-castrated, Yorkshire terrier was presented for evaluation of a chronic anterior stromal corneal ulcer associated with a brown corneal plaque. Cytologic evaluation of a corneal scraping identified suppurative inflammation and filamentous bacteria. A Streptomyces sp. was cultured from corneal samples. The keratitis in both dogs resolved with therapy. In vivo confocal microscopy examination of the corneal lesions in both dogs revealed dense accumulations of leukocytes and clusters of hyperreflective, slender, branching bacterial structures that were approximately 1.5-2.0μm in diameter and 25-50 μm in length. Confocal microscopy imaging of the Nocardia isolate in vitro, and ex vivo canine corneas experimentally infected with the bacteria, was performed to corroborate the in vivo findings. The morphology of the filamentous bacteria was similar between the in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo confocal microscopy examinations. Nocardia and Streptomyces spp. can be associated with infectious keratitis in dogs. In vivo detection of filamentous bacteria in the cornea can be accomplished by confocal microscopy.

EFFECTIVE DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES IN BORRELIA BURGDORFERI INFESTATION IN DOGS

Borreliosis or Lyme disease is a disease transmitted by ixodidae ticks during feeding on blood (Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes scapularis in the USA, Ixodes persulcatus in Asia, Ixodes ricinus in Europe) and is widespread in the entire northern hemisphere. In Romania, the geographic distribution and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was 1.4% in 41 counties, with a prevalence between 0.75–18.8%. B. burgdorferi sensu lato. had a prevalence of 3.8%, being found inside ticks in 55 of 183 localities. Successful treatment and full recovery can only be achieved through early diagnosis. The clinical and serologic diagnosis of Lyme disease is particularly difficult because of the phenotypic heterogeneity within and among spirochete species. A case study is presented in this paper: an eight-year-old male Yorkshire terrier dog, which was diagnosed positive for Lyme disease, based on a test which uses a peptide called C6 and which comes from the VlsE protein of B. burgdorferi, used to detect antibodies in dogs. The results demonstrate the reliability of the commercial SNAP 4Dx Plus Test for B. burgdorferi, which uses C6 to differentiate antibodies produced by natural infection from antibodies formed after vaccination. In addition, using real-time PCR, the diagnosis was negative, confirming the results from the literature, according to which the PCR technique is only recommended for research, the positivity percentage being low, especially when the sample is blood (0.1%). We conclude that the tests for the detection of antibodies specific to Lyme disease are recommended and useful.

Splenectomy for hemangiosarcoma in dogs

A retrospective study was conducted on 20 dogs with histologically verified hemangiosarcoma of the spleen after splenectomy. The average age of the dogs was above average - over 10 years old. Breed predisposition was revealed in German Shepherds and Yorkshire Terriers. All patients underwent splenectomy and intraoperative revision. According to the results of intraoperative revision, the study was divided into 2 groups - with the presence of the gemabdomen and without the gemabdomen. The gemabdomen was diagnosed in 70% of patients during the initial diagnosis. Intraoperative revision revealed metastatic lesions in 64.2% of cases, with 55.5% in the liver and 44.4% in the omentum in dogs with haemobdomain. In the group with haemobdomain, progression of the disease was detected in 42.8% of patients, and metastasis was noted exclusively in the abdominal organs. In the group without haemobdomen, metastasis was recorded only in one patient on day 32, also only in the abdominal organs. The duration of the relapse-free period and the average life expectancy in animals with hemobdomena after splenectomy was 57.2% and 75 days, respectively. Animals without hemobdomain at primary diagnosis had an average life expectancy of 135 days.

The Thoracic Inlet Heart Size, a New Approach to Radiographic Cardiac Measurement.

In 1995, the Vertebral Heart Size (VHS) method for measuring the cardiac silhouette on thoracic radiographs was published, becoming a quantifiable and objective reference way of assessing the heart size. Since then, many studies have showed that VHS is influenced by breed variations, vertebral malformations, reference points selection, and short and long axes dimensions conversion into vertebral units. The Thoracic Inlet Heart Size (TIHS) normalizes heart size to body size using the thoracic inlet length. The lengths of the long and short axes of the heart of 144 clinically normal dogs were measured on right lateral thoracic radiographs. The sum of both measures was indexed to the thoracic inlet length. For comparison, dogs of the most represented breeds in our hospital were selected to measure their heart size using the TIHS protocol. The mean TIHS value for the population studied was 2.86 ± 0.27, and 90% of dogs had a TIHS value of less than 3.25. There was no difference in TIHS between male and female, and between small and large dogs (p-value < 0.01). There was no difference in the TIHS value between Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, and Labrador retriever breeds, and between each of those three breeds and the general population. The TIHS is a simple, straightforward and accurate way to measure heart size.

Evaluation of proximodistal patellar alignment in small breed dogs with or without patellar luxation using the Insall-Salvati, Caton-Deschamps, and Blackburne-Peel indices.

Patellar luxation in dogs is thought to be related to proximally (patella alta) or distally (patella baja) positioned patella in the femoral trochlea. The aim of the present study was to calculate and compare the values of Insall-Salvati (ISI), Caton-Deschamps (CDI), and Blackburne-Peel indices (BPI) in orthopedically healthy dogs and dogs with various grades of medial patellar luxation (MPL) from small breeds on mediolateral radiographs. The study included 87 dogs (138 stifles) from four breeds (Mini-Pinschers, Pomeranians, Chihuahuas, and Yorkshire terriers). Seventy joints (53 dogs) were diagnosed with various grades of MPL and another 68 joints from 34 dogs, free of orthopedic or neurological disorders, were used as controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the three indices. The CDI and BPI showed no significant difference between healthy and MPL joints. The ROC analysis showed that all three studied indices of proximodistal patellar position had poor diagnostic values with low sensitivity and specificity of respective cutoff values. In dogs from the studied four small breeds, the proximodistal ISI, CDI, and BPI patellar indices could not discriminate reliably between healthy stifle joints and joints with MPL.

Эктопические ресницы как фактор риска возникновения язв роговицы у собак. Особенности клинической картины, диагностики и лечения

This paper presents a generalized experience of diagnosis and treatment of dogs with ectopic eyelashes and corneal ulcers caused by them. Ectopic eyelashes are ophthalmopathy, which is most common in dogs and is characterized by the germination of pathological eyelashes or eyelashes through the tarsal plate and conjunctiva of the upper eyelid from hair follicles, and have a damaging traumatic effect on the cornea, causing erosion and then corneal ulcer. The pathology is congenital and has an autosomal dominant type of inheritance. There is also a pedigree predisposition to this disease. The following breeds are most susceptible: Brussels Griffin, Brabanson, Retriever, Pekingese, Shih Tzu, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, boxer, English Bulldog, English Cocker Spaniel, Poodle, Jack Russell Terrier and Yorkshire Terrier. The main problem of the appearance of ectopic eyelashes is the occurrence of erosions and corneal ulcers in the projection of eyelash growth. Which is accompanied by a pronounced pain syndrome, which manifests itself in the form of photophobia, blepharospasm, lacrimation and / or suppuration, corneal edema and the desire of the animal to constantly scratch the eye. In this work, a study was conducted to determine the risk factors for the occurrence of this pathology (this is a breed predisposition and genetic inheritance), diagnosis and effectiveness of surgical treatment of this pathology on 50 dogs. The authors describe the clinical picture, the technique of the operation, and the results of dynamic observation of animals. According to the results of clinical observations, it was found that there is a characteristic breed predisposition and genetic inheritance of ophthalmopathy. This factor must be taken into account during the clinical examination of the animal. Also, when ectopic eyelashes appear, a fairly characteristic clinical picture of the disease is observed. The surgical method of V-plastic surgery is proposed for treatment. No relapses were recorded in any of the 50 cases examined, while the morphofunctional characteristics of the cornea were preserved. Drug maintenance therapy, including a regenerative drug, showed good results in the postoperative period. The use of a regenerative drug accelerated the healing process, allowed to preserve the transparency of the cornea and its curvature.

Evaluation of pelvic limb angles in dogs with medial patellar luxation: Comparison of radiography and computed tomography

The aim of the present study was to compare the results from measurements of anatomical and mechanical angles of the femur and tibia by means of two diagnostic imaging methods – conventional radiography and computed tomography in normal dogs and dogs with medial patellar luxation (MPL). The study was done with 16 dogs (23 joints) from four small breeds (Mini-Pinscher, Chi-hua-hua, Yorkshire Terrier and Pomeranian). The results showed statistically significant differences between both imaging techniques in the values of mechanical lateral proximal femoral angle (mLPFA) and anteversion angle (AA) in joints with grade II MPL and in the anatomical lateral and medial distal femoral angles (aLDFA, aMDFA) and AA in grade III MPL. In healthy dogs, both methods differed considerably with regard to values of mechanical medial proximal and mechanical lateral distal femoral angles (mMPFA, mLDFA), the mechanical cranial proximal tibial angle (mCrPTA) and the quadriceps angle (Q-angle).

Features of the course of prostate cancer in intact and castrated males

This study examines the features of the diagnosis and pathogenesis of prostate cancer in males kept in the conditions of the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The study mainly focuses on cancer in intact and castrated males, however, indicators such as breed and concomitant diseases are also considered. As a result of the conducted studies, it was noted that prostate cancer was most often found in males, dachshund breeds (7 individuals, 14.29%), Yorkshire terrier (6 individuals, 12.24%), mestizo (12 individuals, 24.49%). When studying the sexual activity of males, it was noted that among individuals diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma, only sexually intact ones were found. As for concomitant dis- eases, 49 males were diagnosed with the following diseases: urethritis (12%), cystitis (22%), pyelonephritis (24%), chronic renal failure (19%), chronic prostatitis (26%).

Морфологические изменения роговицы у мелких домашних животных под влиянием кросслинкинга

The article presents morphological changes of the cornea in small domestic animals during crosslinking. The research was carried out on the basis of the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A. F. Klimov, as well as the Center for Veterinary Ophthalmology of Dr. Shilkin A.G. Morphological studies were performed in the Department of Pathomorphology of the FSAU «MNTC «Eye Microsurgery» named after Academician S. N. Fedorov». The objects of the study were selected cats (n=10) aged 4 to 6 years and dogs (n=10) aged 4 to 6 years of the Yorkshire Terrier breed (n=5) and Chihuahua (n=5), admitted to the «Center of Veterinary Ophthalmology of Dr. A. Shilkin.G.», euthanized as a result of received polytrauma incompatible with life. Analysis of the data obtained allowed us to conclude that corneal collagen crosslinking affects changes in the morpho-functional features of the corneal stroma. The data on changes in the anterior layers of the stroma, which are expressed by a compact packing of fibers without signs of edema, as well as a demarcation line separating the impact area from the indifferent zone, are scientifically substantiated. The results obtained are basic in the development of new methods of therapeutic strategy and tactics in the treat-ment of animals with keratopathies of various genesis.

Small intestinal obstruction associated with extruded intraluminal polydioxanone suture following enterectomy closure in a dog

AbstractA 2‐year‐old, neutered, female Yorkshire Terrier was presented for investigation of chronic vomiting and inappetence. A hand‐sewn end‐to‐end anastomosis using polydioxanone in a modified simple continuous pattern had been performed 8 weeks earlier for management of intestinal foreign body obstruction. Abdominal ultrasound showed an intestinal linear foreign body, and exploratory coeliotomy revealed focal jejunal plication aborad to the previous enterectomy site. An enterotomy revealed plant foreign material anchored to a strand of persistent polydioxanone suture material extruding into the jejunal lumen, and both were removed. The enterotomy was apposed with poliglecaprone 25 sutures in a simple continuous pattern. However, septic peritonitis developed 72 hours postoperatively. Slowly absorbable suture material can be associated with intestinal foreign body entrapment following intestinal anastomosis apposed with a simple continuous pattern. A shorter duration absorbable material or simple interrupted pattern may be considered for apposition of intestinal wound anastomosis to avoid this complication.