York Community Research Articles

Absence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection among patients in a hospital serving a New York community at high risk for infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center HIV Serosurvey Team.

Although human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection among United States residents is considered rare, there are US populations at high risk. Few studies have surveyed these populations with a high likelihood of infection, that is, those with high percentages of persons from HIV-2-endemic areas and high prevalences of behaviors that would allow for transmission. Patients (n = 832) enrolled in a confidential HIV serosurvey at a hospital that serves a community with a relatively high percentage of West African immigrants, drug injectors, and persons who practice high-risk sexual activity were evaluated. Sera were tested for HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 by rapid enzyme immunoassays, standard enzyme immunoassays and Western blots. Eight of 832 patients were weakly reactive to HIV-2 on rapid assay, but none was confirmed to be infected when tested by standard immunoassay and Western blot. Five of these eight were reactive to HIV-1. Weak reactivity to HIV-2 antibody on the rapid assay is best explained by cross-reactivity with HIV-1 antibody; thus, even in this population at high risk for infection, false-positive reactions are more likely than true infections. The finding that HIV-2 is absent in this population at potentially high risk for infection corroborates the findings of other studies that HIV-2 infection is rare among US residents. These results support previous recommendations that, in settings other than blood collection facilities, HIV-2 testing should be selectively offered to persons with epidemiologic risk factors.

Ruth Glasser, My Music is My Flag: Puerto Rican Musicians and their New York Communities, 1917–1940 (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1995), pp. xxiv + 253.

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The HIV/AIDS grants economy in New York City, 1983-1992.

The HIV/AIDS grants economy in New York City, 1983-1992.

My music is my flag: Puerto Rican musicians and their New York communities, 1917-1940

My music is my flag: Puerto Rican musicians and their New York communities, 1917-1940

How movements move: The dynamics of an ecoprotest campaign

While our knowledge of the structural conditions giving rise to movements has grown, our understanding of their dynamics remains limited. Such is particularly the case with respect to the new social movements of postindustrial polities. Two heuristic models of movement change are developed: vanguard mobilization and grassroots initiative. The models have different predictions about the (1) dynamics of community opinion, (2) differences between old and new adherents, and (3) variation among the new adherents. The predictions are tested with data from a quasi-panel survey of a western New York community concerning a nuclear waste facility. The grassroots initiative model best characterizes the dynamics. The broader implications for movement growth, cooptation, success, and demise are discussed.

Transition to Divorce: A Life-Course Approach to Women's Marital Duration and Dissolution

This study integrates social exchange theory and the literature on stressful life events into a life-course approach to women's marital duration. We hypothesize that circumstances facilitating a successful transition into marriage have a cumulative effect, enhancing the likelihood of increased marital duration. By contrast, factors easing the transition to divorce have a negative impact on marital duration. We draw on a sample of 313 wives and mothers in an upstate New York community interviewed in 1956 and reinterviewed thirty years later. We find that structural factors (marital duration and previous marriage) and factors that increase women's options outside of marriage, such as self-esteem and returning to school, are more important than attitudinal factors in hastening the transition to divorce. Factors that ease the transition to marriage (similarity in religious beliefs and educational level) may not necessarily affects its duration.

Hasidic People: A Place in the New World.

Extreme piety, joyous intensity, and a unique social organization have distinguished the Hasidim from other Orthodox Jews since the latter half of the 18th century. After World War II, survivors of the once thriving communities of Eastern Europe began to settle in New York. Hasidic People is a social history of the New York community based on interviews, observation, newspaper files, and court records. Jerome Mintz, an anthropologist, combines historical study with investigation to provide an account of social and religious dynamics. He allows events to unfold through the reports and commentaries of the Hasidim and those in close association with them. Mintz's work offers insights into family life, succession in dynasties, social change, and conflicts concerning proselytizing, the State of Israel, and Messianic expectations. From Brooklyn enclaves to settlements in the suburbs, the reader is shown a people set apart and yet living in close proximity with other ethnic groups, including blacks and Latinos, facing competition for housing, economic development, and political representation. Hasidic People takes the reader from the various neighbourhood settlements through years of growth to the tragic riots in Crown Heights at the close of the summer of 1991.

Reflections on a Medical Innovation: Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring in Neonatal Intensive Care

Reflections on a Medical Innovation: Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring in Neonatal Intensive Care VALERIE MIKE, ALFRED N. KRAUSS, AND GAIL S. ROSS The history of medical technologies is a subject that has not received much scholarly attention. This is both odd and a cause for concern since the development of sound public policy with regard to the adoption and cost of medical technology is one of the most pressing matters on the political agenda of several industrial nations. One of the few scholars who has attended to this complex subject, Joel Howell, has argued that there is a considerable gap betwixt cup and lip: Howell’s case study of the electrocardiogram suggests to him that there can be, and has been, a gap of several decades between the invention of a new medical technology and its diffusion into general medical practice.1 We believe, in part on the basis of the case study presented in this article, that, while Howell’s conclusion may be valid for the early decades of the 20th century, its validity does not extend very much beyond the 1940s. The case of transcutaneous oxygen (tcPO2) moni­ toring of premature infants indicates that, for a variety of reasons, physicians have been very quick to adopt new technologies as soon as they have become available. Indeed, physicians in this instance may have been too quick, rushing to positive judgment too hastilyignoring the lack of adequate relevant evidence—in their effort to stem the tide of what appeared to be a growing and devastating epidemic. The complex and fascinating story of neonatal transcutaDr . Mike is a member of the Department of Public Health and Dr. Krauss and Dr. Ross are members of the Department of Pediatrics at Cornell University Medical College. Research for this article was supported in part by funds from the National Science Foundation, the Office of Maternal and Child Health (Department of Health and Human Services), the Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund, and the New York Community Trust. 'J. D. Howell, “Cardiac Physiology and Clinical Medicine? Two Case Studies,” in Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940, ed. G. L. Geison (Bethesda, Md., 1987), pp. 279-92.© 1993 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/93/3404-0007$01.00 894 895 Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring in Neonatal Intensive Care neous oxygen monitoring suggests that it may be wise for both physicians and patients (in this case, the parents of patients) to learn to live with more uncertainty than they used to find comforting. The Clinical Setting Oxygen is essential for the survival and proper functioning of living tissue. A deficiency of oxygen can lead to death or serious illness, and in newborn infants it has been associated with poor neurological outcome in later life, such as mental retardation or cerebral palsy. Oxygen lack is observed by the clinician as cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. The ability to diagnose the cause of oxygen deficiency and prescribe effective therapy clearly depends on the ability to recognize its presence and measure its severity. As oxygen therapy for newborn infants became available during the 1930s, the treatment was administered empirically. Oxygen was commonly prescribed “to prevent cyanosis,” as determined by visual observation of the patient. While orders of this type provided sufficient oxygen to relieve cyanosis in severely ill infants, no thought was initially given to the possibility that harm could occur because of too much oxygen. The administration of oxygen to distressed infants, first via incubators and later by means of mechanically assisted ventilation, improved the survival rate of critically ill newborns.2 Then, in 1941, a Boston pediatrician observed the presence of a new disease in the eyes of premature infants. Because of its appearance and location—scar tissue behind the lens of the eye—the disease was termed “retrolental fibroplasia” (RLF); in its most severe form RLF resulted in detachment ofthe retina and blindness. An example of the development of RLF is given in figure 1, showing the appearance of the retina through a direct ophthalmoscope on examination ofa prematurely born infant. Usually both eyes of the infant were affected. The early history of RLF has...

Depressive symptomatology, self-esteem, and self-blame in battered women

Thirty three currently battered women who sought counseling/support services from a Nassau County, New York community agency that provides services to victims of domestic violence participated. Eighty-nine percent of the women experienced severe acts of physical abuse and 31% of the women required surgery or suffered concussions as a result of their injuries. Fifty-two percent of the women scored above 20 on the Beck Depression Inventory. As the number, form, and consequences of physically aggressive acts increased and/or worsened, the women's depressive symptoms increased and self-esteem decreased. However, only 12% of the women in this sample blamed themselves for causing their partner's violence. Further, neither self-blame nor partner blame was associated with length of abuse or the frequency and severity of physical aggression. However, self-blame was marginally associated with depressive symptomatology.

Investing or Going Home? A Transnational Strategy among Indian Immigrants in the United Statesa

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 645, Issue 1 p. 53-80 Investing or Going Home? A Transnational Strategy among Indian Immigrants in the United Statesa JOHANNA LESSINGER, JOHANNA LESSINGER Southern Asian Institute Columbia University New York, New York 10027Search for more papers by this author JOHANNA LESSINGER, JOHANNA LESSINGER Southern Asian Institute Columbia University New York, New York 10027Search for more papers by this author First published: July 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb33486.xCitations: 20 a The research for this paper was begun in 1985 under a Rockefeller grant on immigration which involved interviews with a large number of New York area Indian business people and community leaders. Since then the work has continued part-time both in New York and in India. Two major Indian immigrant newspapers in the area, News India and India Abroad (the latter with close ties with the Indian government) have proved invaluable. Eva Friedlander, Delmos Jones, Betty Levin, Nina Glick Schiller, Shekhar Ramakrishnan, George Rosen, Frances Rothstein and Ida Susser have patiently commented on earlier versions of this paper. Their critiques have been extremely helpful. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume645, Issue1Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Nationalism ReconsideredJuly 1992Pages 53-80 RelatedInformation

Book Review: New People in Old Neighborhoods: The Role of New Immigrants in Rejuvenating New York's Communities

Book Review: New People in Old Neighborhoods: The Role of New Immigrants in Rejuvenating New York's Communities

Ventilatory standards for clinically well aboriginal adults.

To obtain reference standards for ventilatory function of clinically well Australian Aboriginal adults. A cross-sectional assessment of the population of a North Queensland Aboriginal community. A specialist clinical and public health service. The measurements were made with the cooperation of the local primary health care centre. The 288 study subjects included over 70% of Aboriginal adults residing in an isolated Cape York community. Those with known respiratory disease, abnormal chest x-ray findings, positive loose cough sign, abnormal lung signs or inability to perform the ventilatory tests satisfactorily were excluded; 229 persons (80%) remained for analysis. Smoking was prevalent in both men (85%) and women (76%). As in most other studies producing reference values for lung function, smokers were not excluded. Age, standing height in bare feet and sitting height were recorded. Ventilatory measurements included forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) which is also known as the forced expiratory flow (FEF 25%-75%). Standing height, age and sex were the major determinants of ventilatory function. Sitting height was not a good predictor. Ventilatory values differed significantly from those expected for Europeans: Aboriginal lung volumes were much smaller (by about 25%) and fell much faster with age. The age-related decrease in lung function was less in smokers. The smoking effect may reflect the operation of differential survival or other selective factors and has been noted in some other ethnic groups. Although previous studies have yielded some ventilatory function data on Aborigines, we report the first population-based reference values expected for clinically well adults. The information will be useful to clinicians and public health workers.

New People in Old Neighborhoods: The Role of New Immigrants in Rejuvenating New York's Communities.

New People in Old Neighborhoods: The Role of New Immigrants in Rejuvenating New York's Communities.

World of the Founders: New York Communities in the Federal Period

Chapter 1 Contributors Chapter 2 Editors' Introduction Chapter 3 New York City, Capital of the United States, 1785-1790 Chapter 4 Federal New York: Mayors of the Nation's First Capital Chapter 5 Continuities and Change: Newtown, New York, 1777-1857 Chapter 6 Manorial Influence in New York After the American Revolution Chapter 7 Episodes in the Coming of Age of an Early American Community: Albany, New York, 1780-1793 Chapter 8 Wilderness Investment: The New York Frontier During the Federal Period

Rare and endangered bryophytes in New York State and Eastern United States: Current status and preservation strategies

The process of establishing rare and endangered bryophyte lists and of preservation of these species in the United States is explained and contrasted with European practices, using New York State as an example. The Nature Conservancy, a private organization, preserves sites on which rare species are found. The Natural Heritage Inventory, a nationwide state and private organization, is responsible for the development of rare species lists. A list of mosses equivalent to European Red Data Lists has recently been compiled by the New York State Heritage Program. Data on occurrence and distribution of bryophytes are lacking or incomplete; field exploration and herbarium studies and preservation efforts currently underway in several states are reviewed. Recent research on rare plant communities in New York, particularly fen and alvar communities, has resulted in the discovery of species thought to be extirpated and of new sites for endangered species. In particular cases, rarity of bryophytes in Eastern United States is the result of geologic and anthropogenic processes. Habitat destruction is the major current threat. The United States lags behind many European countries in both knowledge of its rare bryophytes and in their protection.

Book Reviews

Abstract Abstract The Many Faces of Hull-House: The Photographs of Wallace W. Kirkland Mary Ann Johnson, editor. University of Illinois Press, Champaign, IL. 1989. 144 pp., 63 photographs. $34.95, $19.95 (paperback). The Roots of Community Organizing, 1917-1939 Neil Betten and Michael J. Austin, with contributions by Robert Fisher, William E. Hershey, Raymond A. Mohl, and Marc Lee Raphael. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA. 1990. 230 pp. $27.95. Planting the Grassroots: Structuring Citizen Participation Steven H. Haeberle. Praeger, NY. 1989. 152 pp. $37.95. Neighborhood Planning: A Guide for Citizens and Planners Bernie Jones. American Planning Association, Chicago, IL. 1990. 138 pp. $28.95, $14.95 (paperback). Landmark Justice: The Influence of William J. Brennan on America's Communities Charles M. Haar and Jerold S. Kayden. Preservation Press, Washington, D.C. 1989. 256 pp. $34.95. Density by Design James W. Wentling and Lloyd W. Bookout, editors. The Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC. 1988. 177 pp. $52.00 (paperback). Site Design Graphics Michael S. Kendall. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1989. 512 pp. $64.95. New People in Old Neighborhoods: The Role of New Immigrants in Rejuvenating New York's Communities Louis Winnick. Russell Sage Foundation, New York. 1990. 287 pp. $29.95. The Safety of Elderly Drivers: Yesterday's Young in Today's Traffic J. Peter Rothe with P. J. Cooper and B. de Vries. Transaction Books, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. 1990. 435 pp. $24.95 (paperback). Public Policy and Transit System Management George M. Guess, editor. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. 1990. 257 pp. $45.00. Design for a Livable Planet: How You Can Help Clean up the Environment Jon Naar. Harper and Row, New York. 1990. 338 pp. $12.95 (paperback). Women as Single Parents: Confronting Institutional Barriers in the Courts, the Workplace, and the Housing Market Elizabeth A. Mulroy, editor. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. 1988. 328 pp. $28.95. Remaking Planning: The Politics of Urban Change in the Thatcher Years Tim Brindley, Yvonne Rydin, and Gerry Stoker. Unwin Hyman, Winchester, MA. 1989. 185 pp. $49.95. Regional Policy in a Changing World Niles Hansen, Benjamin Higgins, and Donald J. Savoie. Plenum Press, New York. 1990. 311pp. $42.50. The Political Economy of China's Special Economic Zones George T. Crane. An East Gate Book, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y. 1990. 204 pp. $39.95. The Political Economy of Rural Poverty: The Case of Land Reform M. Raid El-Ghonemy. Routledge, Chapman and Hall, London. 1990. 337 pp. $45.00. Managing Growth in the San Francisco Bay Region Sherman Lewis. Center for Public Service Education and Research, California State University, Hayward, CA. 1990. 144 pp. $11.50 (paperback).

New people in old neighborhoods: the role of new immigrants in rejuvenating New York's communities

New people in old neighborhoods: the role of new immigrants in rejuvenating New York's communities

CAMPUS‐BASED CHILD CARE AND THE ACADEMIC SUCCESS OF STUDENT‐PARENTS

This study focused on campus‐based child care provided by 27 State University of New York community colleges for student‐parents. The primary goal was to determine the relationship of these campus‐...

Access to Medical Care: Monitoring Changes in Hospital Utilization Among Elderly New York City Residents

t From Corporate Health Strategies, 276 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06880. Supported by The New York Community Trust, the Josiah Macy, Jr, Foundation, and the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company. Address correspondence to: Lisa Zeitel, MPH, Senior Analyst, United Hospital Fund of New York, 55 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003. reduced access primarily since they have longer hospital stays and may consume more resources for some conditions than

???Just Say No??? to Bad Practice

A selfmade nurse, entrepreneur and pragmatic minimalist manager, in spite of his education which includes an MSN from the University of Pennsylvania, BSN from Hunter College, and ADN from Orange County (New York) Community College